Environmentally-Friendly Behaviors among Citizens and the Relationship with moral values the Case Study of Gorgan City

Document Type : Research extracted From projects

Authors

1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Department of Rural Development, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

A B S T R A C T
Citizens' behavior towards the environment and their moral values in interaction with nature are among the issues that are important in the quality of urban life and sustainable viability of cities. In the present study, using stratified random sampling, Gorgan residents were examined regarding environmentally friendly behaviors and ethical values. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and reliability by Cronbach's test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. The results showed that the pro-environmental behavior index was at a moderate level. However, women and men were not different in regards to pro-environmental behaviors. As studied people grew older, pro-environmental behavior improved, but education level did not correlate significantly. The results also showed no significant correlations between anthropocentric and theocentric orientations with the pro-environmental behaviors index. However, with strengthening ecocentric orientation, the pro-environmental behaviors decrease. These results reaffirm the gap between moral values and behavior in which behaviors have no relationship with environmental beliefs. According to the results, it is suggested that necessary facilities to reduce the cost of environmentally-friendly behaviors should be provided for citizens
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Concern about the threat to the environment by humans has become one of the most important questions of human conscience. In this regard, value and moral issues have a special place because individual and social values ​​and norms shape human behaviors. The fact is that after accepting the right attitudes towards nature and establishing the right moral relationship with it, one can unconsciously love and respect nature. Environmental ethics is a branch of applied philosophy and biological ethics that deals with humans and nature. The Greek philosopher Aristotle also believed that citizenship and morality are related subjects. Morality is from the view of the individual. Citizenship is from the perspective of the group. According to him, a person's moral character is the same set of characteristics or virtues necessary to have a good citizen. Although some have shown that the environmental behavior of citizens has become more responsible than in the past, the question is whether citizens have the right morals and environmental behaviors. Also, what connection can there be between the two? Because until the present study, no study was found about environmental ethics and environmentally-friendly behaviors in urban areas of Iran. So, this study was conducted to answer the above questions in Gorgan city.
 
Methodology
The present study was conducted by a descriptive-survey research method. The study population included residents of Gorgan who were at least 18 years old. According to the last census of 2016, the population of Gorgan was 350216 people, at least 20% of whom were under 18 years old. The number of samples was obtained 246 people using Cochran's formula, which 300 people were selected for the study to increase accuracy. Also, a stratified random sampling method was used based on the division of regions and districts of this city to select the samples in Gorgan city. According to the Gorgan Municipality, this city is divided into three districts and each district is divided into two sub-districts. By randomly selecting the citizens' houses, 50 people (100 people in each area) and a total of 300 people were randomly selected from each of the three districts of Gorgan. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Twenty statements were used that each of them expresses action or behavior towards the environment to measure pro-environmental behaviors. Also, 19 statements were used to measure the attitude towards environmental ethics. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through face validity by obtaining the opinion of the faculty members of the Department of Environment, the Department of Agricultural Extension, and Education of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Cronbach's test was applied in a pilot study to evaluate the reliability.  The alpha value for the index of environmental behaviors was 0.724, and the environmental ethics scale was 0.731. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. Descriptive statistics, including mean, percentage, frequency, and inferential correlation coefficient statistics, including Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests, were employed.
 
Results and Discussion
The present study showed that the attitude of Gorgan residents towards the theocentric dimension of environmental ethics was the strongest and the anthropocentric dimension was the weakest. In this respect, the ecocentric dimension was in the middle position. The results showed that the attitude towards anthropocentric beliefs has decreased with increasing the level of education. Also, theocentric and ecocentric attitudes had a positive mutual effect on each other. In general, pro-environmental behaviors could be assessed at an acceptable level. Although this is not a great level, it is not a bad situation. Also, men and women were not different in terms of pro-environmental behaviors. With increasing age, the pro-environmental behaviors have improved. Besides, the level of education was not significantly related to their environmentally-friendly behaviors. The results showed that anthropocentric and theocentric dimensions did not significantly correlate with the index of pro-environmental behaviors, but this relationship was negative and significant with the attitudes towards the ecocentric dimension. In other words, pro-environmental behaviors have diminished as ecological beliefs have increased. Although pro-environmental behaviors were independent of theocentric attitudes, the significant correlation between ecocentric attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors can reinforce the possibility that concentric attitudes influence pro-environmental behaviors by strengthening ecocentric behaviors. Surprisingly, the negative and significant relationship between ecocentric attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors seems unexpected, as it was expected that people with stronger ecocentric beliefs would have more pro-environmental behaviors. It seems that something has happened here, which is called the "value-behavior" gap. 
 
Conclusion
Given the gap between environmental values ​​and behavior, changing environmental attitudes and beliefs cannot guarantee alone to enhance pro-environmental behaviors. For this purpose, situational variables are significant. Therefore, it is essential to provide the necessary conditions in a way that citizens can act following their environmental values ​​and beliefs. For example, providing garbage bins in public places. Also, the negative relationship between the level of education and the attitudes towards anthropocentric beliefs can be considered a re-emphasis on the need to provide appropriate programs to improve citizens' knowledge of the environment and avoid anthropocentric beliefs. Improving citizens' environmental knowledge and awareness can be done by using mass media such as radio and television and magazines, as well as holding environmental events. Forming environmental groups and using the cooperation and participation of citizens in cleaning the environment can also make them interested in increasing knowledge about the environment.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Highlights

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  55. Schwartz, S.H., & Howard, J.A. (1981). A normative decision-making model of altruism. In J. P. Rushton (Ed.), Altruism and Helping Behaviour: Social, Personality and Developmental Perspectives (pp. 189–211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  56. Scott, B.A., Amel, E.L., Koger, S.M., & Manning, C.M. (2015). Psychology for sustainability. New York: Routledge.
  57. Smith-Sebasto, N.J., & D’Costa, A. (1995). Designing a Likert type scale to predict environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students: A multistep process. Journal of Environmental Education, 27 (1), 14-20.
  58. Stern, P.C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (3), 407-424.
  59. Tucker, M.E., & Grim, J. (2001). Series forward. In: John A. Grim (Ed.), Indigenous Traditions and Ecology, (pp. xv-xxxii). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  60. Vaske, J.J., & Donnelly, M.P. (1999). A value–attitude–behavior model predicting wildland preservation voting intentions. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 523­537.
  61. Vaske, J.J., Williams, D.R., & Jonker, S. (2001). Demographic influences on environmental value orientations and normative beliefs about national forest management. Society and Natural Resources, 14, 761-776.
  62. Yang, T. (2006). Towards an egalitarian global environmental ethics. In: Henk A.M.J. ten Have (Ed.), Environmental Ethics and International Policy (pp.23-45). Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
  63. Zare-Shahabad, A., Sayyar-Khalaj, H., & Mahootfroosh, A.S. (2016) Factors related to environmental behaviors in urban environment (case study: citizens of Karaj). Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 5 (1), 23-35. [In Persian].
  64. Ziapour, A., Kianipur, N., & Nikbakht, M.R. (2013). Sociological analysis of environment and individulals behavior in rural and urban areas of Kermanshah province. Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 1 (2), 55-67. [In Persian].
  65. Zsóka, Á., Szerényi, Z. M., Széchy, A., & Kocsis, T. (2013). Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday proenvironmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 126-138.

Keywords

References

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  57. Smith-Sebasto, N.J., & D’Costa, A. (1995). Designing a Likert type scale to predict environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students: A multistep process. Journal of Environmental Education, 27 (1), 14-20.
  58. Stern, P.C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (3), 407-424.
  59. Tucker, M.E., & Grim, J. (2001). Series forward. In: John A. Grim (Ed.), Indigenous Traditions and Ecology, (pp. xv-xxxii). Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  60. Vaske, J.J., & Donnelly, M.P. (1999). A value–attitude–behavior model predicting wildland preservation voting intentions. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 523­537.
  61. Vaske, J.J., Williams, D.R., & Jonker, S. (2001). Demographic influences on environmental value orientations and normative beliefs about national forest management. Society and Natural Resources, 14, 761-776.
  62. Yang, T. (2006). Towards an egalitarian global environmental ethics. In: Henk A.M.J. ten Have (Ed.), Environmental Ethics and International Policy (pp.23-45). Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
  63. Zare-Shahabad, A., Sayyar-Khalaj, H., & Mahootfroosh, A.S. (2016) Factors related to environmental behaviors in urban environment (case study: citizens of Karaj). Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 5 (1), 23-35. [In Persian].
  64. Ziapour, A., Kianipur, N., & Nikbakht, M.R. (2013). Sociological analysis of environment and individulals behavior in rural and urban areas of Kermanshah province. Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 1 (2), 55-67. [In Persian].
  65. Zsóka, Á., Szerényi, Z. M., Széchy, A., & Kocsis, T. (2013). Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday proenvironmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 126-138.
Sustainable city
Volume 5, Issue 4
April 2023
Pages 91-106

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