Evaluation of urban development plans and explanation of content inefficiency factors and their procedures in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of urban planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

10.22034/jsc.2022.292057.1496

Abstract

 A B S T R A C T
Organizing and ordering the city and how it grows and transforms being fully aware of the various dimensions of its growth and development and controlling its future process requires detailed planning. In this regard, urban development plans have been prepared to better guide their process sustainably. They are considered the most fundamental means of shaping cities based on pre-planned order and plan. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. The present study examines and analyzes urban development plans in Iran using the concepts of planning perspectives and explaining the inefficiency factors of these plans. This research falls under the category of fundamental-developmental research and descriptive-analytical methods. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans have been compiled and evaluated step by step by experts. Based on the obtained results, the criterion of participation and community orientation has an unfavourable situation compared to other criteria. In the staged evaluation of urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation have a better status than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this diagnosis, applying these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of projects is necessary. Preparing the current plans not only does not respond to many dimensions of the cities, but continuing them in this way and ignoring the basic concepts, has not solved any problems and may cause many problems due to not keeping up with the changes of time.
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Organizing the city and how it grows and develops and full awareness of the various dimensions of its growth and development and control of its future trend requires careful planning. In this regard, urban development plans in order to better guide their process have been prepared sustainably and are the most fundamental tools for shaping cities based on pre-planned order and program. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. One of the measures that can be considered during the correction of incorrect trends and problems of master plans is the pathology of urban development plans. Indeed, by looking critically at how to prepare, implement, and content plans, issues can be identified to provide solutions. This study aims to investigate the method governing the preparation of urban development plans. So, it seeks to answer these questions:

What are the concepts of urban planning theories in order to prepare urban development plans in Iran?
What is the status of each of the concepts of urban planning theories in urban development plans in Iran?
Which stages of the process of preparing urban development plans in Iran are weaker and inefficient?
What are the causes and roots of inefficiency of urban development plans in Iran?

 
Methodology
This study is in the category of basic-developmental research and descriptive-analytical method. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans are collected and evaluated in stages by experts. In the present study, first, the basic and main concepts are extracted by examining theoretical approaches and perspectives. The method adopted in this section in order to achieve the goal is the method of chronological analysis of theoretical foundations that examines the evolution of content and procedure on the time axis. In order to achieve the research goal and evaluate urban development plans, because this section is based on the results of theoretical foundations studies, the method of directional content analysis has been selected as the research method of the studies in this section, qualitatively. In the data interpretation stage, quantitative methods are used to compare the differences between theoretical perspectives and the results of the analysis units to support the results of qualitative analyzes. Accordingly, in this study, to interpret the analysis findings, the rate of application of each indicator is determined based on the Likert scale. The highest frequency of each is determined based on the stages of the design process. The study's statistical population is urban development plans prepared and approved for the last fifteen years. The sample size was 70 people.
 
Results and discussion
Among the six indicators of the research, based on the results of the Friedman test, the index of context attention and flexibility, with an average rank of 4.55, has the highest score and has gained the first rank. The index of being multifaceted and multi-level and compliance with the rules and capabilities with the scores of 4.3 and 4 have obtained the second and third ranks, respectively. In the second half of this table, the participation and community-based index with a score of 1.15 is in the last rank. Problem-solving indicators with a score of 3.5 and Schedule and Axial Process with a score of 3.5 have been ranked third and fourth. Accordingly, the criterion of participation and community-oriented have an unfavorable situation compared to other criteria. Other criteria also had shortcomings in different stages of preparation of the plan and were in an unfavorable situation. In evaluating urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation are better than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this pathology, it is necessary to apply these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of plans. By applying these criteria only in the first few stages, we cannot expect the situation to improve.
 
Conclusion
In this article, while examining the theoretical foundations and views of planning, urban development plans were analyzed and evaluated Also, the shortcomings and deficiencies in the basic concepts were identified in stages, which can be theoretically and practically applicable Based on the research results, this issue is an essential point that needs more attention. By increasing people's participation in preparing plans, we can make much better and different development plans. Let's witness. According to studies and evaluations, the preparation of current plans has not answered the problems of cities, and continuation in this way and ignoring the basic concepts has not solved any problems, and probably due to not keeping pace with the changes of time, which creates many issues. While the main element in the construction of a city should be the quality of life of its inhabitants, and as a result, urban development planning should recognize it and prevent people from becoming victims. Based on the results, the following shortcomings can be pointed out as the main weaknesses of Iran's urban development plans: Study and goal setting stage: Lack of attention to the context and laws and capabilities, ignoring people's participation, lack of attention Enough with realism and contextualization; Decision-making and decision-making stage: Lack of basic concepts in evaluating and preparing an executive plan, lack of monitoring and cooperation of citizens, body-centered and community-oriented vision, lack of serious determination in the framework of sustainable development, design, implementation and evaluation phase after implementation: Executive problems and lack of coordination between different construction sectors, unpredictability and lack of use of creative methods to reduce conflicts, inconsistency with the speed and dynamism of the city and time changes, lack of financial and structural grounds for the implementation of projects.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Highlights

  1. امان پور، سعید؛ صفایی پور، مسعود؛ ملکی، سعید و علیزاده، هادی. (1398). تبیین چالش‌های ساختاری در طرح‌ریزی راهبردی توسعه شهری کلان‌شهر اصفهان. فصلنامه آمایش سرزمین، 11 (1)، 29-56. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2019.282215.669994
  2. بمانیان، محمدرضا؛ تقوایی، علی‌اکبر و بهرام پور، مهدی. (1393). تببین رویکرد نظریه شهر عدالت محور در نظام مدیریت شهری با تأکید بر طرح‌های توسعه شهری. فصلنامه مدیریت شهری، 13 (37)، 231-255.
  3. پوراحمد، احمد؛ حاتمی نژاد، حسین و حسینی، سیدهادی. (1385). آسیب‌شناسی طرح‌های توسعه شهری در کشور. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی، 38 (58)، 180-167.
  4. پوراحمد، احمد؛ حسام، مهدی؛ آشور، حدیثه و محمدپور، صابر. (1389). تحلیلی بر الگوی گسترش کالبدی- فضایی شهر گرگان با استفاده از مدل‌های آنتروپی شانون و هلدرن. فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 1 (3)، 1-18.
  5. حاتمی نژاد، حسین و فرجی ملایی، امین. (1390). امکان‌سنجی اجرای طرح‌های استراتژی توسعه شهری (CDS) در ایران. فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش‌های شهری منطقه‌ای، 2 (8)، 76-55.
  6. حبیبی، کیومرث؛ بهزادفر، مصطفی؛ مشکینی، ابوالفضل؛ علیزاده، هوشمند و محکی، وحید. (1390). ارزیابی اثرات طرح‌های توسعه شهری بر ساختارشکنی و ارتقای کیفی فضاهای شهر کهن ایرانی. فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی، 1 (4)، 15-28.
  7. حبیبی، محسن و سعیدی رضوانی، هادی. (1384). شهرسازی مشارکتی, کاوشی نظری در شرایط ایران. فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا، 10 (24)، 24-15.
  8. حسین زاده دلیر، کریم؛ پورمحمدی، محمدرضا و سلطانی، علیرضا. (1387). طرح‌های شهری ایران از قلمرو تهیه تا واقعیت آن در اجرا: موردمطالعه: طرح جامع تبریز. فصلنامه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه‌ای، 7 (11)، 209-223.
  9. دانشور، مریم؛ غفاری، علی و ماجدی، حمید. (1397). برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی در بستر نهادگرایی، نظریه‌ای برای عمل. فصلنامه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان‌شهر، 11 (25)، 319-328.
  10. رضایی، ناصر؛ ماجدی، حمید؛ زرآبادی، زهرا سادات و ذبیحی، حسین. (1397). تبیین نقش عوامل مؤثر بر تحقق‌پذیری طرح‌های توسعه شهری. پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 9 (34)، 47-58.
  11. رفیعیان، مجتبی و جهانزاد، نریمان. (1394). دگرگونی اندیشه در نظریه برنامه‌ریزی. چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات آرمانشهر.
  12. رفیعیان، مجتبی؛ تقوایی، علی‌اکبر و شاه محمدیان، هانیه. (1397). تحلیلی بر مناسبات قدرت در فرایند برنامه‌ریزی طرح‌های توسعه شهری (نمونة موردی: محور 17 شهریور تهران)، فصلنامه جغرافیا و توسعه، 16 (52). 116-97.
  13. رهنمایی، محمدتقی و شاه‌حسینی، پروانه. (1383). فرایند برنامه‌ریزی شهری در ایران. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
  14. رهنمایی، محمدتقی؛ محمدپور، صابر؛ سکندری چوبقلو، حافظ و منوچهری میاندوآب، ایوب. (1386). آسیب‌شناسی حقوقی طرح‌های توسعه شهری از تدوین تا اجرا. مجله علوم جغرافیایی، 2 (6)، 8-28.
  15. سالاری، محمد و صفوی سهی، مریم. (1396). تحلیلی بر نقش تخلفات ساختمانی در ناکامی طرح‌های توسعه شهری کلان‌شهر تهران. فصلنامه باغ نظر، 14 (51)، 20-5.
  16. سرور، رحیم؛ شریف جاهد، شهرزاد و توکلان، علی. (1394). رتبه‌بندی طرح‌های توسعه شهری تهران بر مبنای اصول برنامه‌ریزی. فصلنامه جغرافیا (فصلنامه علمی ـ پژوهشی و بین‌المللی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، 13 (46)، 155-179.
  17. سعید نیا، احمد. (1382). کتاب سبز شهرداری‌ها، جلد پنجم (طرح‌های شهری در ایران). چاپ دوم، تهران: سازمان شهرداری‌های کشور.
  18. سعید نیا، احمد. (1382). مفاهیم و محتوای طرح‌های ساختاری- راهبردی. فصلنامه آبادی، 13 (39).
  19. شکوهی بیدهندی، محمد صالح. (1398). فرایند تهیه برنامه‌های توسعه شهری و تبیین انواع مغالطه در زمان پاسخگویی به افکار عمومی. فصلنامه باغ نظر، 16 (76)، 21-30. doi:10.22034/bagh.2019.100892.3261
  20. صفایی پور، مسعود و سعیدی، جعفر. (1394). بررسی عوامل مؤثر در ناکارآمدی طرح‌های توسعه شهری ایران. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت شهری، 7 (22)، 11-30.
  21. عباس زادگان، مصطفی و رضوی، حامده. (1385). اتخاذ رویکردی نوین برای طرح‌های توسعه شهری "برنامه‌ریزی طراحی محور". فصلنامه نشریه هنرهای زیبا، 28 (28)، 15-22.
  22. علی‌اکبری، اسماعیل؛ رهنمایی، محمدتقی؛ ابراهیمی بوزانی، مهدی. (1392). بررسی روش‌شناسی طرح‌های توسعه شهری در ایران. فصلنامه جغرافیا (فصلنامه علمی ـ پژوهشی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، 11 (73)، 98-114.
  23. غلامی، مجید. (1371). بررسی و نقد اجمالی طرح‌های جامع شهری. فصلنامه آبادی، 2 (7).
  24. کاظمیان، غلامرضا؛ بحرینی، سیدحسین؛ حسینی دهاقانی، مهدی. (1396). تحلیل چالش‌های تصمیم‌گیری اخلاقی مدیران شهری در طرح‌های توسعه شهری، فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا، 22 (2)، 29-42. doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2017.63991
  25. لطفی، سهند؛ پورجعفر، محمدرضا و انصاری، مجتبی. (1383). مروری بر ناکارآمدی طرح‌های تفصیلی متداول در بافت ارگانیک مسکونی، فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا، 18 (18)، 13-24.
  26. مهدیزاده، جواد. (1385). برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی توسعه شهری. تهران: مرکز تحقیقات شهرسازی و معماری ایران.
  27. مهندسین مشاور فرنهاد. (1379). برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی ساختاری توسعه شهری. بخش چهارم، تهران.
  28. Abbaszadegan, M., & Razavi, H. (2006). Adopting a New Approach for Urban Development Projects "Design-Based Planning". Quarterly Journal of Fine Arts, 28 (28), 15-22. [In Persian].
  29. Ali Akbari, I., Rahnamaei, M. T., & Ebrahimi Bozani, M. (2013). A Study of the Methodology of Urban Development Projects in Iran. Geography Quarterly (Scientific-Research Quarterly of the Iranian Geographical Association), 11 (73), 98-114 [In Persian].
  30. Akbari, M., Neamatollahi, E., & Neamatollahi, P. (2019). Evaluating land suitability for spatial planning in arid regions of eastern Iran using fuzzy logic and multi-criteria analysis. Ecological indicators, 98, 587-598. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.035
  31. Alexander, E. R. (2001). What Do Planners Need to Know. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20 (3). doi: 10.1177/0739456X0102000309
  32. Allmendinger, P. (2010). Planning Theory (E. Teimouri, Trans.). Tehran: Azerakhsh [In Persian].
  33. Amanpour, S., Safaeipour, M., Maleki, S., & Alizadeh, H. (2019). Explaining Structural Challenges in the Strategic Planning of Urban Development in Isfahan. Land Management Quarterly, 11 (1). 56-29 [In Persian].
  34. Anthony, G. (1989). Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration.
  35. Bai, X., Shi, P., & Liu, Y. (2014). Society: Realizing China's urban dream. Nature News, 509 (158). doi: 10.1038/509158a
  36. Balchin, Paul., & Sykora, Ludek. & Bull, Gregory. (2002). Regional Policy and Planning in Europe. Routledge.
  37. Bemanian, M., Taqvaee, A. A., & Bahrampour, M. (2014). Explaining the approach of justice-oriented city theory in the urban management system with emphasis on urban development plans, Urban Management Quarterly, 13 (37), 255-231 [In Persian].
  38. Chadwick, G. (1987). Models of urban and regional systems in developing countries. Pergaman, press oxford. doi: 10.1016/C2009-0-10961-3
  39. Cooper, C. (1998). Module, Comprehensive and strategic planning, Department of Geography and Planning Appalachian state university Boone, NC.
  40. Daneshvar, M., Ghaffari, A., & Majedi, H., (2018) Strategic planning in the context of institutionalism, theory for action. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Planning Quarterly, 11 (25), 319-328 [In Persian].
  41. Dodds, K., Broto, V. C., Detterbeck, K., Jones, M., Mamadouh, V., Ramutsindela, M., & Woon, Ch. Y. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: territorial, political and governance dimensions of the crisis. Territory, Politics, Governanc, 8 (3), 289-298. doi: 10.1080/21622671.2020.1771022
  42. Douglass, C. (1990). Institutional Change and Economic Performance. North Institutions.
  43. DPU. (1982) .The Changing Practice of Urban Planning. The World Bank and other Influences.
  44. Faludi, A. (1973). A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon.
  45. Faludi, A. (2013). A Reader in Planning Theory. Elsevier
  46. Friedmann, J. (2008). Planning in the Domain: From Knowledge to Action. (A. Aghvamimoghadam, Trans.). Tehran: Center for Urban and Architecture Studies.
  47. Faludi, A. (1989). Three Paradigms of Planning Theories, in Healey et al (eds) planning Theory. Pergamon Press.
  48. Farnhad Consulting Engineers. (2000). Structural Strategic Planning of Urban Development, Part 4. Tehran [In Persian].
  49. Fioretti, C., Pertoldi, M., Busti, M., & Van Heerden, S. (2020). Handbook of Sustainable Urban Development Strategies (No. JRC118841). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  50. Forester, J. (1993). Critical Theory, Public Policy and Planning Practice. SUNY Press.
  51. González-Méndez, M., Olaya, C., Fasolino, I., Grimaldi, M., & Obregón, N. (2021). Agent-Based Modeling for Urban Development Planning based on Human Needs. Conceptual Basis and Model Formulation. Land Use Policy, 101, 105-110. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105110
  52. Habibi, K., Behzadfar, M., Meshkini, A., Alizadeh, H., & Mohaki, V. (2011). Evaluating the effects of urban development plans on deconstruction and quality improvement of ancient Iranian city spaces. Iranian Islamic City Studies Quarterly, 1 (4), 28-15 [In Persian].
  53. Habibi, Mohsen., & Saeedi Rezvani, Hadi. (2005). Participatory urban planning, theoretical exploration in the context of Iran. Journal of Fine Arts, 24, 24-15 [In Persian].
  54. Ghamami, M. (1992). A Review and Overview of Comprehensive Urban Plans. Abadi Quarterly, 2 (7) [In Persian].
  55. Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. (1996). Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44 (5), 936-957. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x
  56. Hatami Nejad., H., & Faraji Mollai, A. (2011). Feasibility Study of Urban Development Strategy (CDS) in Iran. Journal of Regional Urban Studies and Research, 2 (8), 76-55 [In Persian].
  57. He, Ch., Han, Q., de Vries, B., Wang, Xi., & Guochao, Z. (2017) Evaluation of sustainable land management in urban area: A case study of Shanghai, China. Ecological Indicators, 80, 106-113. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.008
  58. Healey, P., McDougall, G., & Thomas, M. J. (1982). Theoretical Debates in Planning: towards a Coherent Dialogue, in Healey et al, (eds) Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon.
  59. Healey, P. & Williams, R. (1993). European Urban Planning Systems: Diversity and Convergence. Urban Studies, 30, 701-720.
  60. Hosseinzadeh Dalir, K., Pour Mohammadi, M. R., & Soltani, A. (2008). Urban plans of Iran from the realm of preparation to its implementation: Case study: Tabriz master plan. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 7 (11), 209-223 [In Persian].
  61. Huang, H., Li, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Urban residential land suitability analysis combining remote sensing and social sensing data: A case study in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 11 (8), 2255. doi: 10.3390/su11082255
  62. Hutchison, R. (2009). Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. Sage Publication.
  63. Kazemian, Gh., Bahraini, S. H., & Hosseini Dehaghani, M. (2017). Analysis of Ethical Decision Making Challenges of Urban Managers in Urban Development Plans. Fine Arts Quarterly, 22 (2), 42-29 [In Persian].
  64. Kasper, W., & Streit, M. E. (1998). Institutional Economics: Social Order and Public Policy. Edward Elgar.
  65. Larsson, G. (2006). Spatial Planning Systems in Western Europe: An Overview. Ios Press.
  66. Lotfi, S., Mohammadreza, P., & Ansari, M. (2004) A Review of the Inefficiency of Common Detailed Designs in Residential Organic Texture. Fine Arts Quarterly, 18, 24-13 [In Persian].
  67. Luan, Ch., Liu, R., & Peng, S. (2021). Land-use suitability assessment for urban development using a GIS-based soft computing approach: A case study of Ili Valley, China. Ecological Indicators, 123, 107333. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107333
  68. Mehdizadeh, J. (2006). Strategic Urban Development Planning. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center [In Persian].
  69. Menzori, I. D., de Sousa, Cristina N. d., & Gonçalves, L. M. (2021). Urban growth management and territorial governance approaches: A master plans conformance analysis. Land Use Policy, 105, 105436. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105436
  70. McConnell, Sh. (1981). Theories for Planning. Heinemann: London.
  71. Nadin, V., & Stead, Domini. (2008). European Spatial Planning Systems, Social Models and Learning. Disp-the Planning Review, 44, 35-47. doi: 10.1080/02513625.2008.10557001
  72. Peter, L. L., & Yang, Y. (2019). Urban planning historical review of master plans and the way towards a sustainable city: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 8, 359-377. doi: 10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.008
  73. Poorahmad, A., Hatami Nejad, H., & Hosseini, S. H. (2006). Pathology of Urban Development Plans in the Country. Journal of Geographical Research, 38 (58), 167-180 [In Persian].
  74. Poorahmad, A., Hussam, M., Ashor, H., & Mohammadpou, S. (2010). An Analysis of the Physical-Spatial Expansion Pattern of Gorgan City Using Shannon and Holdern Entropy Models. Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 1 (3), 1-18 [In Persian].
  75. Rezaei, N., Majidi, H., Zarabadi, Z., & Zabihi, H. (2018). Explaining the role of effective factors on the feasibility of urban development plans. urban research and planning, 9 (34), 47-58 [In Persian].
  76. Rafieian, M. & Jahanzad, N. (2015). Transformation of Thought in Planning Theory. First Edition, Tehran: Armanshahr Publications [In Persian].
  77. Rafieian, M., Taghvaei, A. A., & Shah Mohammadian, H. (2015) An Analysis of Power Relations in the Planning Process of Urban Development Plans (Case Study: Tehran Shahrivar 17). Geography and Development Quarterly, 16 (52), 97-116 [In Persian].
  78. Rahnamaei, M. T., & Shah Hosseini, P. (2004). Urban Planning Process in Iran. Tehran: Samat Publications [In Persian].
  79. Rahnamaei, M. T., Mohammadpour, S., Sekandari Chobaghlu, H., & Manouchehri Miandoab, A. (2007). Legal pathology of urban development plans from formulation to implementation. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 5 [In Persian].
  80. Saeed Nia, A. (2003). The Green Book of Municipalities. Second Edition, Tehran: Municipalities Organization [In Persian].
  81. Saeed Nia, A. (2003). Concepts and Content of Structural-Strategic Plans. Abadi Quarterly, 13 (39) [In Persian].
  82. Safaeipour, M., & Saeedi, J. (2015). Investigating the effective factors in the inefficiency of Iran's urban development plans. Journal of Urban Management Studies, 7 (22), 11-30 [In Persian].
  83. Salari, M., & Safavi Sehi, M. (2017). An Analysis of the Role of Construction Violations in the Failure of Urban Development Plans in Tehran. Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly, 14 (51), 5-20 [In Persian].
  84. Server, R., Sharif Jahed, Sh., & Tavaklan, A. (2015). Ranking of Tehran Urban Development Projects Based on Planning Principles. Journal of Geography (Scientific-Research Quarterly and International Quarterly of the Geographical Association of Iran), 13 (46), 179-155 [In Persian].
  85. Shokouhi Bidhendi, S., & Saleh, M. (2019). The process of preparing urban development plans and explaining the types of fallacies when responding to public opinion. Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly, 16 (76), 21-30 [In Persian].
  86. Thornley, A., & Newman, P. (2002). Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects. Routledge.
  87. Tricarico, L., & De Vidovich, L. (2021). Proximity and post-COVID-19 urban development: Reflections from Milan, Italy. Journal of Urban Management, 10 (3), 302-310. doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2021.03.005
  88. Walters, D. & Brown, Linda L. (2007). Design first: design-based planning for community, Architectural Press. New York, first published.
  89. Ruci, R. & Murayama, Y., & Morimoto, T. (2021). Scenario simulation studies of urban development using remote sensing and GIS: A review. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100474. doi: 10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100474
  90. Yiftachel, O. (2001). The Power of Planning, Spaces of Control and Transformation. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbaszadegan, M., & Razavi, H. (2006). Adopting a New Approach for Urban Development Projects "Design-Based Planning". Quarterly Journal of Fine Arts, 28 (28), 15-22. [In Persian].
  2. Ali Akbari, I., Rahnamaei, M. T., & Ebrahimi Bozani, M. (2013). A Study of the Methodology of Urban Development Projects in Iran. Geography Quarterly (Scientific-Research Quarterly of the Iranian Geographical Association), 11 (73), 98-114 [In Persian].
  3. Akbari, M., Neamatollahi, E., & Neamatollahi, P. (2019). Evaluating land suitability for spatial planning in arid regions of eastern Iran using fuzzy logic and multi-criteria analysis. Ecological indicators, 98, 587-598. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.035
  4. Alexander, E. R. (2001). What Do Planners Need to Know. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20 (3). doi: 10.1177/0739456X0102000309
  5. Allmendinger, P. (2010). Planning Theory (E. Teimouri, Trans.). Tehran: Azerakhsh [In Persian].
  6. Amanpour, S., Safaeipour, M., Maleki, S., & Alizadeh, H. (2019). Explaining Structural Challenges in the Strategic Planning of Urban Development in Isfahan. Land Management Quarterly, 11 (1). 56-29 [In Persian].
  7. Anthony, G. (1989). Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration.
  8. Bai, X., Shi, P., & Liu, Y. (2014). Society: Realizing China's urban dream. Nature News, 509 (158). doi: 10.1038/509158a
  9. Balchin, Paul., & Sykora, Ludek. & Bull, Gregory. (2002). Regional Policy and Planning in Europe. Routledge.
  10. Bemanian, M., Taqvaee, A. A., & Bahrampour, M. (2014). Explaining the approach of justice-oriented city theory in the urban management system with emphasis on urban development plans, Urban Management Quarterly, 13 (37), 255-231 [In Persian].
  11. Chadwick, G. (1987). Models of urban and regional systems in developing countries. Pergaman, press oxford. doi: 10.1016/C2009-0-10961-3
  12. Cooper, C. (1998). Module, Comprehensive and strategic planning, Department of Geography and Planning Appalachian state university Boone, NC.
  13. Daneshvar, M., Ghaffari, A., & Majedi, H., (2018) Strategic planning in the context of institutionalism, theory for action. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Planning Quarterly, 11 (25), 319-328 [In Persian].
  14. Dodds, K., Broto, V. C., Detterbeck, K., Jones, M., Mamadouh, V., Ramutsindela, M., & Woon, Ch. Y. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: territorial, political and governance dimensions of the crisis. Territory, Politics, Governanc, 8 (3), 289-298. doi: 10.1080/21622671.2020.1771022
  15. Douglass, C. (1990). Institutional Change and Economic Performance. North Institutions.
  16. DPU. (1982) .The Changing Practice of Urban Planning. The World Bank and other Influences.
  17. Faludi, A. (1973). A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon.
  18. Faludi, A. (2013). A Reader in Planning Theory. Elsevier
  19. Friedmann, J. (2008). Planning in the Domain: From Knowledge to Action. (A. Aghvamimoghadam, Trans.). Tehran: Center for Urban and Architecture Studies.
  20. Faludi, A. (1989). Three Paradigms of Planning Theories, in Healey et al (eds) planning Theory. Pergamon Press.
  21. Farnhad Consulting Engineers. (2000). Structural Strategic Planning of Urban Development, Part 4. Tehran [In Persian].
  22. Fioretti, C., Pertoldi, M., Busti, M., & Van Heerden, S. (2020). Handbook of Sustainable Urban Development Strategies (No. JRC118841). Joint Research Centre (Seville site).
  23. Forester, J. (1993). Critical Theory, Public Policy and Planning Practice. SUNY Press.
  24. González-Méndez, M., Olaya, C., Fasolino, I., Grimaldi, M., & Obregón, N. (2021). Agent-Based Modeling for Urban Development Planning based on Human Needs. Conceptual Basis and Model Formulation. Land Use Policy, 101, 105-110. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105110
  25. Habibi, K., Behzadfar, M., Meshkini, A., Alizadeh, H., & Mohaki, V. (2011). Evaluating the effects of urban development plans on deconstruction and quality improvement of ancient Iranian city spaces. Iranian Islamic City Studies Quarterly, 1 (4), 28-15 [In Persian].
  26. Habibi, Mohsen., & Saeedi Rezvani, Hadi. (2005). Participatory urban planning, theoretical exploration in the context of Iran. Journal of Fine Arts, 24, 24-15 [In Persian].
  27. Ghamami, M. (1992). A Review and Overview of Comprehensive Urban Plans. Abadi Quarterly, 2 (7) [In Persian].
  28. Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. (1996). Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44 (5), 936-957. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x
  29. Hatami Nejad., H., & Faraji Mollai, A. (2011). Feasibility Study of Urban Development Strategy (CDS) in Iran. Journal of Regional Urban Studies and Research, 2 (8), 76-55 [In Persian].
  30. He, Ch., Han, Q., de Vries, B., Wang, Xi., & Guochao, Z. (2017) Evaluation of sustainable land management in urban area: A case study of Shanghai, China. Ecological Indicators, 80, 106-113. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.008
  31. Healey, P., McDougall, G., & Thomas, M. J. (1982). Theoretical Debates in Planning: towards a Coherent Dialogue, in Healey et al, (eds) Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon.
  32. Healey, P. & Williams, R. (1993). European Urban Planning Systems: Diversity and Convergence. Urban Studies, 30, 701-720.
  33. Hosseinzadeh Dalir, K., Pour Mohammadi, M. R., & Soltani, A. (2008). Urban plans of Iran from the realm of preparation to its implementation: Case study: Tabriz master plan. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 7 (11), 209-223 [In Persian].
  34. Huang, H., Li, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Urban residential land suitability analysis combining remote sensing and social sensing data: A case study in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 11 (8), 2255. doi: 10.3390/su11082255
  35. Hutchison, R. (2009). Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. Sage Publication.
  36. Kazemian, Gh., Bahraini, S. H., & Hosseini Dehaghani, M. (2017). Analysis of Ethical Decision Making Challenges of Urban Managers in Urban Development Plans. Fine Arts Quarterly, 22 (2), 42-29 [In Persian].
  37. Kasper, W., & Streit, M. E. (1998). Institutional Economics: Social Order and Public Policy. Edward Elgar.
  38. Larsson, G. (2006). Spatial Planning Systems in Western Europe: An Overview. Ios Press.
  39. Lotfi, S., Mohammadreza, P., & Ansari, M. (2004) A Review of the Inefficiency of Common Detailed Designs in Residential Organic Texture. Fine Arts Quarterly, 18, 24-13 [In Persian].
  40. Luan, Ch., Liu, R., & Peng, S. (2021). Land-use suitability assessment for urban development using a GIS-based soft computing approach: A case study of Ili Valley, China. Ecological Indicators, 123, 107333. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107333
  41. Mehdizadeh, J. (2006). Strategic Urban Development Planning. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center [In Persian].
  42. Menzori, I. D., de Sousa, Cristina N. d., & Gonçalves, L. M. (2021). Urban growth management and territorial governance approaches: A master plans conformance analysis. Land Use Policy, 105, 105436. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105436
  43. McConnell, Sh. (1981). Theories for Planning. Heinemann: London.
  44. Nadin, V., & Stead, Domini. (2008). European Spatial Planning Systems, Social Models and Learning. Disp-the Planning Review, 44, 35-47. doi: 10.1080/02513625.2008.10557001
  45. Peter, L. L., & Yang, Y. (2019). Urban planning historical review of master plans and the way towards a sustainable city: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 8, 359-377. doi: 10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.008
  46. Poorahmad, A., Hatami Nejad, H., & Hosseini, S. H. (2006). Pathology of Urban Development Plans in the Country. Journal of Geographical Research, 38 (58), 167-180 [In Persian].
  47. Poorahmad, A., Hussam, M., Ashor, H., & Mohammadpou, S. (2010). An Analysis of the Physical-Spatial Expansion Pattern of Gorgan City Using Shannon and Holdern Entropy Models. Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 1 (3), 1-18 [In Persian].
  48. Rezaei, N., Majidi, H., Zarabadi, Z., & Zabihi, H. (2018). Explaining the role of effective factors on the feasibility of urban development plans. urban research and planning, 9 (34), 47-58 [In Persian].
  49. Rafieian, M. & Jahanzad, N. (2015). Transformation of Thought in Planning Theory. First Edition, Tehran: Armanshahr Publications [In Persian].
  50. Rafieian, M., Taghvaei, A. A., & Shah Mohammadian, H. (2015) An Analysis of Power Relations in the Planning Process of Urban Development Plans (Case Study: Tehran Shahrivar 17). Geography and Development Quarterly, 16 (52), 97-116 [In Persian].
  51. Rahnamaei, M. T., & Shah Hosseini, P. (2004). Urban Planning Process in Iran. Tehran: Samat Publications [In Persian].
  52. Rahnamaei, M. T., Mohammadpour, S., Sekandari Chobaghlu, H., & Manouchehri Miandoab, A. (2007). Legal pathology of urban development plans from formulation to implementation. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 5 [In Persian].
  53. Saeed Nia, A. (2003). The Green Book of Municipalities. Second Edition, Tehran: Municipalities Organization [In Persian].
  54. Saeed Nia, A. (2003). Concepts and Content of Structural-Strategic Plans. Abadi Quarterly, 13 (39) [In Persian].
  55. Safaeipour, M., & Saeedi, J. (2015). Investigating the effective factors in the inefficiency of Iran's urban development plans. Journal of Urban Management Studies, 7 (22), 11-30 [In Persian].
  56. Salari, M., & Safavi Sehi, M. (2017). An Analysis of the Role of Construction Violations in the Failure of Urban Development Plans in Tehran. Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly, 14 (51), 5-20 [In Persian].
  57. Server, R., Sharif Jahed, Sh., & Tavaklan, A. (2015). Ranking of Tehran Urban Development Projects Based on Planning Principles. Journal of Geography (Scientific-Research Quarterly and International Quarterly of the Geographical Association of Iran), 13 (46), 179-155 [In Persian].
  58. Shokouhi Bidhendi, S., & Saleh, M. (2019). The process of preparing urban development plans and explaining the types of fallacies when responding to public opinion. Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly, 16 (76), 21-30 [In Persian].
  59. Thornley, A., & Newman, P. (2002). Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects. Routledge.
  60. Tricarico, L., & De Vidovich, L. (2021). Proximity and post-COVID-19 urban development: Reflections from Milan, Italy. Journal of Urban Management, 10 (3), 302-310. doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2021.03.005
  61. Walters, D. & Brown, Linda L. (2007). Design first: design-based planning for community, Architectural Press. New York, first published.
  62. Ruci, R. & Murayama, Y., & Morimoto, T. (2021). Scenario simulation studies of urban development using remote sensing and GIS: A review. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 22, 100474. doi: 10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100474
  63. Yiftachel, O. (2001). The Power of Planning, Spaces of Control and Transformation. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sustainable city
Volume 6, Issue 3
October 2023
Pages 1-21

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics