Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 2 2025 07 23 Analyzing the Livability of Worn-out Urban Textures in District 7 of Tehran Using Machine Learning Algorithms Analyzing the Livability of Worn-out Urban Textures in District 7 of Tehran Using Machine Learning Algorithms 1 23 197614 10.22034/jsc.2024.427202.1748 FA Zahra Moradi Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3865-5363 Keramatollah Ziari Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-9135-4768 Seyed Abbas Rajaei Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6113-2811 Journal Article 2025 03 24 <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">A B S T R A C T Nowadays, one of the main challenges of big cities is the urban worn-out texture. Livability, as one of the important indicators in examining these textures' condition, can help identify their needs. The current research aims to use machine learning modeling methods to analyze the data related to the livability of urban worn-out textures in District 7 of Tehran, including the discovery of patterns and structures in the answers to the questionnaire and their prediction and evaluation. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population in this research is the residents of worn-out neighborhoods of District 7 of Tehran, with a number of 190,228 thousand people, and the statistical sample size is 383 people, who were selected by simple random method as a probability sampling. The research data were analyzed using two algorithms as random forest regression and k-means. The results showed that using a random forest regression algorithm, the livability level of eight neighborhoods was predicted, with the Gorgan neighborhood having the highest score and the Shahid neighborhood having the lowest livability score. Also, by using this algorithm, according to the questionnaire questions, it was determined that factors such as access to public transportation and health centers were in the highest ranks. The k-means algorithm divided the questionnaire data into five clusters based on the similarities in the answers to identify different patterns and needs of the residents. In this algorithm, cluster one, with 24% of respondents, showed high dissatisfaction with the quality of the urban environment and public health. Extended Abstract Introduction Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world, and it is predicted that by 2050, 68% of the world's population will live in cities. This population growth is associated with challenges related to urban development and excessive expansion of cities. The main focus of urban development should be improving people's quality of life in cities. In this regard, the concept of livability has been proposed as one of the latest theories in urban planning, which refers to people's satisfaction with environmental conditions and interactions and can be investigated at the scale of the city or its smaller parts, such as worn-out neighborhoods. The worn-out texture is one of the problems of Iranian cities, which has become inefficient due to the passage of time or lack of proper planning, and its consequence is the reduction of living conditions, safety, and physical, social, and economic disorders. District 7 of Tehran has more than 300 hectares of worn-out texture, mainly located east of this area. These textures face problems such as insufficient per capita service users, poor quality of buildings, and narrow alleys. In this research, using machine learning techniques, we seek to extract important features from the questionnaire data on the urban livability of worn-out textures in District 7 of Tehran and identify effective indicators to identify the initiatives that will significantly improve livability. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population is all the residents of the blocks of urban worn-out texture in District 7 of Tehran, with a population of 190,228 people. Sampling was done in a simple random and probabilistic manner, and the minimum sample size was estimated to be 383 questionnaires using Cochran's formula. Documentary and field methods were used to collect information. A questionnaire was designed using the Delphi method with 5 dimensions, 22 components, and 158 sub-components, and its validity was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.857. After data collection and pre-processing, analysis was done based on machine learning models. A modeling pipeline was developed to analyze the data and extract insights related to livability drivers. The random forest regression model was used to predict neighborhoods' livability and the questions' importance. Also, an unsupervised k-means model was used to cluster residents based on common patterns of questionnaire responses. Results and discussion Based on the random forest regression model, Gorgan neighborhood has the highest livability rate in different dimensions with an average score of 5.281. Kaj, Khwaja Nasir, and Qasr neighborhoods are ranked second to fourth, respectively. The neighborhoods of Nizam Abad, Khaje Nizam, Armenians, and Shahid were ranked in the lowest levels of livability. The random forest model with R-squared equal to 0.62 matches the real data well. The random forest model has ranked the importance of questionnaire questions in predicting livability. The top ten features include the distribution of public transportation stations, access to medical centers, access to shopping areas, citizen responsibility, security, housing prices, environment cleanliness, traffic volume, educational space quality, and green space distribution. These factors are aligned with the main pillars of livability and show the importance of access to urban services, environmental conditions, security, educational facilities, and socio-economic conditions. Using the k-means clustering algorithm, the residents of the neighborhoods were grouped into 5 clusters with similar characteristics. The first cluster (24%) is from the low quality of the urban environment and public health, the second cluster (21%) from social welfare problems and quality of life, the third cluster (21%) from the lack of urban facilities and infrastructure, the fourth cluster (16%) from Inadequate welfare and economic situation, and the fifth cluster (18%) are dissatisfied with the problems of development and governance. Some of the results of this research are consistent with research findings that have used machine learning methods to assess livability. Other studies have also reported the difference in the livability level of different neighborhoods. The key role of access to public transportation, medical services, and shopping facilities in determining livability is consistent with the findings of other researchers. The results of this study emphasize the importance of citizens' participation and responsibility in improving livability, which is in line with the recommendations of previous studies. The most important innovations of this research include the use of advanced machine learning algorithms such as random forest and K-means, quantitative prediction of the livability of each neighborhood, extracting useful and interpretable insights from the model results, identifying different groups of residents with different needs, and combining the subjective data of the questionnaire with observations. The methodology used in this research can be generalized to other contexts and urban areas with adjustments. Conclusion The random forest regression algorithm showed that Gorgan and Shahid neighborhoods got the highest and lowest livability scores, respectively. Factors such as access to public transportation stations and health centers were the most important. The k-means algorithm classified the data into five clusters, and cluster one, including 24% of the respondents, showed high dissatisfaction with the quality of the urban environment and public health. Proposals for the reforms of each neighborhood include Gorgan, supervision of constructions, renovation of dilapidated buildings, creation of parks and recreational spaces; Kaj, continuous communication between people and officials, participation in construction projects, improvement of urban furniture, creation of tarebar market, playground and parking lot; Khajeh Nasir, holding entrance exam classes, creating green and recreational spaces to prevent the gathering of drug addicts; Qasr, skill training and job creation for female heads of the household, creation of large shopping centers; Nizamabad, developing a culture of participation, improving access to services, organizing incompatible businesses, creating parking, removing vermin; Khawaja Nizam al-Molk, widening the roads, creating a parking lot and a small park, supervising medical offices, health education; Armenians, improving the quality of roads, fixing traffic accidents, creating sports complexes, paying attention to green spaces; Shahed, increasing police patrols, installing CCTV cameras, improving street lighting, raising awareness for crime prevention. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors had equal contributions in all stages and sections of conducting the research. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the authorship or publication of this article. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all those who assisted us in conducting this research, especially those who performed the quality assessment of the articles. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">A B S T R A C T Nowadays, one of the main challenges of big cities is the urban worn-out texture. Livability, as one of the important indicators in examining these textures' condition, can help identify their needs. The current research aims to use machine learning modeling methods to analyze the data related to the livability of urban worn-out textures in District 7 of Tehran, including the discovery of patterns and structures in the answers to the questionnaire and their prediction and evaluation. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population in this research is the residents of worn-out neighborhoods of District 7 of Tehran, with a number of 190,228 thousand people, and the statistical sample size is 383 people, who were selected by simple random method as a probability sampling. The research data were analyzed using two algorithms as random forest regression and k-means. The results showed that using a random forest regression algorithm, the livability level of eight neighborhoods was predicted, with the Gorgan neighborhood having the highest score and the Shahid neighborhood having the lowest livability score. Also, by using this algorithm, according to the questionnaire questions, it was determined that factors such as access to public transportation and health centers were in the highest ranks. The k-means algorithm divided the questionnaire data into five clusters based on the similarities in the answers to identify different patterns and needs of the residents. In this algorithm, cluster one, with 24% of respondents, showed high dissatisfaction with the quality of the urban environment and public health. Extended Abstract Introduction Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world, and it is predicted that by 2050, 68% of the world's population will live in cities. This population growth is associated with challenges related to urban development and excessive expansion of cities. The main focus of urban development should be improving people's quality of life in cities. In this regard, the concept of livability has been proposed as one of the latest theories in urban planning, which refers to people's satisfaction with environmental conditions and interactions and can be investigated at the scale of the city or its smaller parts, such as worn-out neighborhoods. The worn-out texture is one of the problems of Iranian cities, which has become inefficient due to the passage of time or lack of proper planning, and its consequence is the reduction of living conditions, safety, and physical, social, and economic disorders. District 7 of Tehran has more than 300 hectares of worn-out texture, mainly located east of this area. These textures face problems such as insufficient per capita service users, poor quality of buildings, and narrow alleys. In this research, using machine learning techniques, we seek to extract important features from the questionnaire data on the urban livability of worn-out textures in District 7 of Tehran and identify effective indicators to identify the initiatives that will significantly improve livability. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population is all the residents of the blocks of urban worn-out texture in District 7 of Tehran, with a population of 190,228 people. Sampling was done in a simple random and probabilistic manner, and the minimum sample size was estimated to be 383 questionnaires using Cochran's formula. Documentary and field methods were used to collect information. A questionnaire was designed using the Delphi method with 5 dimensions, 22 components, and 158 sub-components, and its validity was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.857. After data collection and pre-processing, analysis was done based on machine learning models. A modeling pipeline was developed to analyze the data and extract insights related to livability drivers. The random forest regression model was used to predict neighborhoods' livability and the questions' importance. Also, an unsupervised k-means model was used to cluster residents based on common patterns of questionnaire responses. Results and discussion Based on the random forest regression model, Gorgan neighborhood has the highest livability rate in different dimensions with an average score of 5.281. Kaj, Khwaja Nasir, and Qasr neighborhoods are ranked second to fourth, respectively. The neighborhoods of Nizam Abad, Khaje Nizam, Armenians, and Shahid were ranked in the lowest levels of livability. The random forest model with R-squared equal to 0.62 matches the real data well. The random forest model has ranked the importance of questionnaire questions in predicting livability. The top ten features include the distribution of public transportation stations, access to medical centers, access to shopping areas, citizen responsibility, security, housing prices, environment cleanliness, traffic volume, educational space quality, and green space distribution. These factors are aligned with the main pillars of livability and show the importance of access to urban services, environmental conditions, security, educational facilities, and socio-economic conditions. Using the k-means clustering algorithm, the residents of the neighborhoods were grouped into 5 clusters with similar characteristics. The first cluster (24%) is from the low quality of the urban environment and public health, the second cluster (21%) from social welfare problems and quality of life, the third cluster (21%) from the lack of urban facilities and infrastructure, the fourth cluster (16%) from Inadequate welfare and economic situation, and the fifth cluster (18%) are dissatisfied with the problems of development and governance. Some of the results of this research are consistent with research findings that have used machine learning methods to assess livability. Other studies have also reported the difference in the livability level of different neighborhoods. The key role of access to public transportation, medical services, and shopping facilities in determining livability is consistent with the findings of other researchers. The results of this study emphasize the importance of citizens' participation and responsibility in improving livability, which is in line with the recommendations of previous studies. The most important innovations of this research include the use of advanced machine learning algorithms such as random forest and K-means, quantitative prediction of the livability of each neighborhood, extracting useful and interpretable insights from the model results, identifying different groups of residents with different needs, and combining the subjective data of the questionnaire with observations. The methodology used in this research can be generalized to other contexts and urban areas with adjustments. Conclusion The random forest regression algorithm showed that Gorgan and Shahid neighborhoods got the highest and lowest livability scores, respectively. Factors such as access to public transportation stations and health centers were the most important. The k-means algorithm classified the data into five clusters, and cluster one, including 24% of the respondents, showed high dissatisfaction with the quality of the urban environment and public health. Proposals for the reforms of each neighborhood include Gorgan, supervision of constructions, renovation of dilapidated buildings, creation of parks and recreational spaces; Kaj, continuous communication between people and officials, participation in construction projects, improvement of urban furniture, creation of tarebar market, playground and parking lot; Khajeh Nasir, holding entrance exam classes, creating green and recreational spaces to prevent the gathering of drug addicts; Qasr, skill training and job creation for female heads of the household, creation of large shopping centers; Nizamabad, developing a culture of participation, improving access to services, organizing incompatible businesses, creating parking, removing vermin; Khawaja Nizam al-Molk, widening the roads, creating a parking lot and a small park, supervising medical offices, health education; Armenians, improving the quality of roads, fixing traffic accidents, creating sports complexes, paying attention to green spaces; Shahed, increasing police patrols, installing CCTV cameras, improving street lighting, raising awareness for crime prevention. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors had equal contributions in all stages and sections of conducting the research. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the authorship or publication of this article. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all those who assisted us in conducting this research, especially those who performed the quality assessment of the articles.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_197614_d6b7f42abee0c12477795da83e911b70.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 2 2025 07 23 Analyzing the Indicators of Sustainability in Neighborhoods with Emphasis on the Residents' Point of View: A case study of Etemadiye Neighborhood in Zanjan Analyzing the Indicators of Sustainability in Neighborhoods with Emphasis on the Residents' Point of View: A case study of Etemadiye Neighborhood in Zanjan 25 47 219774 10.22034/jsc.2025.481415.1810 FA Mahtab Amraie Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty Social Sciences, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran 0009-0007-6345-9643 Mohammadtaghi Heydari Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty Social Sciences, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran 0000-0003-4359-8850 Azam Afsharnia Department of Urban Planning, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Malekisedghi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty Social Sciences, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran 0009-0002-5345-5562 Journal Article 2025 03 25 A B S T R A C T Today, paying attention to neighborhood sustainability indicators represents a significant trend in the social environment, economy, human well-being, and quality of life that has attracted the attention of urban managers and planners. Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to analyze the sustainability indicators of Etemadiyeh neighborhood in Zanjan. The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. Information and data were collected through library and field methods. The statistical population of the study was 6872 people, of which 370 residents of the neighborhood were selected as a sample. The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's test, and one-sample t-test using SPSS 26 and Minitab software. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The overall alpha value was above 0.96, which is a high value. The results of the Pearson test for seven neighborhood sustainability indicators, including physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, service, and political indicators, showed that, at a significant level (sig=0.000), the sustainability indicators and the stability of the Etemadieh neighborhood are correlated with each other by (r=0.928), (r=0.819), (r=0.932), (r=0.900), (r=0.904), (r=0.896), and (r=0.879), respectively; and the type of correlation between the seven indicators and neighborhood sustainability was direct, and the results of the t-test showed that the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05; therefore, with 95% confidence, it can be concluded that from the perspective of the residents of the Etemadieh neighborhood, this neighborhood is sustainable in the indicators under study. Extended Abstract Introduction One of the most important parts of cities is neighborhoods, which can play an important role in the development of cities in all parts of the world, especially in Iran. Currently, many experts and planners of urban management have realized the important role of neighborhoods and are trying to realize not only the development of neighborhoods but also cities through the channel of neighborhoods. It is worth noting that sustainability goals are the most important principle of any planning, and people are the most important beneficiaries of these plans. Therefore, in the present research, we decided to address the main hypothesis of the research, which is the analysis of the sustainability indicators of the neighborhood of Etemadieh, Zanjan, according to the views of the residents of this place. The neighborhood residents' point of view is one of the most accurate and best forms of research that has been noticed in recent years. Since every planning and every sustainable action is for the well-being and security of the neighborhood residents, one of the most valuable aspects of neighborhood assessment in terms of sustainability is to achieve the view of the people living in the neighborhood. Methodology The current study employs an applied research approach and utilizes a descriptive-analytical research method. We employed library and field methods to gather information and data, including interviews and researcher-designed questionnaires. The study's statistical population consists of residents from the Etemadieh neighborhood in Zanjan city, with a sample size of 370 individuals. SPSS 26, Minitab software, and Pearson and T-test statistical tests were used to analyze the findings. Results and discussion The results of descriptive statistics showed that out of the total population of 370 people studied, 116 were women and 254 were men; the highest frequency and percentage belonged to the age group of 31 to 40 years, and the lowest frequency and percentage belonged to the age groups above 50 years (without participation and the age group was less than 20 years with 24 people. The majority of the community has a master's education, with 115 people and 139 people living in the place for 10 to 20 years. Government jobs, with 116 people, and unemployed people, with 116 people, make up the most people in society. Examining the level of information of the respondents about the research problem showed that the knowledge and information of the respondents in 2 items are in the medium and high range, and the highest frequency belongs to the medium and high range. The results of the Pearson test for 7 indicators of neighborhood stability, including physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, service, and political indicators, showed that, at a significant level (sig = 0.000), the indicators of stability and sustainability of Etemadieh neighborhood (r=0.928), (r=0.819), (r=0.932), (r=0.900), (r=0.904), (r=0.896) and (r = 0.879) have a relationship with each other. It can be analyzed that the intensity of correlation between seven variables and neighborhood stability is equal to 0.928, 0.819, 0.932, 0.900, 0.904, 0.896, and 0.879, as well as the type of correlation between the mentioned seven variables. The stability of the neighborhood was of a direct (positive) type. Because the calculated significance level is less than the alpha of the research (P<0.05), it indicates the significance of the relationship between the variables. With 95% confidence, it can be said that there is a relationship between physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, and service. There is a significant relationship between politics and the level of stability of the neighborhood of Etemadieh; this variable can have an effect on achieving the results of the level of stability of the neighborhood from the perspective of the residents. The t-test results showed a sample because the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, so the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, it can be concluded with 95% confidence that from the perspective of the residents of Etemadieh neighborhood, this neighborhood has stability in the investigated indicators. Conclusion The results of the Pearson test for 7 indicators of neighborhood stability, including physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, service, and political indicators, showed that, at a significant level (sig = 0.000), the indicators of stability and stability of the neighborhood of Etemadieh in the order of (r=0.928), (r=0.819), (r=0.932), (r=0.900), (r=0.904), (r=0.896) and (r=0.879) are related; the type of correlation between the 7 indicators and neighborhood stability is direct, and the results of the t-test showed that the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05. Therefore, with 95% confidence, we can conclude that from the perspective of the residents of Etemadieh neighborhood, this neighborhood has stability in the investigated indicators. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments All colleagues have participated in this research work, and we would like to express our gratitude to the four authors of the article. No organization or body has provided financial support or assistance in any other fields. A B S T R A C T Today, paying attention to neighborhood sustainability indicators represents a significant trend in the social environment, economy, human well-being, and quality of life that has attracted the attention of urban managers and planners. Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to analyze the sustainability indicators of Etemadiyeh neighborhood in Zanjan. The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. Information and data were collected through library and field methods. The statistical population of the study was 6872 people, of which 370 residents of the neighborhood were selected as a sample. The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's test, and one-sample t-test using SPSS 26 and Minitab software. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The overall alpha value was above 0.96, which is a high value. The results of the Pearson test for seven neighborhood sustainability indicators, including physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, service, and political indicators, showed that, at a significant level (sig=0.000), the sustainability indicators and the stability of the Etemadieh neighborhood are correlated with each other by (r=0.928), (r=0.819), (r=0.932), (r=0.900), (r=0.904), (r=0.896), and (r=0.879), respectively; and the type of correlation between the seven indicators and neighborhood sustainability was direct, and the results of the t-test showed that the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05; therefore, with 95% confidence, it can be concluded that from the perspective of the residents of the Etemadieh neighborhood, this neighborhood is sustainable in the indicators under study. Extended Abstract Introduction One of the most important parts of cities is neighborhoods, which can play an important role in the development of cities in all parts of the world, especially in Iran. Currently, many experts and planners of urban management have realized the important role of neighborhoods and are trying to realize not only the development of neighborhoods but also cities through the channel of neighborhoods. It is worth noting that sustainability goals are the most important principle of any planning, and people are the most important beneficiaries of these plans. Therefore, in the present research, we decided to address the main hypothesis of the research, which is the analysis of the sustainability indicators of the neighborhood of Etemadieh, Zanjan, according to the views of the residents of this place. The neighborhood residents' point of view is one of the most accurate and best forms of research that has been noticed in recent years. Since every planning and every sustainable action is for the well-being and security of the neighborhood residents, one of the most valuable aspects of neighborhood assessment in terms of sustainability is to achieve the view of the people living in the neighborhood. Methodology The current study employs an applied research approach and utilizes a descriptive-analytical research method. We employed library and field methods to gather information and data, including interviews and researcher-designed questionnaires. The study's statistical population consists of residents from the Etemadieh neighborhood in Zanjan city, with a sample size of 370 individuals. SPSS 26, Minitab software, and Pearson and T-test statistical tests were used to analyze the findings. Results and discussion The results of descriptive statistics showed that out of the total population of 370 people studied, 116 were women and 254 were men; the highest frequency and percentage belonged to the age group of 31 to 40 years, and the lowest frequency and percentage belonged to the age groups above 50 years (without participation and the age group was less than 20 years with 24 people. The majority of the community has a master's education, with 115 people and 139 people living in the place for 10 to 20 years. Government jobs, with 116 people, and unemployed people, with 116 people, make up the most people in society. Examining the level of information of the respondents about the research problem showed that the knowledge and information of the respondents in 2 items are in the medium and high range, and the highest frequency belongs to the medium and high range. The results of the Pearson test for 7 indicators of neighborhood stability, including physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, service, and political indicators, showed that, at a significant level (sig = 0.000), the indicators of stability and sustainability of Etemadieh neighborhood (r=0.928), (r=0.819), (r=0.932), (r=0.900), (r=0.904), (r=0.896) and (r = 0.879) have a relationship with each other. It can be analyzed that the intensity of correlation between seven variables and neighborhood stability is equal to 0.928, 0.819, 0.932, 0.900, 0.904, 0.896, and 0.879, as well as the type of correlation between the mentioned seven variables. The stability of the neighborhood was of a direct (positive) type. Because the calculated significance level is less than the alpha of the research (P<0.05), it indicates the significance of the relationship between the variables. With 95% confidence, it can be said that there is a relationship between physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, and service. There is a significant relationship between politics and the level of stability of the neighborhood of Etemadieh; this variable can have an effect on achieving the results of the level of stability of the neighborhood from the perspective of the residents. The t-test results showed a sample because the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, so the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, it can be concluded with 95% confidence that from the perspective of the residents of Etemadieh neighborhood, this neighborhood has stability in the investigated indicators. Conclusion The results of the Pearson test for 7 indicators of neighborhood stability, including physical, social, economic, environmental, communication, service, and political indicators, showed that, at a significant level (sig = 0.000), the indicators of stability and stability of the neighborhood of Etemadieh in the order of (r=0.928), (r=0.819), (r=0.932), (r=0.900), (r=0.904), (r=0.896) and (r=0.879) are related; the type of correlation between the 7 indicators and neighborhood stability is direct, and the results of the t-test showed that the P-value obtained for all indicators (0.000) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05. Therefore, with 95% confidence, we can conclude that from the perspective of the residents of Etemadieh neighborhood, this neighborhood has stability in the investigated indicators. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments All colleagues have participated in this research work, and we would like to express our gratitude to the four authors of the article. No organization or body has provided financial support or assistance in any other fields.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_219774_1b3d8e8b66b19c1e06190922e6f7f96a.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 2 2025 07 23 A Systematic Review of the Challenges of Realizing the Regeneration of Inefficient Urban Textures in Iran from the Perspective of Urban Governance A Systematic Review of the Challenges of Realizing the Regeneration of Inefficient Urban Textures in Iran from the Perspective of Urban Governance 49 64 221711 10.22034/jsc.2025.463151.1785 FA Zahra Montazeri Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0009-2847-0796 Mahmoud Mohammadi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-4736-8385 Journal Article 2025 03 24 A B S T R A C T Today, the urban regeneration approach has been introduced as the latest policy for intervention in inefficient urban contexts in Iran and the world. With this approach, from Decision-Making processes, diversity, and multiplicity of actors, participation, if objectified and applied to the Governance structure and framework, will achieve improvement and success. However, the urban regeneration policy in Iran is still facing challenges regarding its proper and desirable realization. This research aims to identify the "Realization Challenges of Urban Regeneration in Iran from the Perspective of Urban Governance" and to try to achieve a comprehensive framework of challenges. In the present research, the Meta-Synthesis Method was used to refer to Iran's most important databases to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, the number of 42 domestic articles was selected based on principle and after screening and coded with ATLAS.Ti9 software, and the qualitative findings were analyzed and combined after being placed in the factors of urban governance efficiency. During the information extraction process, the 38 codes identified in the first order were categorized into 10 second-order codes (judgment sub-factors) and 4 third-order codes (selective codes-judgment efficiency factors). Laws and Regulations related to Regeneration, a comprehensive approach to Regeneration measures in intervention that is appropriate to any type of inefficient context, the presence of non-governmental organizations in the field of regeneration, and motivational and profitable frameworks for private sector investment. They are one of the most important challenges related to realizing urban regeneration policy in Iran. Also, the most important factor in the efficiency of governance of urban regeneration in Iran is to pay attention to the capacity of urban governments, which presents the most challenges. Extended Abstract Introduction With the expansion of inefficiency areas inside the country, the approach of urban regeneration was introduced as the latest policy to intervene in such contexts. With this approach, from decision-making processes, diversity and multiplicity of actors, participation, if it is subject and applied with the governance structure and framework, it will achieve improvement and success. However, urban regeneration policy in Iran is still facing challenges for proper and desirable realization. The purpose of this research is to identify the "challenges of the realization of urban regeneration in Iran from the perspective of urban governance", as regeneration is considered as a comprehensive process, all the challenges in the path of realization of this approach in the conditions of Iran Note. Therefore, in the following, while presenting theoretical discussions about the nature and essence of urban regeneration, the selected articles of this field (with the aim of discovering the challenges of regeneration) were examined, systematically reviewed, and synthesized in response to the question of "challenges and obstacles." What is the non-realization of regeneration in the face of Iran's inefficient urban contexts from the governance perspective?" Finally, the challenges identified from the Meta-Synthesis results (analysis of selected articles) are framed and analyzed using the efficiency factors of urban governance. Methodology The method of this research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and in order to answer the question and advance the research, the Meta-Synthesis method has been used. In the Meta-Synthesis method, according to the goals and questions of the research, the researcher enters articles into the Meta-Synthesis process and from the text of previous studies in the relevant field (here: urban regeneration), as data and from the document analysis method (according to the definition of Meta-Synthesis: abstract study, findings, and results) is used for the present research. In order to set the research questions, the parameters of what (What), who or the community under study (Who), when (When), and how (How) were used, which are presented below: What: Iranian databases are examined for research articles on urban regeneration from 2018 to 2023. The purpose of the research is to identify the challenges of realizing the urban regeneration policy in the face of inefficient urban contexts, so only the propositions related to the obstacle, weakness, deficiency, and challenge for this approach will be analyzed. It is noteworthy that this research does not only examine articles on the nature of governance in urban regeneration because, with the initial review, many of the mentioned articles only evaluate the criteria and dimensions of good governance in urban regeneration, and challenges and obstacles have not been mentioned much; also, adopting this selective strategy will ignore many problems and challenges raised in other articles. Therefore, this research has included and presented all the articles on the nature of regeneration. -Who: all Persian and scientific research articles on urban regeneration in Iran's internal databases (Noormagz, Magiran, and SID) - When (time limit - When): studies from 2018 to 2023 (last five years) - How: document analysis method (abstract review, findings, and results of documents) while using Atlas-ti9 software is used in this research. Finally, 42 domestic articles were selected based on principles after screening and coded with ATLAS.Ti9 software. The qualitative findings were analyzed and combined after being placed in the efficiency factors of urban governance. Results and discussion During the information extraction process, 38 codes identified in the first order have been categorized into 10 second-order codes (judgment sub-factors) and 4 third-order codes (selection codes-judgment efficiency factors). In the realization of the regeneration policy to intervene in the inefficient urban contexts of Iran, it is clear that the challenges related to "the capacity of urban governments" and in its subgroup, "planning and supervisory control," are the most important in the field of regeneration from the point of view of our rulings (choice codes). In the realization of regeneration policy to intervene in the inefficient urban contexts of Iran, it is clear that "the capacity of urban governments" (choice code) and in its subset "planning and supervisory control" (second order category) based on frequency, the most important challenges of the regeneration approach are in the perspective of urban governance. Also, out of 38 challenge codes in the "first-order category" mode, 11 categories with a frequency greater than 20 have been identified, which are "rules and regulations related to regeneration," "comprehensive attitude to regeneration measures in intervention and appropriate to any type of inefficient context." "And the presence of non-governmental organizations in the regeneration field" are the most important codes. Conclusion It is noteworthy that the success of the urban regeneration approach is in identifying and improving the relevant challenges. The final challenges of regeneration policy are based on governance efficiency factors and the order of frequency of each factor, which include the capacity of urban governments, political systems and institutions, the relationship between the national-urban government, and the role of the private sector. It should also be said that most challenges are based on the centrality of integrated management, participation, urban regeneration, development plans, neglect of urban management to the conditions of each context, citizens, and mechanisms, the centrality and lack of dynamism of regeneration headquarters, etc. Also, based on the efficiency factors of urban governance and the reviewed articles, regeneration challenges can be examined at two national levels (in terms of interactions at the monitoring levels) and local levels (planning, control, and supervision) and with direct effects. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Today, the urban regeneration approach has been introduced as the latest policy for intervention in inefficient urban contexts in Iran and the world. With this approach, from Decision-Making processes, diversity, and multiplicity of actors, participation, if objectified and applied to the Governance structure and framework, will achieve improvement and success. However, the urban regeneration policy in Iran is still facing challenges regarding its proper and desirable realization. This research aims to identify the "Realization Challenges of Urban Regeneration in Iran from the Perspective of Urban Governance" and to try to achieve a comprehensive framework of challenges. In the present research, the Meta-Synthesis Method was used to refer to Iran's most important databases to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, the number of 42 domestic articles was selected based on principle and after screening and coded with ATLAS.Ti9 software, and the qualitative findings were analyzed and combined after being placed in the factors of urban governance efficiency. During the information extraction process, the 38 codes identified in the first order were categorized into 10 second-order codes (judgment sub-factors) and 4 third-order codes (selective codes-judgment efficiency factors). Laws and Regulations related to Regeneration, a comprehensive approach to Regeneration measures in intervention that is appropriate to any type of inefficient context, the presence of non-governmental organizations in the field of regeneration, and motivational and profitable frameworks for private sector investment. They are one of the most important challenges related to realizing urban regeneration policy in Iran. Also, the most important factor in the efficiency of governance of urban regeneration in Iran is to pay attention to the capacity of urban governments, which presents the most challenges. Extended Abstract Introduction With the expansion of inefficiency areas inside the country, the approach of urban regeneration was introduced as the latest policy to intervene in such contexts. With this approach, from decision-making processes, diversity and multiplicity of actors, participation, if it is subject and applied with the governance structure and framework, it will achieve improvement and success. However, urban regeneration policy in Iran is still facing challenges for proper and desirable realization. The purpose of this research is to identify the "challenges of the realization of urban regeneration in Iran from the perspective of urban governance", as regeneration is considered as a comprehensive process, all the challenges in the path of realization of this approach in the conditions of Iran Note. Therefore, in the following, while presenting theoretical discussions about the nature and essence of urban regeneration, the selected articles of this field (with the aim of discovering the challenges of regeneration) were examined, systematically reviewed, and synthesized in response to the question of "challenges and obstacles." What is the non-realization of regeneration in the face of Iran's inefficient urban contexts from the governance perspective?" Finally, the challenges identified from the Meta-Synthesis results (analysis of selected articles) are framed and analyzed using the efficiency factors of urban governance. Methodology The method of this research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and in order to answer the question and advance the research, the Meta-Synthesis method has been used. In the Meta-Synthesis method, according to the goals and questions of the research, the researcher enters articles into the Meta-Synthesis process and from the text of previous studies in the relevant field (here: urban regeneration), as data and from the document analysis method (according to the definition of Meta-Synthesis: abstract study, findings, and results) is used for the present research. In order to set the research questions, the parameters of what (What), who or the community under study (Who), when (When), and how (How) were used, which are presented below: What: Iranian databases are examined for research articles on urban regeneration from 2018 to 2023. The purpose of the research is to identify the challenges of realizing the urban regeneration policy in the face of inefficient urban contexts, so only the propositions related to the obstacle, weakness, deficiency, and challenge for this approach will be analyzed. It is noteworthy that this research does not only examine articles on the nature of governance in urban regeneration because, with the initial review, many of the mentioned articles only evaluate the criteria and dimensions of good governance in urban regeneration, and challenges and obstacles have not been mentioned much; also, adopting this selective strategy will ignore many problems and challenges raised in other articles. Therefore, this research has included and presented all the articles on the nature of regeneration. -Who: all Persian and scientific research articles on urban regeneration in Iran's internal databases (Noormagz, Magiran, and SID) - When (time limit - When): studies from 2018 to 2023 (last five years) - How: document analysis method (abstract review, findings, and results of documents) while using Atlas-ti9 software is used in this research. Finally, 42 domestic articles were selected based on principles after screening and coded with ATLAS.Ti9 software. The qualitative findings were analyzed and combined after being placed in the efficiency factors of urban governance. Results and discussion During the information extraction process, 38 codes identified in the first order have been categorized into 10 second-order codes (judgment sub-factors) and 4 third-order codes (selection codes-judgment efficiency factors). In the realization of the regeneration policy to intervene in the inefficient urban contexts of Iran, it is clear that the challenges related to "the capacity of urban governments" and in its subgroup, "planning and supervisory control," are the most important in the field of regeneration from the point of view of our rulings (choice codes). In the realization of regeneration policy to intervene in the inefficient urban contexts of Iran, it is clear that "the capacity of urban governments" (choice code) and in its subset "planning and supervisory control" (second order category) based on frequency, the most important challenges of the regeneration approach are in the perspective of urban governance. Also, out of 38 challenge codes in the "first-order category" mode, 11 categories with a frequency greater than 20 have been identified, which are "rules and regulations related to regeneration," "comprehensive attitude to regeneration measures in intervention and appropriate to any type of inefficient context." "And the presence of non-governmental organizations in the regeneration field" are the most important codes. Conclusion It is noteworthy that the success of the urban regeneration approach is in identifying and improving the relevant challenges. The final challenges of regeneration policy are based on governance efficiency factors and the order of frequency of each factor, which include the capacity of urban governments, political systems and institutions, the relationship between the national-urban government, and the role of the private sector. It should also be said that most challenges are based on the centrality of integrated management, participation, urban regeneration, development plans, neglect of urban management to the conditions of each context, citizens, and mechanisms, the centrality and lack of dynamism of regeneration headquarters, etc. Also, based on the efficiency factors of urban governance and the reviewed articles, regeneration challenges can be examined at two national levels (in terms of interactions at the monitoring levels) and local levels (planning, control, and supervision) and with direct effects. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_221711_16bd2a5ec09a94a9469160a03836182a.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 2 2025 08 14 Evaluation of the Effects of Implementing Structural Adjustment Policies in Urban Areas Evaluation of the Effects of Implementing Structural Adjustment Policies in Urban Areas 65 83 221073 10.22034/jsc.2025.500248.1829 FA Elahe ShakeriMansour Department of Social Planning, Faculty of Social Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Skeykhi Department of Social Planning, Faculty of Social Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2236-2259 Journal Article 2025 03 25 A B S T R A C T Structural adjustment policies were a controversial topic in the 1980s. Through these policies and also financial supports, international institutions tried to assist developing countries.While some view these programs as a cause for economic growth, others argue them as responsible factors for numerous negative social and economic consequences. This study aims to evaluate the effects of these programs, particularly in urban areas. This research is applied and employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, specifically utilizing content analysis. Initially, the concept of structural adjustment policies and their indicators were defined and formulated based on literature. Subsequently, questionnaires were sent using the Delphi method, selected through purposeful sampling. Finally, to prioritize and assess the effects, the structural impact analysis method was applied using MicMac software. The findings categorize the effects of implementing these programs into four distinct areas: economic (formation of an informal economy, increased competitiveness, rising property prices, and changing economic roles of cities), socio-cultural (increased rural-urban migration, rising urban poverty, inequality and social deprivation, and reduced social services), spatial (horizontal expansion of cities, expansion of peri-urban areas, and changes in land use), and environmental (increased vulnerability of cities, development of informal settlements vulnerable areas, and reduced food security). Among these identified effects, horizontal expansion of cities, the formation of an informal economy, and changes in the economic roles of cities were considered as the most significant factors. Therefore, recognizing these effects and implementing appropriate measures in urban decision-making and policymaking can help mitigate the impacts of these programs. Extended Abstract Introduction Structural adjustment policies were one of the most controversial topics of the 1980s. These policies were implemented by international institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and regional development banks, in exchange for financial resources to assist developing countries. These reforms typically emphasize four general prescriptions: stabilization, liberalization, deregulation, and privatization of the economy. The implementation of structural adjustment programs in developed countries has differed from that in developing countries. In some countries, economic adjustment has led to increased urban growth and the promotion of the role and status of cities, while in others, urban expansion has been accompanied by issues such as poverty and inequality, land speculation and land expansion, and a decline in the quality of life. Therefore, while these programs can cause economic growth and increased urbanization for cities, they can also lead to deprivation and inequality, increased poverty, environmental degradation, and other negative consequences. The main goal of this research is to answer the question: What effects have structural adjustment policies had on cities? Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, utilizing content analysis. A library-based method was employed to collect information, along with documents and databases on the subject. According to the research objectives, the structural adjustment policy was first defined, and its indicators and components were compiled using content analysis techniques.After determining the indicators, their effects were identified through further content analysis. Finally, based on the Delphi method, a group of approximately 20 experts (university professors and field specialists) was selected through judgmental or purposive sampling. The criteria for selecting experts included theoretical expertise, practical experience, accessibility, and willingness and ability to participate in the research. These experts were chosen in a way to ensure the comprehensiveness of the viewpoints. For information processing, the structural interaction analysis method was used in MicMac software. Results and discussion The result of the interaction effects of 14 factors is formed based on the 14*14 matrix in four dimensions (economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental). The findings indicate a repetition rate of 2 times and a saturation degree of 88.775%, which indicates that the selected factors have a great influence on each other. Of the total 174 evaluable relationships in the matrix, 22 relationships have a value of zero (factors do not affect or are not affected by each other); 46 relationships with a value of one have a weak influence on each other, 35 relationships with a value of 2 have relatively strong influential relationships, and 93 relationships have a value of 3, which means that the relationships between factors are many and have high effectiveness and influence. Also, in this system, the variables are mostly target and risky, so they are unstable systems. Among the 14 factors examined in this study, several factors have had the most significant effects on cities, according to experts. These factors include the horizontal urban growth in the risk area, the formation of the informal economy, and the changing economic role of cities which have high impact and low impact. Conclusion The findings indicate that the effects of implementing these programs fall into four categories: economic (formation of an informal economy, increased competitiveness, rising property prices, and changing economic roles of cities), socio-cultural (increased rural-urban migration, rising urban poverty, inequality and social deprivation, and reduced social services), spatial (horizontal expansion of cities, expansion of peri-urban areas, and changes in land use), and environmental (increased vulnerability of cities, development of informal settlements vulnerable areas, and reduced food security). Among these identified effects, horizontal expansion of cities, the formation of an informal economy, and changes in the economic roles of cities were considered as the most significant factors. Examining the effects of implementing structural adjustment indicates that structural adjustment policies may have both positive and negative effects on urban development. On one hand, these policies may lead to austerity measures such as cuts in public spending on infrastructure projects, which can act as a barrier to urban development. On the other hand, structural adjustment policies may promote economic reforms that attract foreign investment and foster urban growth. However, the overall impact on urban development will depend on various factors, including the specific policy measures implemented, the local context, and the effectiveness of governance in managing the changes resulting from these policies and the management and structure of cities. What is important is to identify these impacts and to take measures in urban decision-making and policy-making to mitigate them. There is also a need for integrated planning approaches that take into account the spatial impacts of structural adjustment on urban and rural development, encourage policies that promote equitable distribution of resources and strengthen local economies. Funding This work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No.4015999. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Structural adjustment policies were a controversial topic in the 1980s. Through these policies and also financial supports, international institutions tried to assist developing countries.While some view these programs as a cause for economic growth, others argue them as responsible factors for numerous negative social and economic consequences. This study aims to evaluate the effects of these programs, particularly in urban areas. This research is applied and employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, specifically utilizing content analysis. Initially, the concept of structural adjustment policies and their indicators were defined and formulated based on literature. Subsequently, questionnaires were sent using the Delphi method, selected through purposeful sampling. Finally, to prioritize and assess the effects, the structural impact analysis method was applied using MicMac software. The findings categorize the effects of implementing these programs into four distinct areas: economic (formation of an informal economy, increased competitiveness, rising property prices, and changing economic roles of cities), socio-cultural (increased rural-urban migration, rising urban poverty, inequality and social deprivation, and reduced social services), spatial (horizontal expansion of cities, expansion of peri-urban areas, and changes in land use), and environmental (increased vulnerability of cities, development of informal settlements vulnerable areas, and reduced food security). Among these identified effects, horizontal expansion of cities, the formation of an informal economy, and changes in the economic roles of cities were considered as the most significant factors. Therefore, recognizing these effects and implementing appropriate measures in urban decision-making and policymaking can help mitigate the impacts of these programs. Extended Abstract Introduction Structural adjustment policies were one of the most controversial topics of the 1980s. These policies were implemented by international institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and regional development banks, in exchange for financial resources to assist developing countries. These reforms typically emphasize four general prescriptions: stabilization, liberalization, deregulation, and privatization of the economy. The implementation of structural adjustment programs in developed countries has differed from that in developing countries. In some countries, economic adjustment has led to increased urban growth and the promotion of the role and status of cities, while in others, urban expansion has been accompanied by issues such as poverty and inequality, land speculation and land expansion, and a decline in the quality of life. Therefore, while these programs can cause economic growth and increased urbanization for cities, they can also lead to deprivation and inequality, increased poverty, environmental degradation, and other negative consequences. The main goal of this research is to answer the question: What effects have structural adjustment policies had on cities? Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method, utilizing content analysis. A library-based method was employed to collect information, along with documents and databases on the subject. According to the research objectives, the structural adjustment policy was first defined, and its indicators and components were compiled using content analysis techniques.After determining the indicators, their effects were identified through further content analysis. Finally, based on the Delphi method, a group of approximately 20 experts (university professors and field specialists) was selected through judgmental or purposive sampling. The criteria for selecting experts included theoretical expertise, practical experience, accessibility, and willingness and ability to participate in the research. These experts were chosen in a way to ensure the comprehensiveness of the viewpoints. For information processing, the structural interaction analysis method was used in MicMac software. Results and discussion The result of the interaction effects of 14 factors is formed based on the 14*14 matrix in four dimensions (economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental). The findings indicate a repetition rate of 2 times and a saturation degree of 88.775%, which indicates that the selected factors have a great influence on each other. Of the total 174 evaluable relationships in the matrix, 22 relationships have a value of zero (factors do not affect or are not affected by each other); 46 relationships with a value of one have a weak influence on each other, 35 relationships with a value of 2 have relatively strong influential relationships, and 93 relationships have a value of 3, which means that the relationships between factors are many and have high effectiveness and influence. Also, in this system, the variables are mostly target and risky, so they are unstable systems. Among the 14 factors examined in this study, several factors have had the most significant effects on cities, according to experts. These factors include the horizontal urban growth in the risk area, the formation of the informal economy, and the changing economic role of cities which have high impact and low impact. Conclusion The findings indicate that the effects of implementing these programs fall into four categories: economic (formation of an informal economy, increased competitiveness, rising property prices, and changing economic roles of cities), socio-cultural (increased rural-urban migration, rising urban poverty, inequality and social deprivation, and reduced social services), spatial (horizontal expansion of cities, expansion of peri-urban areas, and changes in land use), and environmental (increased vulnerability of cities, development of informal settlements vulnerable areas, and reduced food security). Among these identified effects, horizontal expansion of cities, the formation of an informal economy, and changes in the economic roles of cities were considered as the most significant factors. Examining the effects of implementing structural adjustment indicates that structural adjustment policies may have both positive and negative effects on urban development. On one hand, these policies may lead to austerity measures such as cuts in public spending on infrastructure projects, which can act as a barrier to urban development. On the other hand, structural adjustment policies may promote economic reforms that attract foreign investment and foster urban growth. However, the overall impact on urban development will depend on various factors, including the specific policy measures implemented, the local context, and the effectiveness of governance in managing the changes resulting from these policies and the management and structure of cities. What is important is to identify these impacts and to take measures in urban decision-making and policy-making to mitigate them. There is also a need for integrated planning approaches that take into account the spatial impacts of structural adjustment on urban and rural development, encourage policies that promote equitable distribution of resources and strengthen local economies. Funding This work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No.4015999. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_221073_0b9fd5378b265fe69ff69e2ac49e0421.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 2 2025 08 15 Exploring the dimensions of green entrepreneurship development in the field of urban waste management: A case study of Kermanshah city Exploring the dimensions of green entrepreneurship development in the field of urban waste management: A case study of Kermanshah city 85 98 230174 10.22034/jsc.2025.468076.1792 FA Mahtab Zhian Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0009-0001-2490-7657 Bijan Rezaee Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Nader Naderi . Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-3346-7032 Khadije Azizi Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0003-0811-593X Journal Article 2025 03 26 <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A B S T R A C T Waste management has become a global challenging issue due to the rapid increase in the amount of waste produced as a result of rapid economic growth, technological development, population growth, and excessive consumption. Therefore, the overall goal of this study is to identify the dimensions of green entrepreneurship development in the field of urban waste management in Kermanshah, which was conducted with a qualitative approach and data-driven theory method that seeks a local model that is appropriate to the social, cultural, economic, and specific context of Kermanshah city. The study population of this study included members of the entrepreneurship department, entrepreneurs in this field, and experts from the municipal waste organization in Kermanshah in 1402, who were selected purposefully. After conducting 12 in-depth individual interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Key findings showed that optimizing the waste management system, creating green entrepreneurship infrastructure, paving the way for effective private sector participation, empowering human resources, and specialized management of green entrepreneurship as causal and driving factors; Kermanshah's strategic location, financial barriers, lack of binding laws and regulations, and weak public education were the components of the background factors; intervening factors included market fluctuations and environmental instability that affected the development of green entrepreneurship in the field of municipal waste in Kermanshah. Strategies included: modeling, strengthening the role of research and academic centers, promoting marketing activities, strategic planning, financial approaches, organizational support, and educational and promotional programs. Outcomes also included economic, social, and environmental benefits. Extended Abstract Introduction Efficient waste management has become a global and complex problem due to the exponential increase in the volume of waste generated by dynamic economic growth, technological advances, population growth, and increasing consumption patterns. These challenges, especially in urban areas and metropolises, have become much more apparent and require urgent and strategic solutions. Kermanshah metropolis, as one of the important population and economic centers in the west of the country, is no exception to this rule and is grappling with numerous challenges in the field of waste management. According to available statistics, about 700 tons of waste are produced daily in the urban area of Kermanshah. Although this massive volume of waste can be considered a serious challenge, it also provides a suitable platform for the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities in areas related to waste management. In other words, the creation and development of innovative businesses in this field, in addition to helping to deal with the problems of unemployment and the phenomenon of waste collection in Kermanshah, can lead to the creation of economic and social values, etc. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the dimensions of green entrepreneurship development in the field of urban waste management in Kermanshah<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">. Methodology The method of this research, considering the applied purpose, in terms of data collection, is a descriptive and documentary-field research that was carried out with a qualitative and exploratory approach, by reviewing articles, texts, and related sources and experts' opinions using the data-based theory method and using the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin (1988). The main characteristic of this method is its structured coding process, which includes open, axial, and selective coding, aimed at developing fundamental theories from empirical data. The research community includes activists, experts, and entrepreneurs who have research or implementation backgrounds in the field of study, who were selected using the purposive sampling method. After 12 interviews, the exploration process reached theoretical saturation. That is, when new data do not add anything to previous insights, validation of the model and research results was achieved with the cooperation of faculty members and participants, and using the strategies of peer review, member participation, and pluralism. Results and discussion <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Based on the analysis of the data obtained from the research, 22 central factors (categories) were used as the basis for designing the paradigmatic model of the research. This model was based on 6 categories (categories), including causal conditions, background conditions, strategies, main category (main phenomenon), intervening factors, and consequences. The causal conditions of the model included optimizing the waste management system, creating green entrepreneurship infrastructure, creating a basis for effective private sector participation, empowering human resources, and specialized management of green entrepreneurship. Identifying these factors helps to understand the roots of the main phenomenon, roots without which the main phenomenon would not emerge. The strategic location of Kermanshah, financial barriers, lack of binding laws and regulations, weak public education, and socio-cultural barriers were identified as the background conditions of the research. These factors are general conditions that provide the basis for the emergence and formation of the central phenomenon with an indirect impact on it. Market fluctuations and environmental instability were included in the group of intervening conditions (factors). These factors are general conditions that affect strategies. Intervening factors are structural conditions that limit or facilitate the intervention of other factors. Modeling, strengthening the role of research and academic centers, strategic planning, financial approaches, educational and promotional programs, organizational support, and promotion of marketing activities were identified as strategies for developing green entrepreneurship in urban waste management in Kermanshah. These strategies were a targeted response to the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions identified in this study. The consequences are also the tangible and intangible results of applying the strategies. The consequences identified in this study included economic benefits, environmental benefits, and social benefits. Conclusion With the belief that environmental responsibility is the fundamental basis for the formation of green entrepreneurship, whose mission is to improve the environment based on sustainable development. Urban waste management can be considered one of the most important areas of this approach. Accordingly, the present study, by presenting a localized model, has identified the main paths for the development of green entrepreneurship in the field of urban waste management in Kermanshah. To advance green entrepreneurship in urban waste management in Kermanshah, consensus and alignment among all stakeholders, from policymakers and managers to the general public, are essential. This alignment, by creating a common understanding of the importance of this area and facilitating constructive interactions, can act as a driving force for sustainable development. Therefore, the paradigmatic model resulting from the research results can be the basis for policymakers' decision-making to achieve sustainable urban development. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A B S T R A C T Waste management has become a global challenging issue due to the rapid increase in the amount of waste produced as a result of rapid economic growth, technological development, population growth, and excessive consumption. Therefore, the overall goal of this study is to identify the dimensions of green entrepreneurship development in the field of urban waste management in Kermanshah, which was conducted with a qualitative approach and data-driven theory method that seeks a local model that is appropriate to the social, cultural, economic, and specific context of Kermanshah city. The study population of this study included members of the entrepreneurship department, entrepreneurs in this field, and experts from the municipal waste organization in Kermanshah in 1402, who were selected purposefully. After conducting 12 in-depth individual interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Key findings showed that optimizing the waste management system, creating green entrepreneurship infrastructure, paving the way for effective private sector participation, empowering human resources, and specialized management of green entrepreneurship as causal and driving factors; Kermanshah's strategic location, financial barriers, lack of binding laws and regulations, and weak public education were the components of the background factors; intervening factors included market fluctuations and environmental instability that affected the development of green entrepreneurship in the field of municipal waste in Kermanshah. Strategies included: modeling, strengthening the role of research and academic centers, promoting marketing activities, strategic planning, financial approaches, organizational support, and educational and promotional programs. Outcomes also included economic, social, and environmental benefits. Extended Abstract Introduction Efficient waste management has become a global and complex problem due to the exponential increase in the volume of waste generated by dynamic economic growth, technological advances, population growth, and increasing consumption patterns. These challenges, especially in urban areas and metropolises, have become much more apparent and require urgent and strategic solutions. Kermanshah metropolis, as one of the important population and economic centers in the west of the country, is no exception to this rule and is grappling with numerous challenges in the field of waste management. According to available statistics, about 700 tons of waste are produced daily in the urban area of Kermanshah. Although this massive volume of waste can be considered a serious challenge, it also provides a suitable platform for the emergence of entrepreneurial opportunities in areas related to waste management. In other words, the creation and development of innovative businesses in this field, in addition to helping to deal with the problems of unemployment and the phenomenon of waste collection in Kermanshah, can lead to the creation of economic and social values, etc. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the dimensions of green entrepreneurship development in the field of urban waste management in Kermanshah<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">. Methodology The method of this research, considering the applied purpose, in terms of data collection, is a descriptive and documentary-field research that was carried out with a qualitative and exploratory approach, by reviewing articles, texts, and related sources and experts' opinions using the data-based theory method and using the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin (1988). The main characteristic of this method is its structured coding process, which includes open, axial, and selective coding, aimed at developing fundamental theories from empirical data. The research community includes activists, experts, and entrepreneurs who have research or implementation backgrounds in the field of study, who were selected using the purposive sampling method. After 12 interviews, the exploration process reached theoretical saturation. That is, when new data do not add anything to previous insights, validation of the model and research results was achieved with the cooperation of faculty members and participants, and using the strategies of peer review, member participation, and pluralism. Results and discussion <span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Based on the analysis of the data obtained from the research, 22 central factors (categories) were used as the basis for designing the paradigmatic model of the research. This model was based on 6 categories (categories), including causal conditions, background conditions, strategies, main category (main phenomenon), intervening factors, and consequences. The causal conditions of the model included optimizing the waste management system, creating green entrepreneurship infrastructure, creating a basis for effective private sector participation, empowering human resources, and specialized management of green entrepreneurship. Identifying these factors helps to understand the roots of the main phenomenon, roots without which the main phenomenon would not emerge. The strategic location of Kermanshah, financial barriers, lack of binding laws and regulations, weak public education, and socio-cultural barriers were identified as the background conditions of the research. These factors are general conditions that provide the basis for the emergence and formation of the central phenomenon with an indirect impact on it. Market fluctuations and environmental instability were included in the group of intervening conditions (factors). These factors are general conditions that affect strategies. Intervening factors are structural conditions that limit or facilitate the intervention of other factors. Modeling, strengthening the role of research and academic centers, strategic planning, financial approaches, educational and promotional programs, organizational support, and promotion of marketing activities were identified as strategies for developing green entrepreneurship in urban waste management in Kermanshah. These strategies were a targeted response to the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions identified in this study. The consequences are also the tangible and intangible results of applying the strategies. The consequences identified in this study included economic benefits, environmental benefits, and social benefits. Conclusion With the belief that environmental responsibility is the fundamental basis for the formation of green entrepreneurship, whose mission is to improve the environment based on sustainable development. Urban waste management can be considered one of the most important areas of this approach. Accordingly, the present study, by presenting a localized model, has identified the main paths for the development of green entrepreneurship in the field of urban waste management in Kermanshah. To advance green entrepreneurship in urban waste management in Kermanshah, consensus and alignment among all stakeholders, from policymakers and managers to the general public, are essential. This alignment, by creating a common understanding of the importance of this area and facilitating constructive interactions, can act as a driving force for sustainable development. Therefore, the paradigmatic model resulting from the research results can be the basis for policymakers' decision-making to achieve sustainable urban development. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_230174_ab0968130013b9573e9a648fce2df5a0.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 2 2025 07 23 Scientometric and Conceptual Network Analysis of Urban Resilience Knowledge Structure in Iran Scientometric and Conceptual Network Analysis of Urban Resilience Knowledge Structure in Iran 99 120 218658 10.22034/jsc.2025.492297.1819 FA Mohammadhosein Pourhasanzadeh Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-4604-743X Ahmad Shahivandi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-3901-3541 Journal Article 2025 03 26 <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A B S T R A C T Urban resilience, as one of the important concepts in urban studies, is significantly effective in strengthening the ability of cities to cope with crises and reduce their vulnerability. This field, which has widely attracted the attention of researchers, plays a fundamental role in forming sustainability policies and formulating effective strategies for managing urban crises. This research aims to analyze the conceptual network of urban resilience knowledge structure in Iran by examining the content of existing scientific articles and drawing a scientific map in this field. Based on the purpose, the research is of an applied type, and in terms of its nature, it is descriptive-analytical. The research's statistical population includes articles on urban resilience, which have been extracted from the Magiran database, considering the period "from the beginning to September 2024". This research used VOSviewer bibliometric software to process data and draw knowledge maps. The results show that the keywords resilience, earthquake, urban resilience, vulnerability, social resilience, physical resilience, and natural hazards are the most frequent concepts in urban resilience studies with the highest total link strength and the number of co-occurrences. Also, the results have shown that the keywords COVID-19, urban flood, urban tourism, and urban form have recently been of interest in urban resilience studies and are new concepts in this field. Extended Abstract Introduction As the main centers of population and economic activity, cities are highly vulnerable to various natural and human threats. Threats such as rising sea levels, floods, storms, earthquakes, droughts, extreme events such as terrorist attacks, and financial crises have put significant pressure on cities and have increased the risks that cities face. With increasing pressure on cities, improving urban resilience has become a global consensus to achieve sustainable urban development. So, in the development policy discourse, there are calls for integrating urban resilience as a core component of urban planning and urban resilience as a fundamental component of global ambitions to improve the capacity of urban systems and structures and reduce disaster risk. The widespread and growing importance of urban resilience has made this concept a crucial paradigm for effectively managing urban challenges and issues, becoming a critical topic in urban studies in recent decades. Despite the importance of this concept and the numerous studies conducted in Iran, no comprehensive research has been conducted to analyze the conceptual structure of urban resilience knowledge in Iran. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine the structure of knowledge produced in the field of urban resilience in Iran using a scientometric approach and conceptual network analysis. This study aims to identify key concepts, their relationships, and research trends that have emerged in this field. By analyzing scientific networks and examining the trend of using concepts, we can better understand the current state of this knowledge and identify its strengths and weaknesses. The results of this study can help researchers and policymakers take effective steps to improve the state of urban resilience and increase the quality of research related to this field. Methodology The present study is of an applied type and is descriptive-analytical in nature. In this research, which was conducted with a scientometric approach, by applying bibliometric techniques and tools, lexical co-occurrence analysis of studies and research conducted in the field of urban resilience, we have drawn maps to visualize urban resilience knowledge in Iran and analyzed the conceptual network of the knowledge structure in this field. The statistical population of the research includes all articles extracted from the Magiran database. The emphasis of the research was on reviewing articles conducted in the field of "urban resilience," in other words, research that examined and studied the issue of resilience in an urban context and within the geographical scope of the city and urban areas. Therefore, by simultaneously searching for the two keywords "resilience" and "city" in the advanced search section of the Mag Iran website and specifying the period "from the beginning to September 2024", 759 articles were extracted, which were screened, and 474 articles were analyzed after removing irrelevant articles, including 285. Extracted articles and drawing knowledge maps were analyzed using VOSviewer bibliometric software. Results and discussion Scientometrics and conceptual network analysis of the knowledge structure of urban resilience in Iran have been drawn using three scientometric maps under network visualization, density visualization, and overlap visualization by applying a repetition order of 5 for each word and removing words unrelated to the topic. Co-occurrence analysis and relationships between keywords based on the network visualization map show that out of a total of 1032 keywords extracted from 474 articles examined, 33 keywords were repeated at least 5 times by the authors, and in total, the keywords were categorized into 7 clusters by the software. The first cluster has the most significant number of words and includes 9 keywords as social resilience, physical resilience, economic resilience, institutional resilience, social capital, earthquake risk, new urban habitations, environmental resilience, and scenario planning. In this cluster, the term "social resilience" comes first, with a total link strength of 47 and a co-occurrence frequency of 42. Co-occurrence analysis and relationships between keywords based on the density visualization map show that "resilience" is the central concept and the most densely populated point on the map. This indicates this concept's importance and key role in urban resilience studies. After that, the keywords "earthquake," "urban resilience," "vulnerability," and "social resilience" have the highest density, respectively. Co-occurrence analysis and relationships between keywords based on the overlap visualization map also indicate that keywords such as "COVID-19," "urban flood," "urban tourism," and "urban form" have been repeated more frequently in articles in recent years and represent emerging and new trends in the field of urban resilience that specifically address the effects of climate change, pandemics, environmental issues, and city structure and form. Conclusion The results show that the keyword "resilience," with the highest total link strength and number of co-occurrences as the central node, has extensive links with other related concepts. After that, the keywords "earthquake," "urban resilience," "vulnerability," "social resilience," "physical resilience," and "natural hazards" emerged as the densest concepts with the highest co-occurrence and link strength, indicating the important position of these concepts in scientific research on urban resilience in Iran. The results also showed that words such as "vulnerability," "earthquake," "natural disasters," "institutional resilience," and "crisis management" are older, and keywords such as "COVID-19", "urban flood," "urban tourism," and "urban form" are newer. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A B S T R A C T Urban resilience, as one of the important concepts in urban studies, is significantly effective in strengthening the ability of cities to cope with crises and reduce their vulnerability. This field, which has widely attracted the attention of researchers, plays a fundamental role in forming sustainability policies and formulating effective strategies for managing urban crises. This research aims to analyze the conceptual network of urban resilience knowledge structure in Iran by examining the content of existing scientific articles and drawing a scientific map in this field. Based on the purpose, the research is of an applied type, and in terms of its nature, it is descriptive-analytical. The research's statistical population includes articles on urban resilience, which have been extracted from the Magiran database, considering the period "from the beginning to September 2024". This research used VOSviewer bibliometric software to process data and draw knowledge maps. The results show that the keywords resilience, earthquake, urban resilience, vulnerability, social resilience, physical resilience, and natural hazards are the most frequent concepts in urban resilience studies with the highest total link strength and the number of co-occurrences. Also, the results have shown that the keywords COVID-19, urban flood, urban tourism, and urban form have recently been of interest in urban resilience studies and are new concepts in this field. Extended Abstract Introduction As the main centers of population and economic activity, cities are highly vulnerable to various natural and human threats. Threats such as rising sea levels, floods, storms, earthquakes, droughts, extreme events such as terrorist attacks, and financial crises have put significant pressure on cities and have increased the risks that cities face. With increasing pressure on cities, improving urban resilience has become a global consensus to achieve sustainable urban development. So, in the development policy discourse, there are calls for integrating urban resilience as a core component of urban planning and urban resilience as a fundamental component of global ambitions to improve the capacity of urban systems and structures and reduce disaster risk. The widespread and growing importance of urban resilience has made this concept a crucial paradigm for effectively managing urban challenges and issues, becoming a critical topic in urban studies in recent decades. Despite the importance of this concept and the numerous studies conducted in Iran, no comprehensive research has been conducted to analyze the conceptual structure of urban resilience knowledge in Iran. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine the structure of knowledge produced in the field of urban resilience in Iran using a scientometric approach and conceptual network analysis. This study aims to identify key concepts, their relationships, and research trends that have emerged in this field. By analyzing scientific networks and examining the trend of using concepts, we can better understand the current state of this knowledge and identify its strengths and weaknesses. The results of this study can help researchers and policymakers take effective steps to improve the state of urban resilience and increase the quality of research related to this field. Methodology The present study is of an applied type and is descriptive-analytical in nature. In this research, which was conducted with a scientometric approach, by applying bibliometric techniques and tools, lexical co-occurrence analysis of studies and research conducted in the field of urban resilience, we have drawn maps to visualize urban resilience knowledge in Iran and analyzed the conceptual network of the knowledge structure in this field. The statistical population of the research includes all articles extracted from the Magiran database. The emphasis of the research was on reviewing articles conducted in the field of "urban resilience," in other words, research that examined and studied the issue of resilience in an urban context and within the geographical scope of the city and urban areas. Therefore, by simultaneously searching for the two keywords "resilience" and "city" in the advanced search section of the Mag Iran website and specifying the period "from the beginning to September 2024", 759 articles were extracted, which were screened, and 474 articles were analyzed after removing irrelevant articles, including 285. Extracted articles and drawing knowledge maps were analyzed using VOSviewer bibliometric software. Results and discussion Scientometrics and conceptual network analysis of the knowledge structure of urban resilience in Iran have been drawn using three scientometric maps under network visualization, density visualization, and overlap visualization by applying a repetition order of 5 for each word and removing words unrelated to the topic. Co-occurrence analysis and relationships between keywords based on the network visualization map show that out of a total of 1032 keywords extracted from 474 articles examined, 33 keywords were repeated at least 5 times by the authors, and in total, the keywords were categorized into 7 clusters by the software. The first cluster has the most significant number of words and includes 9 keywords as social resilience, physical resilience, economic resilience, institutional resilience, social capital, earthquake risk, new urban habitations, environmental resilience, and scenario planning. In this cluster, the term "social resilience" comes first, with a total link strength of 47 and a co-occurrence frequency of 42. Co-occurrence analysis and relationships between keywords based on the density visualization map show that "resilience" is the central concept and the most densely populated point on the map. This indicates this concept's importance and key role in urban resilience studies. After that, the keywords "earthquake," "urban resilience," "vulnerability," and "social resilience" have the highest density, respectively. Co-occurrence analysis and relationships between keywords based on the overlap visualization map also indicate that keywords such as "COVID-19," "urban flood," "urban tourism," and "urban form" have been repeated more frequently in articles in recent years and represent emerging and new trends in the field of urban resilience that specifically address the effects of climate change, pandemics, environmental issues, and city structure and form. Conclusion The results show that the keyword "resilience," with the highest total link strength and number of co-occurrences as the central node, has extensive links with other related concepts. After that, the keywords "earthquake," "urban resilience," "vulnerability," "social resilience," "physical resilience," and "natural hazards" emerged as the densest concepts with the highest co-occurrence and link strength, indicating the important position of these concepts in scientific research on urban resilience in Iran. The results also showed that words such as "vulnerability," "earthquake," "natural disasters," "institutional resilience," and "crisis management" are older, and keywords such as "COVID-19", "urban flood," "urban tourism," and "urban form" are newer. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_218658_1a375bac435ff8725605d372447974e5.pdf