Evaluation of Effective Indicators on Attachment to Contemporary Residential Neighborhoods Case Study: Shahrak-e-Daneshgah, Yazd

Document Type : Articles extracted from Thesis

Authors

1 M.A Urban Design, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

2 Associate Professor in Urban Design, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

3 Instructor of Urban Planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

10.22034/jsc.2020.236051.1263

Abstract

Extended Abstract
Introduction
In recent decades, the level of neighborhood attachment to residential areas in urban contemporary neighborhoods has been debilitated through the use of patterns and styles of urban planning and non-indigenous architecture in a way that focuses on purely physical components leading to settlements with the least social interactions and not attendance in collective spaces. However, in the past, it seems that one of the main features of any neighborhood has been the close connection between the environment components and the sense of place attachment and traditional neighborhoods have always had the highest level of residents' attachment to themselves. Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd is one of the new neighborhoods in the contemporary context of the city that seems to have not been successful in shaping the relationship between residents and the residential environment, also it is involved with some problems such as reduction of residents' communication, lack of formation of collective memories and events, diminishment of sense of belonging and dependence as well as the decline of residents' attachment to their living environment. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluation the effective indicators on attachment to residential neighborhoods in the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd. Also it seeks to answer two questions:
1) What are the effective indicators on residents' attachment to contemporary residential areas?
 2) How much is the extent and intensity of the impact of each of indicators on the residents' attachment to the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd?
 
Methodology
This article has used three research methods including survey, descriptive and correlation. In addition, a questionnaire that according to the theoretical model of research was used to collect information from residents to assess their sense of neighborhood attachment, as well as library resources and field studies to complete the required data to conduct research. The apparent validity of the research instrument (questionnaire) was confirmed by Yazd university professors and its reliability was confirmed by using of Cronbach's alpha test. In order to measure the variables in the questionnaire, the five-point Likert scale and systematic sampling method were used. The volume of the statistical population includes all residents of the area (7581 people) and the sample size has been calculated using Cochran's formula at 95% confidence level with q = p = 0.5 and d = 0.05 with error. Finally, likely to distortion of some questionnaires, the sample size of 320 was considered. To test the obtained data through a questionnaire, SPSS software was used. Also, multivariate regression was used to excavate the data and explain the effect of indicators on neighborhood attachment among the available analysis tests.
 
Results and Discussion
According to the theoretical model of the research, the variable of neighborhood attachment was considered as a dependent one and the variables of residential characteristics, social interactions, presence, individual feeling, collective feeling, physical, semantic and functional were considered as independent ones of this research. Due to the qualitatively variables, measurable indicators for each of the variables are included in the theoretical model of the research. Independent variables explain totally 70.9% of the variance of the dependent variable in the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah of Yazd. Based on the calculated regression coefficients, eight research variables have a direct and significant connection with the dependent variable and only the variable of personal characteristics with beta of )0.031(and a significance level of )0.271(has no significant connection with the dependent variable of the research. This means that indicators such as age, occupation, marital status, education, etc. do not have a significant connection with place attachment, and in other words, decreasing or increasing age and education or job changes do not have a considerable effect on people's attachment to their neighborhood. The results indicate that the residential characteristics variable with a beta of )0.463(has the highest significant relationship with the dependent variable and the semantic variable has the least significant relationship with the dependent variable by two items (index) called historical background and the existence of brilliant elements with a beta coefficient of (0.305).
 
Conclusion
As mentioned formerly, neighborhoods are considered as one of the main habitats in cities and play an important role in the physical and functional structure of each city. Conforming the importance of this role, attention to spatial qualities is vital to maintain the dynamism and continuity of flow and residence. With these explanations, finally, the results of this study express that the duration of living in neighborhoods are effective on shaping the sense of attachment to the residential environment, so that the more presence precedent in the neighborhood and personal ownership of housing, the less movement happen and the sense of responsibility of people toward environment will crystallize and as a result, their sense of attachment to the neighborhood will increase. Collective factors such as collective feeling, social interactions and presence are the next steps that confirm the collective nature of events at the neighborhood level and as this study showed, in urban contemporary contexts, there is a significant reduction in the incidence of group events. On the other hand, in the Shahrak-e- Daneshgah neighborhood, we see the low impact of individual variables such as personal feelings and characteristics on creating and promoting attachment to the neighborhood, to the extent that unlike many previous studies on residential scale, in this research personal characteristics are ineffective on shaping residents' attachment to their neighborhood. This indicates that the Shahrak-e-Daneshgah neighborhood, as a new residential neighborhood without antiquity and historical roots, lacks a collective spirit and suffers from the lack of social interactions and the presence of people in the neighborhood and needs to pay attention to factors that they lead to a collective spirit in the neighborhood.

Keywords


  1. ابراهیم‌زاده، عیسی و رحمانی، اسماعیل (1397) ارزیابی کیفیت زندگی ذهنی- ادراکی در مناطق شهری و تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر آن مطالعه موردی: شهر کنارک، فصلنامه شهر پایدار، دوره1، شماره 3، صص. 64-51.
  2. امیرکافی، مهدی و شکوفه فتحی (1390) بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر دل‌بستگی به محله مسکونی «مطالعه موردی: شهر کرمان»، فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی ایران، سال 5، شماره 1 (پیاپی 13)، صص. 26-2.
  3. باستانی، سوسن و نیکزاد، سلمه (1393) شبکه‌های اجتماعی فردی و دل‌بستگی به محله در شهر تهران: با تأکید بر وسایل ارتباطی نوین، فصلنامه مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران، دوره 3، شماره 2، صص. 220-193.
  4. پیربابایی، محمدتقی؛ قره بگلو، مینو؛ علینام، زهرا (1394) بررسی فرآیند دل‌بستگی به مکان در مطالعات شهری با رویکرد روانشناسی شناختی، فصلنامه تازه‌های علوم شناختی، سال 17، شماره 1، صص. 59-46.
  5. تردست، زهرا؛ رجبی، آزیتا؛ مشکینی، ابوالفضل (1399) الگوی تحقق‌پذیری شاخص‌های بومی شهر بیوفیلیک مطالعه موردی: مناطق 9 و 10 کلان‌شهر تهران، فصلنامه شهر پایدار، دوره3، شماره 1، صص. 146-123.
  6. دانشپور، سید عبدالهادی و سالاری پور، علی‌اکبر (1396) اولویت‌بندی راهبردهای ارتقاء دل‌بستگی کودکان به محله گلسلر رشت با استفاده از QFD، فصلنامه مطالعات برنامه‌ریزی سکونتگاه‌های انسانی، سال 12، شماره 38، صص. 137-119.
  7. رامیار، رضا و ضرغامی، اسماعیل (1396) تأثیر دل‌بستگی به مکان بر سرمایه اجتماعی در محیط‌های مشترک همسایگی؛ نمونه موردی: مجتمع مسکونی نور در تهران، فصلنامه مطالعات شهری، دوره 6، شماره 23، صص. 52-39.
  8. رحیمی، لیلا؛ رفیعیان، مجتبی؛ باقری، محمد (1395) تبیین مؤلفه‌های "دل‌بستگی به مکان" در مقیاس محله و شهر و تحلیل تعمیم‌پذیری آن؛ نمونه موردی: محله تاریخی سرخاب تبریز، فصلنامه آرمان‌شهر، دوره 9، شماره 17، صص. 236-225.
  9. ریاحی دهکردی، علی؛ منتظرالحجه، مهدی؛ شریف نژاد، مجتبی (1400) تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقاء “دل‌بستگی مکانی” ساکنین در مراکز محلات معاصر (موردمطالعه: محله کوی اساتید شهر یزد)،معماری و شهرسازی ایران، دوره 12، شماره 1، صص 110-93.
  10. سالاری پور، علی‌اکبر (1397) بررسی فرایند دل‌بستگی کودکان به محله، مطالعه محله گلسار شهر رشت، فصلنامه دانش شهرسازی، سال 2، شماره 2، صص. 39-23.
  11. سرایی، محمدحسین (1386) الگوهای چندگانه توسعه فیزیکی شهر یزد، فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی، دوره 22، شماره 1 (پیاپی 88)، صص. 98-75.
  12. غروی الخوانساری، مریم (1396) از محله سنتی تا محله معاصر؛ کندوکاوی در راهکارهای احیاء هویت محلی در شهر امروز، فصلنامه آرمان‌شهر، دوره10، شماره 21، صص. 76-61.
  13. فتح بقالی، عاطفه؛ قاسم‌زاده، بهنام؛ سمانه، محمدی (1395) بررسی ارتباط بین دل‌بستگی و رضایت مکانی بازدیدکنندگان از منظر تاریخی طبیعی روستای کندوان، فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا، جلد 35، شماره 155، صص. 142-127.
  14. منتظرالحجه، مهدی؛ شریف نژاد، مجتبی؛ دهقان، سهیلا (1395) ارزیابی و سنجش عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد حس مکان در مراکز محله‌های شهری (مطالعه موردی: مراکز محله‌های شیخداد و شهرک دانشگاه در شهر یزد)، فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی، دوره 7، شماره 26، صص. 54-43.
  15. نورمحمدزاد، حسین (1398) جزوات کلاسی روش پژوهش پیشرفته، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه یزد.
  16. Allen, Shelby. C. (2019) Student Development of Campus Place Attachment, Journal of the Student Personnel Association at Indiana University, pp.56–64.
  17. Amérigo, Maria. & Aragonés, Juan Ignacio. (1997) A Theoretical and Methodological Approach to The Study of Residential Satisfaction, Journal of environmental psychology, Vol.17, No.1, pp.47–57.
  18. Amirkafi, Mehdi. & Shokoofeh, Fathi. (2011) A Study of the Factors Affecting Attachment to a Residential Neighborhood "Case Study: The City of Kerman", Iranian Social Studies Quarterly, Vol.5, No.1, pp. 26-2. [in Persian].
  19. Bailey, Nick; Kearns, Ade & Livingston, Mark. (2012) Place Attachment in Deprived Neighbourhoods: The Impacts of Population Turnover and Social Mix, Housing Studies, Vol.27, No.2, pp.208–231.
  20. Bastani, Susan. & Nikzad, Salmeh. (2014) Individual social networks and attachment to the neighborhood in Tehran: with emphasis on new means of communication, Quarterly Journal of Social Studies and Research in Iran, Vol.3, No.2, pp.220-193. [in Persian].
  21. Bonaiuto, Marino, & Alves, Susana. (2012) Residential Places and Neighborhoods: Toward Healthy Life, Social Integration and Reputable Residence, S. D. Clayton (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology, The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology, pp.221–247.
  22. Bonaiuto, Marino. & De Dominicis, Stefano. & Fornara, Ferdinando. Cancellieri, Uberta Ganucci. & Mosco, Benedetta. (2011) Flood Risk: the Role of Neighbourhood Attachment. In G. Zenz & R. Hornich (eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium of Communities. Graz: Verlag der Technischem Universitat.
  23. Bonaiuto, Marino. & Fornara, Ferdinando. & Ariccio, Silvia. & Ganucci Cancellieri, Uberta. & Rahimi, Leila. (2015) Perceived Residential Environment Quality Indicators (PREQIs) Relevance for UN-HABITAT City Prosperity Index (CPI), Habitat International, No.45, pp.53–63.
  24. Bonaiuto, Marino. & Fornara, Ferdinando. & Bonnes, Mirilia. (2006) Perceived Residential Environment Quality in Middle-and Low-extension Italian Cities, European Review of Applied Psychology, Vol.56, No.1, pp.23–34.
  25. Brown, Barbara. D. & PerkinS, Douglas. & Brown, Graham. (2003) Place Attachment in A Revitalizing Neighborhood: Individual and Block Levels of Analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.23, No.3, pp.259–271.
  26. Carson, Arlene J. L. & Chappell, Neena. & E. Dujela, Carren. (2010) Power Dynamics and Perceptions of Neighbourhood Attachment and Involvement: Effects of Length of Residency Versus Home Ownership, Housing, Theory and Society, Vol.27, No.2, pp.162–177.
  27. Cliffs, NJ. Turton. & Catherine, J. (2016) Defining Residential Place Attachment and Exploring its Contribution to Community and Personal Environmental Actions, University of Surrey.
  28. Colley, Kathryn. & Craig, Tony. (2019) Natural Places: Perceptions of Wildness and Attachment to Local Greenspace, Journal of Environmental Psychology, No.61, pp.71–78.
  29. Corcoran, Mary P. (2002) Place Attachment and Community Sentiment in Marginalised Neighbourhoods: A European Case Study, Canadian Journal of Urban Research, Vol.11, No.1, pp.47–68.
  30. Coulton, Claudia J. & Korbin, Jill. & Chan, Tsui. & Su, Marilyn. (2010) Mapping Residents’ Perceptions of Neighborhood Boundaries: a Methodological Note, American Journal of Community Psychology, No.29, pp.371–383.
  31. Cuba, Lee. & M. Hummon, David. (1993) A Place to Call Home: Identification with Dwelling, Community, and Region, Sociological Quarterly, Vol.34, No.1, pp.111–131.
  32. Daneshpour, Seyed Abdolhadi. & Salaripour, Ali Akbar. (2017) Prioritization of strategies to promote children's attachment to Golslar neighborhood of Rasht using QFD, Quarterly Journal of Planning Studies for Human Settlements, Vol.12, No.38, pp.137-119. [in Persian].
  33. Davis, Shawn K. & C. Mullen, Karina. (2015) Place and Proximity: A Spatial Analysis of Visitors’ Place Attachment at Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska, The George Wright Forum, Vol.32, No.2, pp.151–164.
  34. Dekker, Karien. (2007) Social Capital, Neighbourhood Attachment and Participation in Distressed Urban Areas. A Case Study in The Hague and Utrecht, the Netherlands, Housing Studies, Vol.22, No.3, pp.355–379.
  35. Ebrahimzadeh, Issa. & Rahmani, Ismail. (2018) Evaluating the quality of mental-perceptual life in urban areas and explaining the factors affecting it Case study: Shahr-e Konarak, Sustainable City Quarterly, Vol.1, No.3, pp. 64-51. [in Persian].
  36. Fath Bagaee, Atefeh. & Qasemzadeh, Behnam. & Samaneh, Mohammadi. (2016) A Study of the Relationship between Attachment and Spatial Satisfaction of Visitors from the Natural Historical Perspective of Kandovan Village, Quarterly Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, Vol.35, No.155, pp.142-127. [in Persian].
  37. Fleury-Bahi, Ghozlane. & Félonneau, Marie-Line. & Marchand, Dorothée. (2008) Processes of Place Identification and Residential Satisfaction, Environment and Behavior, Vol.40, No.5, pp.669–682.
  38. Fried, Marc. (1963) “Grieving for a lost home,” in The Urban Condition: People and Policy in the Metropolis, ed. L. J. Duhl (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster), pp. 124–152.
  39. Fried, Marc. (1982) Residential Attachment: Sources of Residential and Community Satisfaction, Journal of Social Issues, Vol.38, No.3, pp.107-119.
  40. Gharavi Al-Khansari, Maryam. (2017) from the traditional neighborhood to the contemporary neighborhood; Exploration on Strategies for Reviving Local Identity in Today's City, Armanshahr Quarterly, Vol.10, No.21, pp.76-61. [in Persian].
  41. Giuliani, Maria Vittoria. (2003) Theory of Attachment and Place Attachment, na.
  42. Górny, Agata & Toruńczyk-Ruiz, Sabina. (2014) Neighbourhood Attachment in Ethnically Diverse Areas: The Role of Interethnic Ties. Urban Studies, Vol.51, No. 5, pp.1000–1018.
  43. Graz, Bonaiuto, Marino. & Fornara, Ferdinando. & Bonnes, Mirilia. (2003) Indexes of Perceived Residential Environment Quality and Neighbourhood Attachment in Urban Environments: A Confirmation Study on The City of Rome, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol.65, No.1–2, pp.41–52.
  44. Greider, Thomas. & Garkovich, Lorraine. (1994) Landscapes: The Social Construction of Nature and The Environment, Rural Sociology, Vol.59, No.1, pp. 1–24.
  45. Guest, Avery M. & A. Lee, Barrett. (1983) Sentiment and Evaluation as Ecological Variables, Sociological Perspectives, Vol.26, No.2, pp.159–184.
  46. Gupta, Akhil. & Ferguson, James, eds. (1997) Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology, Duke University Press.
  47. Habib, Farah. & Yaghmaeian, Shiva. (2019) Developing PPP Model of Place Attachment for Evaluating Residential Environment (Cases Study: Open Space of Iranzamin and Ekbatan Apartment Buildings), International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, Vol.9, No.1, pp.17–24.
  48. Heidari, Ali Akbar. & Moradian, Salman. & Teimoori, Paria. (2016) Evaluation of Place Attachment Rate in Home, Neighborhood and Urban (Case Study: Shiraz City, Iran), International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, Vol.6, No.4, pp.33-42.
  49. Hoang, Thuy DT. & Brown, Graham. & Jin Kim, Aise Kyoung. (2020) Measuring Resident Place Attachment in a World Cultural Heritage Tourism Context: the Case of Hoi An (Vietnam), Current Issues in Tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, 23, No.16, pp1-17.
  50. Jorgensen, Bradley S. & Stedman, Richard C. (2006) A Comparative Analysis of Predictors of Sense of Place Dimensions: Attachment to, Dependence on, and Identification with Lakeshore Properties, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.79, No.3, pp.316–327.
  51. Kasarda, John D. & Janowitz, Morris. (1974) Community Attachment in Mass Society, American Sociological Review, Vol.39, pp. 328–339.
  52. Khanian, Mojtaba. & Serpoush, Behrad. & Gheitarani, Nima. (2019) Balance Between Place Attachment and Migration based on Subjective Adaptive Capacity in Response to Climate Change: the Case of Famenin County in Western Iran, Climate and Development, Vol.11, No.1, pp.69–82.
  53. Leckman, James F. & Carter, C. Sue. & B. Hennessy, Michael. & Blaffer Hrdy, Sarah. & Keverne, E. Barry. & Klann-Delius, Gisela. & Schradin, Carsten. & Todt, Dietrich. & von Holst, Dietrich. (2005) Group Report: Biobehavioral Processes in Attachment and Bonding, Attachment and Bonding: A New Synthesis, pp.301–348.
  54. Lewicka, Maria. (2010) What Makes Neighborhood Different from Home and City? Effects of place scale on place attachment, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.30, No.1, pp.35–51.
  55. Lewicka, Maria. (2011) Place Attachment: How Far Have We Come in the Last 40 Years?, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.31, No.3, pp.207–230.
  56. ltman, Irwin. & Low, Setha. M. (2012) Place Attachment (Vol. 12), Springer Science Business Media.
  57. Lu, Tingting. & Zhang, Fangzhu. & Wu, Fulong. (2018) Place Attachment in Gated Neighbourhoods in China: Evidence from Wenzhou, Geoforum, No.92, pp.144–151.
  58. Montazer Al-Hajjah, Mehdi. & Sharifnejad, Mojtaba. & Dehghan, Soheila. (2016) Evaluation and assessment of factors affecting the sense of place in urban neighborhood centers (Case study: Sheikhdad neighborhoods and university town in Yazd), Iranian Islamic City Studies Quarterly, Vol.7, No.26, pp.54-43. [in Persian].
  59. Montazerolhodjah, Mahdi. & Sharifnejad, Mojtaba. & Pourjafar, Mohammadreza. (2018) The Characteristics of Distinctive Urban Elements in Citizens’ Cognitive Maps (Case Study: The City of Isfahan), International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, Vol.28, No.1, pp.37-47.
  60. Morita, Ayako. & Takano, Takehito. & Nakamura, Keiko. & Kizuki, Masashi. & Seino, Kaoruko. (2010) Contribution of Interaction with Family, Friends and Neighbours, and Sense of Neighbourhood Attachment to Survival in Senior Citizens: 5-Year Follow-up Study, Social Science & Medicine, Vol.70, No.4, pp. 543–549.
  61. Murphy, Ailbhe. P. & Enqvist, Johan. & Tengö, Maria. (2019) Place-making to Transform Urban Social–ecological Systems: Insights From the Stewardship of Urban Lakes in Bangalore, India, Sustainability Science, Vol.14, No.3, pp.607–623.
  62. Noor Mohammadzad, Hossein (1398) Classbooks of Advanced Research Method, Department of Urban Planning, Yazd University. [in Persian].
  63. Pion, Scannell, Leila. & Gifford, Robert. (2017) Place Attachment Enhances Psychological Need Satisfaction, Environment and Behavior, Vol.49, No.4, pp. 359–389.
  64. Pir Babaei, Mohammad Taghi. & Qara Begloo, Minoo. & Alinam, Zahra. (2015) A Study of the Process of Attachment to Place in Urban Studies with a Cognitive Psychology Approach, Cognitive Science News Quarterly, Vol.17, No.1, pp.59-46. [in Persian].
  65. Rahimi, Leila. & Rafieian, Mojtaba. & Bagheri, Mohammad. (2016) Explain the components of "attachment to place" on a neighborhood and city scale and analyze its generalizability; Case study: Sorkhab historical neighborhood of Tabriz, Armanshahr quarterly, Vol.9, No.17, pp.236-225. [in Persian].
  66. Ramyar, Reza. & Zarghami, Ismail. (2017) The effect of place attachment on social capital in shared neighborhoods; Case Study: Noor Residential Complex in Tehran, Quarterly Journal of Urban Studies, Vol.6, No.23, pp.52-39. [in Persian].
  67. Relph, Edward. (1976) Place and Placelessness, Publisher ‏ : ‎ SAGE Publishing Ltd; UK ed.
  68. Riahi Dehkordi, Ali. & Montazer Al-Hajjah, Mehdi. & Sharifnejad, Mojtaba. (2021) Determining the effective factors on promoting "spatial attachment" of residents in the centers of contemporary neighborhoods (case study: Yazd Teachers' Dormitory), Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran, Vol.12, No.1, pp.110-93. [in Persian].
  69. Salaripour, Ali Akbar. (2018) A study of the process of children's attachment to the neighborhood, a study of Golsar neighborhood in Rasht, Quarterly Journal of Urban Planning Knowledge, Vol.2, No.2, pp.39-23. [in Persian].
  70. Sarai, Mohammad Hossein. (2007) Multiple Models of Physical Development in Yazd, Geographical Research Quarterly, Vol.22, No.1, pp.98-75. [in Persian].
  71. Smaldone, David. (2007) The Role of Time in Place Attachment. In: Burns, R.; Robinson, K., Comps. Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, pp.47-56.
  72. Speller, Gerda M. (2000) A Community in Transition: A Longitudinal Study of Place Attachment and Identity Processes in the Context of an Enforced Relocation, University of Surrey.
  73. Steinberger, Peter J. (1981) Political Participation and Communality: A Cultural/ Interpersonal Approach, Rural Sociology, Vol.46, No.1, pp.7-14.
  74. Taylor, Ralph B. (1996) Neighborhood Responses to Disorder and Local Attachments: The Systemic Model of Attachment, Social Disorganization, and Neighborhood Use Value, Sociological Forum, Vol.11, No.1, pp.41–74.
  75. Theodori, Gene L. & E. Luloff, Albert. (2000) Urbanization and Community Attachment in Rural Areas. Society & Natural Resources, Vol.13, No.5, pp.399–420.
  76. Trąbka, Agnieszka. (2019) From Functional Bonds to Place Identity: Place Attachment of Polish Migrants Living in London and Oslo, Journal of Environmental Psychology, No.62, pp.67–73.
  77. Trudest, Zahra. & Rajabi, Azita. & Meshkini, Abolfazl. (2020) The model of feasibility of native characteristics of biophilic city Case study: 9 and 10 metropolitan areas of Tehran, Sustainable City Quarterly, Vol.3, No.1, pp.146-123. [in Persian].
  78. Tuan, Yi. Fu. (1974) Topophilia: a Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values Prentice Hall, Englewood .
  79. Woolever, Cynthia. (1992) A Contextual Approach to Neighbourhood Attachment, Urban Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 99–116.
  80. Wu, Rong. & Huang, Xu. & Li, Zhigang. & Liu, Ye. & Liu, Yuqi. (2019) Deciphering the Meaning and Mechanism of Migrants’ and Locals’ Neighborhood Attachment in Chinese Cities: Evidence from Guangzhou, Cities, No.85, pp.187–195.
  81. Wynveen, Christopher J. E. & Schneider, Ingrid. & Arnberger, Arne. & Cottrell, Stuart. & Ruschkowski, Eick von. (2020) Integrating Place Attachment into Management Frameworks: Exploring Place Attachment Across the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum, Environmental Management, pp. 1-15.
  82. Zhu, Yushu. & Breitung, Werner. & Li, Si-ming. (2012) The Changing Meaning of Neighbourhood Attachment in Chinese Commodity Housing Estates: Evidence from Guangzhou, Urban Studies, Vol.49, No.11, pp. 2439–2457.