مجله شهر پایدار

مجله شهر پایدار

تحلیل ساختاری ابعاد برنامه‌ریزی شهری درمانگر استرس در شهر تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
شهرها با وجود مزایای بسیاری که دارند استرس شهری را افزایش می‌دهند. این موضوع در شهر تهران که ششمین شهر پراسترس جهان است اهمیت چندین برابر پیدا می‌کند. اما با توجه به اهمیت آن تأثیر جنبه‌های مختلف این شهر بر استرس به‌خوبی شناخته‌شده نیست. به همین منظور این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و تحلیل ساختاری ابعاد برنامه‌ریزی شهری درمانگر استرس در شهر تهران انجام‌شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و بر مبنای هدف از پژوهش‌های کاربردی می‌باشد. در واقع پس از تحلیل محتوا مطالعات پیشین به تحلیل ساختاری ابعاد مذکور بر اساس نظر متخصصان آشنا با موضوع، با استفاده از نرم‌افزار (MICMAC) پرداخته‌شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که بعد محیطی به‌عنوان تأثیرگذارترین و بعد ویژگی‌های فردی به‌عنوان تأثیرپذیرترین ابعاد شناخته‌شده است. در واقع ابعاد محیطی، اقتصادی، حمل‌ونقل، فرهنگی، کاربری، اجتماعی، سیاسی، کالبدی، فردی و مسکن به ترتیب در برنامه‌ریزی شهری درمانگر استرس در شهر تهران حائز اهمیت هستند. همچنین ابعاد محیطی و اقتصادی مهم‌ترین و کلیدی‌ترین ابعاد برنامه‌ریزی شهری درمانگر استرس در این شهر می‌باشند. در نتیجه توجه به همه این ابعاد با تأکید بر بعد محیطی و اقتصادی می‌تواند استرس شهری را در شهر تهران تا حد بسیاری کاهش دهد
کلیدواژه‌ها

  1. پوراحمد، احمد؛ فرهادی، ابراهیم؛ قربانی، رامین و درودی نیا، عباس. (1397). تأثیر چشم‌اندازهای شهری بر سلامت روان شهروندان مطالعه موردی: مناطق 2 و 9 شهر تهران. مجله شهر پایدار، 1(3)، 17-33. doi: 10.22034/jsc.2018.88476
  2. عطایی، امید؛ ستوده، حسام‌الدین و قمیشی، محمد. (1400). تبیین حس تعلق به مکان در بافت تاریخی شهرهای بندری مطالعه موردی: بندرلنگه. مجله شهر پایدار، 4(4)، 87-99.  doi: 10.22034/jsc.2021.267273.1396
  3. فروهر، امیر و خیرالدین، رضا. (1395). تجاری شدن جداره‌های شهری و تأثیر آن بر کیفیت فضایی محلات مسکونی. مطالعه موردی: کوی نصر تهران. آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، 6(20)، 63-83.
  4. مغانی رحیمی، خاطره؛ بهزادفر، مصطفی و جلیلی صدرآباد، سمانه. (1400). واکاوی مفهوم استرس شهری در ادبیات جهانی. نهمین کنفرانس ملی مهندسی عمران، معماری و توسعه شهری پایدار ایران، تهران.
  5. مغانی رحیمی، خاطره؛ بهزادفر، مصطفی و جلیلی صدرآباد، سمانه. (1401). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر استرس شهری در ادبیات جهانی. مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری، 9(32)، 217-242.  doi: 10.22080/usfs.2022.23245.2240
  6. Abrahamyan Empson, L., Baumann, P. S., Söderström, O., Codeluppi, Z., Söderström, D. & Conus, P. (2020). Urbanicity: The need for new avenues to explore the link between urban living and psychosis. Early intervention in psychiatry, 14)4(, 398–409. doi: 10.1111/eip.12861
  7. Adli, M. & Schondorf, J. (2020). Macht uns die Stadt krank. Wirkung von Stadtstress auf Emotionen, Verhalten und psychische Gesundheit; Does the city make us ill? The effect of urban stress on emotions, behavior, and mental health. Bundesgesundheitsbl,  63, 979–986. doi: 10.1007/s00103-020-03185-w
  8. Adli, M. (2011). Urban stress and mental health (November 2011), accessed 17th July 2021 https://LSECiti.es/u246d12b2.
  9. Adli, M., Berger, M., Brakemeier, E. L., Engel, L., Fingerhut, J., Hehl, R., Heinz, A., Mayer, J., Mehran, N., Tolaas, S., Walter, H., Weiland, U. & Stollmann, J. (2016). Neurourbanistik – ein methodischer Schulterschluss zwischen Stadtplanung und Neurowissenschaften. Die Psychiatrie, 13, 70–78.
  10. Ataei, O., Sotudeh, H., & Ghomeishi, M. (2022). Place Attachment in the Historical Texture of Cities Bandar Case Study: Bandar Lengeh. Journal of Sustainable city4(4), 87-99. doi: 10.22034/jsc.2021.267273.1396  [In Persian]
  11. Baum, A., Singer, J. E. &  Baum, C. S.  (1981). Stress and the Environment. 37(1), 4–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01056.x 
  12. Baumann, P. S., Söderström, O., Abrahamyan Empson, L., Söderström, D., Codeluppi, Z., Golay, P., Birchwood, M., & Conus, P. (2020). Urban remediation: a new recovery-oriented strategy to manage urban stress after first-episode psychosis. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 55(3), 273–283. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01795-7
  13. Beil, K. & Hanes, D. (2013). The influence of urban natural and built environments on physiological and psychological measures of stress--a pilot study. International Journal of environmental research and public health, 10(4), 1250–1267. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10041250
  14. Burton, I. (1990). Factors in urban stress. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 17(1), 79–92.
  15. Buttazzoni, A., Doherty, S. & Minaker, L. (2021). How Do Urban Environments Affect Young People's Mental Health? A Novel Conceptual Framework to Bridge Public Health, Planning, and Neurourbanism. Public Health Rep. doi: 10.1177/0033354920982088
  16. Capineri, C., Huang, H. & Gartner, G. (2018). Tracking emotions in Urban Space. Two Experiments in Vienna and Siena. Rivista Geografica Italiana, 125(2), 273-288.
  17. Cappon, D. (1977). Urban stress. Canadian Medical Association journal, 116(1), 9–10.
  18. Caracci, G. (2006). Urban Mental Health: An International Survey. International Journal of Mental Health, 35(1), 39–45. doi: 10.2753/imh0020-7411350103 
  19. Chinomnso, C. N., Echendu, D. & Queencallista, N. (2014). Urbanization and Health. Orient Journal of Medicine , 26(1-2).
  20. Chrisinger, B. W. & King, A. C. (2018). Stress experiences in neighborhood and social environments (SENSE): a pilot study to integrate the quantified self with citizen science to improve the built environment and health. International Journal of Health Geographics, 17(1), 17–31. doi: 10.1186/s12942-018-0140-1 
  21. Cohen, S., Evans, G. W., Stokols, D. & Krantz, D. S. (1986). Environmental stress and cognitive performance. In Behaviour, health, and environmental stress (eds Cohen S, Evans GW, Stokols D, Krantz DS), 143–183. Berlin, Germany.
  22. D’Acci, L. S. (2020). Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration. Mind Soc, 19, 223–235. doi: 10.1007/s11299-020-00235-3
  23. Dykas, M. J., Goplen, J., Ewart, C. K. & Gump, B. B. (2021). Early Adolescents’ Risk Taking Propensity, Urban Stress, and Affiliation With Risky Peers. The Journal of Early Adolescence. 41(5), 683-699. doi: 10.1177/0272431620939192
  24. Elsamahy, E. M. & Abd EL-Fattah, R. (2018). Designing non-stressed psychological public spaces. BAU Journal: Health & Well-Being, 1(3), 121-132.
  25. Evans, B. E., Buil, J. M., Burk, W. J., Cillessen, A. H. N. & van Lier, A. C. (2018). Urbanicity is associated with behavioural and emotional problems in elementary school-Aged children. Journal of Child and Family Studies,7(27), 2193-2205. doi: 10.1007/s10826-018-1062z
  26. Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M. & Moch, A. (2003). Housing and Mental Health: A Review of the Evidence and a Methodological and Conceptual Critique, Journal of social issues, 59(3), 475–500. doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.00074
  27. Ewart, C. K., & Suchday, S. (2002). Discovering how urban poverty and violence affect health: Development and validation of a neighborhood stress index. Health Psychology, 21(3), 254–262. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.21.3.254 
  28. Fett, A. J., Lemmers-Jansen, I. L.J. & Krabbendam, L. (2019). Psychosis and urbanicity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 32(3), 232–241. doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000486 
  29. Forouhar, A., & Kheyroddin, R. (2016). The Impact of Commercialization on the Spatial Quality of Residential Neighbourhoods: Evidence from Nasr Neighbourhood of Tehran. Geographical Planning of Space6(20), 63-84. [In Persian]
  30. Freeman, D., Emsley, R., Dunn, G., Fowler, D., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E., Jolley, S., Waller, H., Hardy, A. & Garety, P. (2015). The Stress of the Street for Patients With Persecutory Delusions: A Test of the Symptomatic and Psychological Effects of Going Outside Into a Busy Urban Area. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(4), 971–979. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu173 
  31. Generaal, E., Hoogendijk, E. O., Stam, M., Henke, C. E., Rutters, F., Oosterman, M., Huisman, M., Kramer, S. E., Elders, P. J. M., Timmermans, E. J., Lakerveld, J., Koomen, E., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., Snijder, M. B., Stronks, K., Willemsen, G., Boomsma, D. I., Smit, J. H. & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2019). Neighbourhood characteristics, prevalence, and severity of depression: pooled analysis of eight Dutch cohort studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 215(2), 1–8. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.100
  32. Gruebner, O., Rapp, M. A., Adli, M., Kluge, U., Galea, S., & Heinz, A. (2017). Cities and Mental Health. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 114(8), 121–127. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121
  33. Haines, M., Stansfeld, S., Job, R., Berglund, B. & Head, J. (2001). Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children. Psychological Medicine, 31(2), 265-277. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701003282
  34. Hernandez, D. C., Daundasekara, S. S., Zvolensky, M. J., Reitzel, L. R., Maria, D. S., Alexander, A. C., Kendzor, D. E. & Businelle, M. S. (2020). Urban Stress Indirectly Influences Psychological Symptoms through Its Association with Distress Tolerance and Perceived Social Support among Adults Experiencing Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5301–5367. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155301 
  35. Hill T.D. & Maimon D. (2013) Neighborhood context and mental health. In: Aneshensel C.S., Phelan J.C., Bierman A. (Eds) Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_23
  36. Interdisciplinary forum neurourbanism. (2018). Charta of neurourbanism, Retrieved 23 September 2021, from https://neurourbanistik.de.
  37. Jaffee, K. D., Liu, G. C., Canty-Mitchell, J., Qi, R. A., Austin, J. &  Swigonski, N. (2005). Race, urban community stressors, and behavioral and emotional problems of children with special health care needs. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 56(1), 63–69. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.1.63
  38. Kalff, A. C., Kroes, M., Vles, J. S., Hendriksen, J. G., Feron, F. J., Steyaert, J., van Zeben, T. M., Jolles, J., & van Os, J. (2001). Neighbourhood level and individual level SES effects on child problem behaviour: a multilevel analysis. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 55(4), 246–250. doi: 10.1136/jech.55.4.246
  39. Knöll, M., Neuheuser, K., Cleff, T. & Rudolph-Cleff, A. (2017). A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. doi: 10.1177/0265813516686971 
  40. Knöll, M., Neuheuser, K., Vogt, J. & Rudolph-Cleff, A. (2014). Einflussfaktoren der gebauten umwelt auf wahrgenommene aufenthaltsqualität bei der nutzung städtischer räume. Umweltpsychologie, 18, 84–102. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270759025
  41. Knox city council. (2021). Knox Mental Health Action Plan 2021-2025. https://www.knox.vic.gov.au.
  42. Kyriakou, K. & Resch, B. (2019). Spatial Analysis of Moments of Stress Derived from Wearable Sensor Data, Adv. Cartogr. GIScience Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 2(9). doi: 10.5194/ica-adv-2-9-2019
  43. Larcombe, D. L., van Etten, E., Logan, A., Prescott, S. L. & Horwitz, P. (2019). High-rise apartments and urban mental health-Historical and contemporary views. Challenges, 10(2), 1-15.doi: 10.3390/challe10020034
  44. Lazarus, R. S., Cohen, J. B. (1977). Environmental Stress. Human Behavior and Environment, 89–127. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0808-9_3
  45. Lederbogen, F., Haddad, L. & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2013). Urban social stress – Risk factor for mental disorders. The case of schizophrenia. Environmental Pollution, 183, 2–6. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.046
  46. Li, J. & Liu, Z. (2018). Housing stress and mental health of migrant populations in urban China. Cities, 81, 172-179. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.006
  47. Li, J. & Rose, N. (2017). Urban social exclusion and mental health of China’s rural-urban migrants - A review and call for research. Health & Place, 48, 20-30. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.08.009
  48. Lin, N., & Lai, G. (1995). Urban stress in China. Social Science & Medicine, 41(8), 1131–1145. 
  49. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00426-t 
  50. Lisa, R. & Ash, A. (2019). Mental health, subjectivity and the city: an ethnography of migrant stress in Shanghai. International Health, 11(1), 7-13. doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz029
  51. Litman, T.A. (2021). Urban Sanity Understanding Urban Mental Health Impacts and How to Create Saner, Happier Cities. https://vtpi.org/urban-sanity.pdf
  52. Lloyd, S., Kelly, R., Kimberly, G. & Joshua, R., (2005). Challenges of Urban Mental Health Disaster Planning. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 10(3), 695–706. doi: 10.1300/J146v10n03_03
  53. Manning, N. (2018). Sociology, biology and mechanisms in urban mental health. Social Theory & Health, 17, 1-22. doi: 10.1057/s41285-018-00085-7 
  54. March, D., Hatch, S. L., Morgan, C., Kirkbride, J. B., Bresnahan, M., Fearon, P. & Susser, E. (2008). Psychosis and Place. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1),  84-100. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxn006
  55. Maureen, O. (2017). Revealed: The world's least stressful cities. Retrieved 15 September 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com.
  56. Meloni, A., Fornara, F. & Carrus, G. (2019). Predicting pro-environmental behaviors in the urban context: The direct or moderated effect of urban stress, city identity, and worldviews. Cities, 88, 83–90. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.001
  57. Miles, R., Coutts, C. & Mohamadi, A. (2012). Neighborhood urban form, social environment, and depression. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 89(1), 1–18. doi: 10.1007/s11524-011-9621-2
  58. Milgram, S. (1970). The Experience of Living in Cities. Science, 167(3924), 1461–1468. doi: 10.1126/science.167.3924.1461 
  59. Miller, K. M. & Phillips, M. H. (2005). Correlates of Urban Stress and Mental Health: The Impact of Social Context on Resilience. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 14(1-2), 46–64. doi: 10.1179/105307805807066301
  60. Moghani Rahimi, K., Behzadfar, M., & jalilisadrabad, S. (2021). Analyzing the concept of urban stress in world literature, The 9th National Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Sustainable Urban Development of Iran،Tehran،https://civilica.com/doc/1434354 [In Persian]
  61. Moghani Rahimi, K., Behzadfar, M., & jalilisadrabad, S. (2022). Investigating the Factors Affecting Urban Stress in World Literature. Urban Structure and Function Studies9(32), 217-242. doi: 10.22080/usfs.2022.23245.2240  [In Persian]
  62. Moreland city council. (2017). Moreland municipal public health and wellbeing plan 2017- 2021. https://www.moreland.vic.gov.au.
  63. Mubi Brighenti, A. & Pavoni, A. (2017). City of unpleasant feelings. Stress, comfort and animosity in urban life. Social & Cultural Geography, 20(2), 137-156. doi: 10.1080/14649365.2017.1355065
  64. Mukherjee, A. & Agrawal, M. (2018). The influence of urban stress factors on responses of ground cover vegetation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3437-5 
  65. Northern grampians city council. (2017). Northern grampians Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2017-2021. https://nla.gov.au
  66. Peen, J., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T. & Dekker, J. (2010). The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121(2), 84–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x
  67. pourahmad, A., Farhadi, E., Ghorbani, R., & Doorudinia, A. (2018). The Impact of Urban Prospects on Mental Health of Citizens (Case study: 2nd and 9th regions of Tehran). Journal of Sustainable city,  1(3), 17-33. doi: 10.22034/jsc.2018.88476  [In Persian]
  68. Prindle, R. A. (1968). Health Aspects of the Urban Environment. Public Health Reports, 83(7), 617-621.  doi:10.2307/4593367
  69. Proshansky, H. M. (1972). Urban Stress. Experiments on Noise and Social Stressors. David C. Glass and Jerome E. Singer. Academic Press, New York. Social Psychology. Science, 178(4067), 1275A–1275A. doi: 10.1126/science.178.4067.1275a 
  70. Pykett, J., Chrisinger, B. & Kyriakou, K. et al. (2020b). Developing a Citizen Social Science approach to understand urban stress and promote wellbeing in urban communities. Palgrave Commun, 6(85). doi: 10.1057/s41599-020-0460-1
  71. Pykett, J., Osborne, T. & Resch, B. (2020a). From Urban Stress to Neurourbanism: How Should We Research City Well-Being?. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 110(6), 1–16. doi: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1736982 
  72. Quinn, K., Kaufman, J. S., Siddiqi, A. & Yeatts, K. B. (2010). Stress and the city: housing stressors are associated with respiratory health among low socioeconomic status Chicago children. Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 87(4), 688–702. doi: 10.1007/s11524-010-9465-1
  73. Reynolds, L. K., O'Koon, J. H., Papademetriou, E., Szczygiel, S. & Grant, K. E. (2001). Stress and Somatic Complaints in Low-Income Urban Adolescents. 30(4), 499–514. doi: 10.1023/a:1010401417828
  74. Rishi, P. & Khuntia, G. (2012). Urban Environmental Stress and Behavioural Adaptation in Bhopal City of India. Urban Studies Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2012/635061
  75. Seth, P., Murray, C. C., Braxton, N. D. & DiClemente, R. J. (2012). The Concrete Jungle: City Stress and Substance Abuse among Young Adult African American Men. Journal of Urban Health, 90(2), 307–313. doi: 10.1007/s11524-012-9716-4
  76. Shannon, M. M., Clougherty, J. E., McCarthy, C., Elovitz, M. A., Nguemeni, T., Max Jordan, M., Steven J. & Burris, H. H. (2020). Neighborhood Violent Crime and Perceived Stress in Pregnancy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5585. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155585 
  77. Simmel, j. (1903). The Metropolis and Mental Life. Section 7 of the people, place, and space reader, 223-226.
  78. Söderström, O., Empson, L. A. Codeluppi, Z., Söderström, D., Baumann, P. S. & Conus, P. (2016). Unpacking ‘the City’: An experience-based approach to the role of urban living in psychosis. Health & Place, 42, 104–110. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.002 
  79. Suchday, S., Kapur, S., Ewart, C. K., & Friedberg, J. P. (2006). Urban Stress and Health in Developing Countries: Development and Validation of a Neighborhood Stress Index for India. Behavioral Medicine, 32(7), 77–86. doi: 10.3200/bmed.32.3.77-86 
  80. Vargas, T., Conley, R. E. & Mittal, V. A. (2020). Chronic stress, structural exposures and neurobiological mechanisms: A stimulation, discrepancy and deprivation model of psychosis. In A. Clow, & N. Smyth (Eds.), International Review of Neurobiology, 152, 41-69. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.11.004
  81. Ventriglio, A., Torales, J., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., De Berardis, D. & Bhugra, D. (2021). Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS spectrums, 126(1), 43–50. doi: 10.1017/S1092852920001236
  82. Victoria state government. (2011). Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (2011-2015). https://www2.health.vic.gov.au.
  83. Victoria state government. (2015). Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (2015-2019). https://www2.health.vic.gov.au.
  84. Victoria state government. (2019). Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (2019-2023). https://www2.health.vic.gov.au.
  85. Vojnovic, I., Pearson, A., Asiki, G., Allen, A. & DeVerteuil, G. (2019). Handbook of Global Urban Health, (Abingdon: Routledge, 20 May 2019 ), accessed 06 May 2022 , Routledge Handbooks Online. doi: 10.4324/9781315465456
  86. Werner, C., Resch, B., & Loidl, M. (2019). Evaluating Urban Bicycle Infrastructures through Intersubjectivity of Stress Sensations Derived from Physiological Measurements. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(6), 265. doi: 10.3390/ijgi8060265 
  87. Willie, Tiara C., Powell, A. & Kershaw, T. (2016). Stress in the City: Influence of Urban Social Stress and Violence on Pregnancy and Postpartum Quality of Life among Adolescent and Young Mothers. Journal of Urban Health, 93(1), 19–35. doi: 10.1007/s11524-015-0021-x 
  88. Xie, S. (2019). Quality matters: housing and the mental health of rural migrants in urban China. Housing Studies, 34(9), 1422-1444. doi: 10.1080/02673037.2019.1577956
  89. Yang, T. & Matthews, S. A. (2010). The role of social and built environments in predicting self-rated stress: A multilevel analysis in Philadelphia. Health & place, 16(5), 803-810. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.005