Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 1 2025 05 05 The Metaverse: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Future Cities The Metaverse: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Future Cities 1 16 215442 10.22034/jsc.2025.473396.1796 FA Mohammad Mohammadnejad Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0003-1563-3946 Asghar Abedini Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0002-8910-1830 Journal Article 2024 11 28 A B S T R A C T The metaverse, as a parallel virtual world leveraging advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and digital twins, has emerged as a pivotal concept in redefining urban life and shaping future cities. This technology holds the potential to revolutionize how people live, work, engage in social interactions, and manage urban systems. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the metaverse's impacts on the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of smart cities, employing a qualitative research approach and content analysis of scientific documents. Data analysis utilizes thematic coding to extract key concepts, categorizing them into themes such as challenges, opportunities, and the roles of the metaverse in urban sustainability. The findings reveal that the metaverse can significantly enhance urban sustainability by optimizing resource management, reducing energy consumption associated with physical transportation, and creating new opportunities for virtual social interactions. Furthermore, the metaverse contributes to improving decision-making processes by offering simulated environments for education, urban design, and planning. This technology is a powerful tool for mitigating the effects of climate change through precise modeling and implementing intelligent policies. However, the development of the metaverse is not without significant challenges, including the high energy demands of digital infrastructure, the deepening of economic and social disparities due to unequal access to technology, and ethical and privacy concerns. Despite these challenges, the study's findings underscore the unparalleled potential of the metaverse to redefine urban environments and enhance various dimensions of sustainability, opening new horizons for future research and innovation. Extended Abstract Introduction The Metaverse, as an emerging concept in the digital world, presents a vision of a parallel virtual universe capable of transforming lifestyles, work environments, and social interactions. Leveraging advanced tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), augmented reality (AR), and digital twins, the Metaverse creates novel experiences both within urban environments and beyond. Its role in urban planning and development, particularly in the context of future smart cities, has garnered significant attention from researchers and policymakers. Through precise simulations of urban environments, the Metaverse facilitates urban management, enabling the creation of more sustainable, resilient, and human-centered cities. This research comprehensively examines the implications of the Metaverse on the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of future cities while analyzing the opportunities and challenges it introduces. Methodology This study is fundamental research conducted using qualitative methods and content analysis of scientific documents. Data were gathered from library resources, scholarly articles, theses, and urban development reports. The data analysis framework was designed based on thematic coding, identifying key concepts related to the Metaverse and categorizing them into themes such as challenges, opportunities, and the role of this technology in achieving urban sustainability goals. Results and discussion The findings indicate that the Metaverse can play a pivotal role in accelerating urban sustainability. One of its notable advantages is reducing the need for physical travel and lowering energy consumption and emissions. Furthermore, the Metaverse enables optimized management of urban resources, such as energy and water, through accurate simulation and predictive modeling. Providing virtual social interaction platforms can enhance citizens' quality of life and address socio-economic inequalities. In education and urban design, the Metaverse offers advanced simulation tools for modeling urban structures and implementing environmental policies. For instance, simulating the impacts of climate change on urban environments can assist policymakers in making informed decisions. The realization of concepts such as the "15-minute city," focusing on proximity to services and meeting residents' needs, is also achievable through the Metaverse’s capabilities. However, the development of the Metaverse is accompanied by significant challenges. High energy consumption associated with digital infrastructure poses environmental risks. Additionally, the deepening digital divide due to unequal access to technology may exacerbate socio-economic disparities. Ethical concerns and privacy issues remain critical, as user data in Metaverse environments can be collected and analyzed uncontrolled. Extensive adoption of the Metaverse might also lead to phenomena such as urban sprawl, increased formation of ghettos, and a decline in physical interactions within society, potentially undermining social cohesion and cultural integrity. Conclusion The emergence of the Metaverse, highlighted by Facebook’s rebranding to Meta, signifies a major technological transformation with undeniable potential to redefine urban environments. In an era marked by challenges such as climate change, rapid urbanization, and socio-economic inequalities, the Metaverse offers innovative solutions. By reducing the consumption of physical resources, enhancing decision-making efficiency in urban governance, and creating new opportunities for social interaction, this technology paves the way for more sustainable and intelligent cities. However, harnessing the full potential of the Metaverse requires intelligent management and comprehensive planning. This necessitates close collaboration among policymakers, researchers, and the technology industry to establish ethical and technical standards that maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks. The Metaverse also introduces a novel approach to cultural heritage preservation, offering tools to represent and protect historical and cultural artifacts within virtual environments. Furthermore, its ability to connect individuals across the globe without physical presence can strengthen social ties and reduce social isolation. In summary, the Metaverse opens new horizons for future research and innovation. Despite existing challenges, it has the potential to become a cornerstone in achieving sustainable development goals and shaping smart cities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The metaverse, as a parallel virtual world leveraging advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and digital twins, has emerged as a pivotal concept in redefining urban life and shaping future cities. This technology holds the potential to revolutionize how people live, work, engage in social interactions, and manage urban systems. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the metaverse's impacts on the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of smart cities, employing a qualitative research approach and content analysis of scientific documents. Data analysis utilizes thematic coding to extract key concepts, categorizing them into themes such as challenges, opportunities, and the roles of the metaverse in urban sustainability. The findings reveal that the metaverse can significantly enhance urban sustainability by optimizing resource management, reducing energy consumption associated with physical transportation, and creating new opportunities for virtual social interactions. Furthermore, the metaverse contributes to improving decision-making processes by offering simulated environments for education, urban design, and planning. This technology is a powerful tool for mitigating the effects of climate change through precise modeling and implementing intelligent policies. However, the development of the metaverse is not without significant challenges, including the high energy demands of digital infrastructure, the deepening of economic and social disparities due to unequal access to technology, and ethical and privacy concerns. Despite these challenges, the study's findings underscore the unparalleled potential of the metaverse to redefine urban environments and enhance various dimensions of sustainability, opening new horizons for future research and innovation. Extended Abstract Introduction The Metaverse, as an emerging concept in the digital world, presents a vision of a parallel virtual universe capable of transforming lifestyles, work environments, and social interactions. Leveraging advanced tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), augmented reality (AR), and digital twins, the Metaverse creates novel experiences both within urban environments and beyond. Its role in urban planning and development, particularly in the context of future smart cities, has garnered significant attention from researchers and policymakers. Through precise simulations of urban environments, the Metaverse facilitates urban management, enabling the creation of more sustainable, resilient, and human-centered cities. This research comprehensively examines the implications of the Metaverse on the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of future cities while analyzing the opportunities and challenges it introduces. Methodology This study is fundamental research conducted using qualitative methods and content analysis of scientific documents. Data were gathered from library resources, scholarly articles, theses, and urban development reports. The data analysis framework was designed based on thematic coding, identifying key concepts related to the Metaverse and categorizing them into themes such as challenges, opportunities, and the role of this technology in achieving urban sustainability goals. Results and discussion The findings indicate that the Metaverse can play a pivotal role in accelerating urban sustainability. One of its notable advantages is reducing the need for physical travel and lowering energy consumption and emissions. Furthermore, the Metaverse enables optimized management of urban resources, such as energy and water, through accurate simulation and predictive modeling. Providing virtual social interaction platforms can enhance citizens' quality of life and address socio-economic inequalities. In education and urban design, the Metaverse offers advanced simulation tools for modeling urban structures and implementing environmental policies. For instance, simulating the impacts of climate change on urban environments can assist policymakers in making informed decisions. The realization of concepts such as the "15-minute city," focusing on proximity to services and meeting residents' needs, is also achievable through the Metaverse’s capabilities. However, the development of the Metaverse is accompanied by significant challenges. High energy consumption associated with digital infrastructure poses environmental risks. Additionally, the deepening digital divide due to unequal access to technology may exacerbate socio-economic disparities. Ethical concerns and privacy issues remain critical, as user data in Metaverse environments can be collected and analyzed uncontrolled. Extensive adoption of the Metaverse might also lead to phenomena such as urban sprawl, increased formation of ghettos, and a decline in physical interactions within society, potentially undermining social cohesion and cultural integrity. Conclusion The emergence of the Metaverse, highlighted by Facebook’s rebranding to Meta, signifies a major technological transformation with undeniable potential to redefine urban environments. In an era marked by challenges such as climate change, rapid urbanization, and socio-economic inequalities, the Metaverse offers innovative solutions. By reducing the consumption of physical resources, enhancing decision-making efficiency in urban governance, and creating new opportunities for social interaction, this technology paves the way for more sustainable and intelligent cities. However, harnessing the full potential of the Metaverse requires intelligent management and comprehensive planning. This necessitates close collaboration among policymakers, researchers, and the technology industry to establish ethical and technical standards that maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks. The Metaverse also introduces a novel approach to cultural heritage preservation, offering tools to represent and protect historical and cultural artifacts within virtual environments. Furthermore, its ability to connect individuals across the globe without physical presence can strengthen social ties and reduce social isolation. In summary, the Metaverse opens new horizons for future research and innovation. Despite existing challenges, it has the potential to become a cornerstone in achieving sustainable development goals and shaping smart cities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_215442_d6e44a91feeed1cdb8c769e3ed4f4eb7.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 1 2025 05 05 Exploration of Citizen’s Social Apathy to the Policies of Tehran City Council: A case study of District 1 of Tehran Exploration of Citizen’s Social Apathy to the Policies of Tehran City Council: A case study of District 1 of Tehran 17 35 219370 10.22034/jsc.2025.475490.1798 FA Seyed Jalalaldin Faraji Department of Urban Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran Niloofar Zakhimi Department of Urban Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-6787-5833 Journal Article 2024 11 28 A B S T R A C T The rapid growth of urban societies and the increasing variety of citizens' needs have created numerous mental and emotional concerns, leading many individuals to focus primarily on personal issues while neglecting political affairs. This prevailing sense of apathy has raised significant concerns about public engagement. Among the key institutions influencing citizens' sensitivity to urban matters is the Islamic City Council, which aims to foster urban development through public cooperation and participation. However, despite the necessity of building a foundation for enhancing civic engagement, limited efforts have been made in cities like Tehran, resulting in heightened social apathy toward urban issues. This study investigates the factors contributing to citizens' social apathy toward Tehran's Islamic City Council policies. A mixed-methods approach was adopted. In the first stage, data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using a Chi-squared test. In the second stage, qualitative data were gathered via interviews and analyzed through thematic coding. Quantitative findings show that citizens' level of social apathy toward the City Council's policies is lower than average. Qualitative results reveal that the roots of social apathy can be categorized into seven major themes as council-related factors, political factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, economic factors, and managerial factors. Each theme encompasses specific indicators that together explain the complex nature of social apathy toward municipal policies in Tehran Extended Abstract Introduction Social apathy is a significant challenge observed in modern urban societies, particularly in large cities such as Tehran. This phenomenon refers to the decrease in citizens' sensitivity and participation in public and social affairs, which can have numerous negative impacts on urban development and progress. A prominent manifestation of this apathy is the lack of active citizen participation in the decision-making processes and policies of the Islamic City Councils. These councils, as local democratic institutions, play a crucial role in engaging the public in urban decision-making and planning processes. However, their failure to encourage active citizen participation has become a serious issue. This article examines the factors influencing citizens' social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran. Methodology This study employs a mixed-method approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data was collected using a questionnaire in the quantitative section, while semi-structured interviews with experts and thematic analysis were utilized in the qualitative section. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using statistical software, and the results were used as a basis for the qualitative interviews. Ultimately, the findings from both sections were combined to analyze the causes and factors contributing to citizens' social apathy. Results and discussion Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed to assess the extent and reasons for citizens' social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran. In the quantitative section, a sample of 384 Tehran citizens was selected using the Morgan table, and they were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their level of social apathy towards the city council's policies. In the qualitative section, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 15 experts in urban management to explore the underlying causes of social apathy. The quantitative research results indicated that the level of citizens' social apathy towards the city council's policies is below average, confirming the study's main hypothesis. The Chi-square test, used as the data analysis tool, revealed a significant difference between the observed and expected levels of social apathy. Based on statistical data, this conclusion suggests that citizens are generally not indifferent to the city council's policies; however, this level of apathy can vary due to various factors examined in the qualitative section. In the qualitative section, the data collected from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The qualitative findings identified seven categories of factors contributing to citizens' social apathy: council-related factors, political factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, economic factors, and managerial factors. Each category includes indicators that play a key role in shaping and reinforcing social apathy among citizens. These findings demonstrate that social apathy is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring serious attention and intervention from urban managers, policymakers, and Islamic City Councils. Only by identifying and addressing the existing barriers can active and constructive citizen participation in urban management be achieved, thereby contributing to sustainable and balanced urban development. Conclusion Citizens' social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran is a multifaceted and complex issue that requires comprehensive analysis and examination by urban management and policymakers. According to the findings of this study, in the first stage and the quantitative section, the results indicated that citizens' social apathy towards the city council's policies is below average, confirming the study's hypothesis. In the second stage and the qualitative section, the data analysis results revealed that the causes and roots of social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran can be categorized into seven constructive themes. This article identifies seven themes, including council-related factors, political factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, economic factors, and managerial factors. On the other hand, council-related factors can be identified in indicators such as the lack of quick returns from projects and resolutions, insufficient communication with citizens, the lack of impact of city council projects and resolutions on citizens' lives, the lack of awareness and disregard for citizens' needs and urban issues, insufficient oversight of the implementation of previous projects, incomplete projects, the lack of council independence in decision-making, and the broad limitations on the city council's powers. Political factors can be categorized into two main factors as the lack of governmental and legal support for local organizations and councils and the absence of democracy and freedom of expression. Psychological factors include citizens' distrust of the council's performance, dissatisfaction with its actions, lack of confidence in the effectiveness of their opinions, and fear among citizens regarding formal participation. Socio-cultural factors related to social apathy can be identified in indicators such as the lack of education to increase citizens' awareness, the absence of order and regulations in society, the declining culture of participation among today's citizens, and the lack of interest in voluntary work among citizens. Demographic factors related to social apathy include most citizens' limited knowledge of the complexity and importance of urban issues and the shortage of young people in the urban management structure. Economic factors can be attributed to financial difficulties and livelihood issues, leading to a lack of motivation to participate in city affairs and the mismatch between the quality of urban services and the taxes received from citizens. Finally, managerial factors include the lack of comprehensive participatory management, the absence of integrated management in project implementation, the appointment of ineffective individuals to managerial positions, and the lack of effective oversight and management by the council in previous terms. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The rapid growth of urban societies and the increasing variety of citizens' needs have created numerous mental and emotional concerns, leading many individuals to focus primarily on personal issues while neglecting political affairs. This prevailing sense of apathy has raised significant concerns about public engagement. Among the key institutions influencing citizens' sensitivity to urban matters is the Islamic City Council, which aims to foster urban development through public cooperation and participation. However, despite the necessity of building a foundation for enhancing civic engagement, limited efforts have been made in cities like Tehran, resulting in heightened social apathy toward urban issues. This study investigates the factors contributing to citizens' social apathy toward Tehran's Islamic City Council policies. A mixed-methods approach was adopted. In the first stage, data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using a Chi-squared test. In the second stage, qualitative data were gathered via interviews and analyzed through thematic coding. Quantitative findings show that citizens' level of social apathy toward the City Council's policies is lower than average. Qualitative results reveal that the roots of social apathy can be categorized into seven major themes as council-related factors, political factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, economic factors, and managerial factors. Each theme encompasses specific indicators that together explain the complex nature of social apathy toward municipal policies in Tehran Extended Abstract Introduction Social apathy is a significant challenge observed in modern urban societies, particularly in large cities such as Tehran. This phenomenon refers to the decrease in citizens' sensitivity and participation in public and social affairs, which can have numerous negative impacts on urban development and progress. A prominent manifestation of this apathy is the lack of active citizen participation in the decision-making processes and policies of the Islamic City Councils. These councils, as local democratic institutions, play a crucial role in engaging the public in urban decision-making and planning processes. However, their failure to encourage active citizen participation has become a serious issue. This article examines the factors influencing citizens' social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran. Methodology This study employs a mixed-method approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data was collected using a questionnaire in the quantitative section, while semi-structured interviews with experts and thematic analysis were utilized in the qualitative section. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using statistical software, and the results were used as a basis for the qualitative interviews. Ultimately, the findings from both sections were combined to analyze the causes and factors contributing to citizens' social apathy. Results and discussion Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed to assess the extent and reasons for citizens' social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran. In the quantitative section, a sample of 384 Tehran citizens was selected using the Morgan table, and they were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their level of social apathy towards the city council's policies. In the qualitative section, the snowball sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 15 experts in urban management to explore the underlying causes of social apathy. The quantitative research results indicated that the level of citizens' social apathy towards the city council's policies is below average, confirming the study's main hypothesis. The Chi-square test, used as the data analysis tool, revealed a significant difference between the observed and expected levels of social apathy. Based on statistical data, this conclusion suggests that citizens are generally not indifferent to the city council's policies; however, this level of apathy can vary due to various factors examined in the qualitative section. In the qualitative section, the data collected from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The qualitative findings identified seven categories of factors contributing to citizens' social apathy: council-related factors, political factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, economic factors, and managerial factors. Each category includes indicators that play a key role in shaping and reinforcing social apathy among citizens. These findings demonstrate that social apathy is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring serious attention and intervention from urban managers, policymakers, and Islamic City Councils. Only by identifying and addressing the existing barriers can active and constructive citizen participation in urban management be achieved, thereby contributing to sustainable and balanced urban development. Conclusion Citizens' social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran is a multifaceted and complex issue that requires comprehensive analysis and examination by urban management and policymakers. According to the findings of this study, in the first stage and the quantitative section, the results indicated that citizens' social apathy towards the city council's policies is below average, confirming the study's hypothesis. In the second stage and the qualitative section, the data analysis results revealed that the causes and roots of social apathy towards the policies of the Islamic City Council of Tehran can be categorized into seven constructive themes. This article identifies seven themes, including council-related factors, political factors, psychological factors, socio-cultural factors, demographic factors, economic factors, and managerial factors. On the other hand, council-related factors can be identified in indicators such as the lack of quick returns from projects and resolutions, insufficient communication with citizens, the lack of impact of city council projects and resolutions on citizens' lives, the lack of awareness and disregard for citizens' needs and urban issues, insufficient oversight of the implementation of previous projects, incomplete projects, the lack of council independence in decision-making, and the broad limitations on the city council's powers. Political factors can be categorized into two main factors as the lack of governmental and legal support for local organizations and councils and the absence of democracy and freedom of expression. Psychological factors include citizens' distrust of the council's performance, dissatisfaction with its actions, lack of confidence in the effectiveness of their opinions, and fear among citizens regarding formal participation. Socio-cultural factors related to social apathy can be identified in indicators such as the lack of education to increase citizens' awareness, the absence of order and regulations in society, the declining culture of participation among today's citizens, and the lack of interest in voluntary work among citizens. Demographic factors related to social apathy include most citizens' limited knowledge of the complexity and importance of urban issues and the shortage of young people in the urban management structure. Economic factors can be attributed to financial difficulties and livelihood issues, leading to a lack of motivation to participate in city affairs and the mismatch between the quality of urban services and the taxes received from citizens. Finally, managerial factors include the lack of comprehensive participatory management, the absence of integrated management in project implementation, the appointment of ineffective individuals to managerial positions, and the lack of effective oversight and management by the council in previous terms. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_219370_cb23810fb797ef04ca3a509423eb429e.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 1 2025 05 06 Evaluating the Physical Resilience of Dysfunctional Urban Neighborhoods: A case study of District 12, Tehran Evaluating the Physical Resilience of Dysfunctional Urban Neighborhoods: A case study of District 12, Tehran 37 58 221712 10.22034/jsc.2025.496261.1823 FA Hamid Reza Tamjidi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Mashhad, Iran 0009-0005-1860-7278 Amideleslam Saghatoleslami Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0001-8728-2968 Seyed Muslim Seyed Al Hussein Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Mashhad, Iran Hadi Sarwari Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 29 A B S T R A C T One of the most significant issues in dilapidated urban contexts is physical security during a crisis. Therefore, resilience can significantly reduce damage by increasing environmental capabilities, creating preparedness, adaptive and coping capacities, and reducing the negative effects of natural and artificial hazards. The present study aims to identify the root causes of physical vulnerability in District 12 of Tehran and seeks to increase the resilience of the region. The present study, with an applied nature, has analyzed the effects of effective variables on physical resilience in the statistical population of 13 neighborhoods in the region. The data source under study is the Census of the Statistics Center, the detailed plan of the Renovation and Municipality Organization. After selecting the indicators using the consensus of experts, 10 indicators have been selected to achieve the research objectives. After extracting the importance of each indicator using the ANP method, physical resilience was obtained using the overlay of layers and the (MCDM) method in the GIS software environment, and then the final resilience was extracted through the geometric mean. The geographic regression (GWR) method was also used to analyze the factors affecting ultimate resilience. The findings indicate that urban blighted neighborhoods have much lower physical resilience than other urban contexts. Also, strength, distance from the fire station, and access to public green spaces play a decisive role in resilience. Understanding the vulnerability of blighted contexts can help improve resilience and address the problem of blighted urban contexts against earthquakes. Extended Abstract Introduction Physical resilience refers to the capabilities of all physical components of a city in the four stages of resilience, namely readiness, absorption, self-organization, and adaptation. There are many criteria related to physical resilience, such as connecting different parts of the urban structure and infrastructure, building strength, adaptive capacity, recovery, and many others. In addition to structural and physical factors, other factors also affect a city's resilience as a complex system in its level of resilience against earthquakes. One of the most important factors is the neighborhood's structure, namely new or dilapidated. Dilapidated textures in Iran have 3 specific characteristics, including instability, meaning the lack of necessary strength, impermeability, meaning the lack of the possibility of providing appropriate services (supply and infrastructure) in critical conditions, and smallness, meaning small without parts and dimensions of real estate. These characteristics make dilapidated textures much more vulnerable to earthquakes than mobile urban textures. Methodology The present research is of an applied type that, by examining the level of resilience and vulnerability of neighborhoods with dilapidated textures, identifies the neighborhood's strengths and weaknesses according to the neighborhood's inherent characteristics and paves the way for planning. The nature of the research is also analytical, in which the findings are analyzed and evaluated according to the conditions of the neighborhood. Information and data were collected for the research through documents and fieldwork. Previous studies and books initially examined and scrutinized resilience in inefficient and dilapidated structures, especially physical resilience. The analysis of the extracted data within the research's statistical scope was combined to reach the research questions. The weights of the indicators and variables were extracted using the ANP ranking model. After extracting the weights, the next stage is to add them to the data. At this stage, the SHP information layers of each sub-index related to each neighborhood were prepared in the GIS software environment. With the data standardization, the data integration and indicator weighting stage was carried out in GIS software, and with the help of the MCDM multi-criteria decision-making analytical method. Then, the vulnerability level of the entire region and its 13 neighborhoods was obtained by integrating and overlaying the layers. The Raster Calculator technique was used to integrate and extract the final map. The Natural Breaks technique was also used to classify the resilience map. Then, the Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) method was used to examine the effects of each indicator and sub-indicator on the results obtained. Results and discussion The physical resilience status of the neighborhoods of region 12 is completely different from each other; these different results are seen in the resilience of the three indicators (sustainability, redundancy, flexibility). In the sustainability index, which is known as internal indicators, 3 neighborhoods (Pamnar, Bazaar, Ferdowsi) have the highest resilience, and neighborhoods (Harandi, Darvaze Shemiran, Sanglaj) have the lowest resilience and the highest vulnerability in the total of the sustainability sub-indices (type of skeleton and building materials, age of the building, area of residential units, number of floors of residential units). These results are different in the resilience map of the redundancy index, and results indicate that neighborhoods (Abshar, Baharestan, Bazaar) have high resilience, and neighborhoods (Khayyam, Kausar, and Takhti) have low resilience. Also, the results of the resilience index with the sub-indices as access to health services, access to green spaces, and access to the 12+ road network show that neighborhoods (Abshar, Harandi) have very high resilience, and neighborhoods (Baharestan, Ferdowsi, Iran, Darvazeh Shemiran, and Khayyam) have low resilience. A notable point in the results is that the Abshar neighborhood, despite its poor resilience in the sustainability index, has achieved an acceptable status in the resilience index. Harandi neighborhood is also among the neighborhoods with a very poor status in the sustainability index and a completely appropriate status in the flexibility index. Furthermore, Darvazeh Shemiran neighborhood shows an almost identical status in all 3 indicators. These differences indicate the inherent differences between the neighborhoods and the availability of the sub-indicators studied. Paying attention to these small differences can lead a neighborhood towards resilience or vulnerability. Therefore, in resilience studies, the micro-characteristics of the neighborhoods should be examined separately, and great care should be taken in planning and allocating facilities and credits. Conclusion The combination of information obtained from the total of 10 sub-indicators under study shows a final resilience map in which the Pamenar and Bazaar neighborhoods, despite their long history, along with renovation and reconstruction activities, have been able to achieve an acceptable level of resilience compared to other neighborhoods in District 12. Pamenar neighborhood, located on Pamenar Street, has a long history dating back to 1953. This neighborhood is considered one of the lower neighborhoods of Tehran in socio-economic divisions, with old buildings such as the Mirza Saleh Mosque and School, Pamenar Bath, Shahabadi Mosque, and Ruhollah Imamzadeh. The Abshar and Harandi neighborhoods, with a total population of 265,000, have the lowest level of resilience and the highest vulnerability to earthquake hazards among other neighborhoods. This could be due to the high presence of dilapidated structures in this area, which have not been included in renovation and reconstruction programs. This is a warning sign for this neighborhood and other vulnerable neighborhoods such as Sanglaj, Takhti, and Darvaze Shemiran, which could become even more critical over time. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T One of the most significant issues in dilapidated urban contexts is physical security during a crisis. Therefore, resilience can significantly reduce damage by increasing environmental capabilities, creating preparedness, adaptive and coping capacities, and reducing the negative effects of natural and artificial hazards. The present study aims to identify the root causes of physical vulnerability in District 12 of Tehran and seeks to increase the resilience of the region. The present study, with an applied nature, has analyzed the effects of effective variables on physical resilience in the statistical population of 13 neighborhoods in the region. The data source under study is the Census of the Statistics Center, the detailed plan of the Renovation and Municipality Organization. After selecting the indicators using the consensus of experts, 10 indicators have been selected to achieve the research objectives. After extracting the importance of each indicator using the ANP method, physical resilience was obtained using the overlay of layers and the (MCDM) method in the GIS software environment, and then the final resilience was extracted through the geometric mean. The geographic regression (GWR) method was also used to analyze the factors affecting ultimate resilience. The findings indicate that urban blighted neighborhoods have much lower physical resilience than other urban contexts. Also, strength, distance from the fire station, and access to public green spaces play a decisive role in resilience. Understanding the vulnerability of blighted contexts can help improve resilience and address the problem of blighted urban contexts against earthquakes. Extended Abstract Introduction Physical resilience refers to the capabilities of all physical components of a city in the four stages of resilience, namely readiness, absorption, self-organization, and adaptation. There are many criteria related to physical resilience, such as connecting different parts of the urban structure and infrastructure, building strength, adaptive capacity, recovery, and many others. In addition to structural and physical factors, other factors also affect a city's resilience as a complex system in its level of resilience against earthquakes. One of the most important factors is the neighborhood's structure, namely new or dilapidated. Dilapidated textures in Iran have 3 specific characteristics, including instability, meaning the lack of necessary strength, impermeability, meaning the lack of the possibility of providing appropriate services (supply and infrastructure) in critical conditions, and smallness, meaning small without parts and dimensions of real estate. These characteristics make dilapidated textures much more vulnerable to earthquakes than mobile urban textures. Methodology The present research is of an applied type that, by examining the level of resilience and vulnerability of neighborhoods with dilapidated textures, identifies the neighborhood's strengths and weaknesses according to the neighborhood's inherent characteristics and paves the way for planning. The nature of the research is also analytical, in which the findings are analyzed and evaluated according to the conditions of the neighborhood. Information and data were collected for the research through documents and fieldwork. Previous studies and books initially examined and scrutinized resilience in inefficient and dilapidated structures, especially physical resilience. The analysis of the extracted data within the research's statistical scope was combined to reach the research questions. The weights of the indicators and variables were extracted using the ANP ranking model. After extracting the weights, the next stage is to add them to the data. At this stage, the SHP information layers of each sub-index related to each neighborhood were prepared in the GIS software environment. With the data standardization, the data integration and indicator weighting stage was carried out in GIS software, and with the help of the MCDM multi-criteria decision-making analytical method. Then, the vulnerability level of the entire region and its 13 neighborhoods was obtained by integrating and overlaying the layers. The Raster Calculator technique was used to integrate and extract the final map. The Natural Breaks technique was also used to classify the resilience map. Then, the Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) method was used to examine the effects of each indicator and sub-indicator on the results obtained. Results and discussion The physical resilience status of the neighborhoods of region 12 is completely different from each other; these different results are seen in the resilience of the three indicators (sustainability, redundancy, flexibility). In the sustainability index, which is known as internal indicators, 3 neighborhoods (Pamnar, Bazaar, Ferdowsi) have the highest resilience, and neighborhoods (Harandi, Darvaze Shemiran, Sanglaj) have the lowest resilience and the highest vulnerability in the total of the sustainability sub-indices (type of skeleton and building materials, age of the building, area of residential units, number of floors of residential units). These results are different in the resilience map of the redundancy index, and results indicate that neighborhoods (Abshar, Baharestan, Bazaar) have high resilience, and neighborhoods (Khayyam, Kausar, and Takhti) have low resilience. Also, the results of the resilience index with the sub-indices as access to health services, access to green spaces, and access to the 12+ road network show that neighborhoods (Abshar, Harandi) have very high resilience, and neighborhoods (Baharestan, Ferdowsi, Iran, Darvazeh Shemiran, and Khayyam) have low resilience. A notable point in the results is that the Abshar neighborhood, despite its poor resilience in the sustainability index, has achieved an acceptable status in the resilience index. Harandi neighborhood is also among the neighborhoods with a very poor status in the sustainability index and a completely appropriate status in the flexibility index. Furthermore, Darvazeh Shemiran neighborhood shows an almost identical status in all 3 indicators. These differences indicate the inherent differences between the neighborhoods and the availability of the sub-indicators studied. Paying attention to these small differences can lead a neighborhood towards resilience or vulnerability. Therefore, in resilience studies, the micro-characteristics of the neighborhoods should be examined separately, and great care should be taken in planning and allocating facilities and credits. Conclusion The combination of information obtained from the total of 10 sub-indicators under study shows a final resilience map in which the Pamenar and Bazaar neighborhoods, despite their long history, along with renovation and reconstruction activities, have been able to achieve an acceptable level of resilience compared to other neighborhoods in District 12. Pamenar neighborhood, located on Pamenar Street, has a long history dating back to 1953. This neighborhood is considered one of the lower neighborhoods of Tehran in socio-economic divisions, with old buildings such as the Mirza Saleh Mosque and School, Pamenar Bath, Shahabadi Mosque, and Ruhollah Imamzadeh. The Abshar and Harandi neighborhoods, with a total population of 265,000, have the lowest level of resilience and the highest vulnerability to earthquake hazards among other neighborhoods. This could be due to the high presence of dilapidated structures in this area, which have not been included in renovation and reconstruction programs. This is a warning sign for this neighborhood and other vulnerable neighborhoods such as Sanglaj, Takhti, and Darvaze Shemiran, which could become even more critical over time. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_221712_f06c7590d1e180fb3a87034292824505.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 1 2025 05 06 Analysis of Key Factors Affecting the Application of Transport-Oriented Development in the Management of the Tabriz Metropolis Analysis of Key Factors Affecting the Application of Transport-Oriented Development in the Management of the Tabriz Metropolis 59 77 222743 10.22034/jsc.2025.514471.1839 FA Sadegh Rezahpour Department of Geography and Urban planning, Mara.,C., Islamic azad university, Marand, Iran 0009-0009-3144-7810 Nader Zali Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art & Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 0000-0003-2972-4750 Bakhtyar Ezatpanah Department of Geography and Urban planning, Mara.,C., Islamic azad university, Marand, Iran 0000-0002-8186-8930 Journal Article 2024 11 29 A B S T R A C T Transportation systems play a major role in countries' economic life and citizens' daily lives. The issue of transport and traffic, apart from urban specialized issues, today, as a socio-political phenomenon and urban issue, plays a very sensitive and important role in a society's quality and socio-economic structure. In this regard, the goal of urban management is to ensure that it enables the daily functions of a city, which facilitates and encourages all types of economic activities and enables residents to meet their basic needs in housing, access to facilities and services, and income generation opportunities. The present study aims to analyze the key factors affecting the application of transport-oriented development in the management of the Tabriz metropolis. The research data was collected using two methods: library and survey, and 35 experts related to transport were selected purposefully. To analyze the data, environmental scanning, and Delphi techniques were used to extract the primary factors affecting the transportation-oriented development process in the management of the city of Tabriz, and the MicMac software was used to identify the key factors. The research findings showed that out of 42 initial factors, 11 factors were ultimately selected as key factors, including transportation demand management, compact urban construction, traffic management, transportation infrastructure, the place of vehicles in the general culture of the people, culture building and education, transportation network management, complete geographical coverage and accessibility for all urban residents, transportation costs, noise, and environmental pollution, and the level of government support for the private sector. Extended Abstract Introduction The public transportation-based development model is one of the metropolitan development models that focuses on public transportation. Today, this approach is used in many metropolises around the world. This research seeks to use the framework of the public transportation-based corridor model, using a descriptive-analytical method, to increase sustainability and create a human-friendly environment, increase accessibility, strengthen public transportation options, and reduce environmental challenges in the center of Tabriz. Meanwhile, the Tabriz metropolis, one of the country's most populous centers, faces numerous issues and problems caused by inefficient transportation and needs urban transportation development solutions. This study aims to provide solutions for sustainable transportation-based development in the Tabriz metropolis and prioritize them. To achieve this goal, it seeks to answer the following question: -What are the effective factors in transportation-based development in the urban management structure of Tabriz metropolises? Methodology The present study is applied-theoretical in terms of its purpose, analytical and exploratory, and has been conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. In order to collect the information required for this study, two methods, library documentation, and survey, are used simultaneously. The library-documentary method was used to collect information related to theoretical foundations, and the field method was used to collect the required data using a questionnaire and the Delphi technique. The study's statistical population is 35 senior managers and experts from various departments, faculty, and university students who were selected through purposeful non-probability sampling. In this study, 42 factors affecting transportation in the urban management of the Tabriz metropolis were identified using environmental scanning and Delphi methods, then by forming a matrix; the extent of the impact of these factors on each other and the system's future state was measured by experts. In the next stage, using the cross-effects analysis method in the MicMac software, relevant analyses were conducted, and key factors affecting the system's future state were extracted. Results and discussion In this research, in order to achieve a desirable future in the field of transportation-oriented development (TOD) in the management of the Tabriz metropolis, the influential factors in this field were first identified. At this stage, the environmental scanning method was used to identify the influential factors. Then, all the factors were provided to urban elites and experts in the form of a questionnaire using the Delphi method, and they were asked to determine the importance of each variable to determine the final variables for analysis. In addition to the existing variables, they were also asked to add their desired variables to the list. After reviewing the answers given by the experts, 42 variables were finally identified in 5 dimensions: economic, physical infrastructure, social, environmental, and technology and management. After collecting the factors affecting transportation-oriented development (TOD) in Tabriz metropolitan management, the MicMac software was used to identify key factors. The research findings showed that out of 42 initial factors, 11 factors were ultimately selected as key factors, including transportation demand management, compact urban construction, traffic management, transportation infrastructure, the place of vehicles in the general culture of the people, culture and education, transportation network management, complete geographical coverage and accessibility for all urban residents, transportation costs, noise, and environmental pollution, and the level of government support for the private sector. Conclusion Among the factors that play a decisive role in developing transportation-oriented (TOD) transportation management in the Tabriz metropolis are traffic management and transportation demand management (travel). Considering that traffic problems are one of the many problems of cities and increase with the development of the city. Trips must be managed so that unnecessary trips are prevented first, and second, the facilities provided are used optimally. Two other important factors that play a large role in the development of transportation-oriented (TOD) in the management of the Tabriz metropolis are the place of vehicles in the general culture of the people and culture and education. One of the main reasons for choosing these factors is the undeniable relationship between the culture of the society and the amount of use of public transportation, which has made culture in the field of transportation a necessity to expand the use of public transportation. Complete geographical coverage and accessibility for all urban residents are key factors in developing public transportation in the Tabriz metropolis. Accessibility and quality of public transportation, considering the existing mobility network in some residential areas, especially in the worn-out urban areas, bus lines, and other public vehicles are not seen within these areas. Other selected factors are noise and environmental pollution at the metropolitan level. Today, in major world countries, noise pollution is considered a major environmental pollutant along with other pollutants. Due to the increasing population, the progress of various industries, and the increase in noise-generating sources in recent years, the effects of noise pollution on people have increased. Finally, the last key factor in the development of public transportation is the management of the transportation network. Today, passenger transportation and intracity travel are some of the most important issues in urban management, which requires careful and calculated planning, given the increasing population in urban areas, technological development, and concerns about smooth traffic flow and solving traffic problems. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Transportation systems play a major role in countries' economic life and citizens' daily lives. The issue of transport and traffic, apart from urban specialized issues, today, as a socio-political phenomenon and urban issue, plays a very sensitive and important role in a society's quality and socio-economic structure. In this regard, the goal of urban management is to ensure that it enables the daily functions of a city, which facilitates and encourages all types of economic activities and enables residents to meet their basic needs in housing, access to facilities and services, and income generation opportunities. The present study aims to analyze the key factors affecting the application of transport-oriented development in the management of the Tabriz metropolis. The research data was collected using two methods: library and survey, and 35 experts related to transport were selected purposefully. To analyze the data, environmental scanning, and Delphi techniques were used to extract the primary factors affecting the transportation-oriented development process in the management of the city of Tabriz, and the MicMac software was used to identify the key factors. The research findings showed that out of 42 initial factors, 11 factors were ultimately selected as key factors, including transportation demand management, compact urban construction, traffic management, transportation infrastructure, the place of vehicles in the general culture of the people, culture building and education, transportation network management, complete geographical coverage and accessibility for all urban residents, transportation costs, noise, and environmental pollution, and the level of government support for the private sector. Extended Abstract Introduction The public transportation-based development model is one of the metropolitan development models that focuses on public transportation. Today, this approach is used in many metropolises around the world. This research seeks to use the framework of the public transportation-based corridor model, using a descriptive-analytical method, to increase sustainability and create a human-friendly environment, increase accessibility, strengthen public transportation options, and reduce environmental challenges in the center of Tabriz. Meanwhile, the Tabriz metropolis, one of the country's most populous centers, faces numerous issues and problems caused by inefficient transportation and needs urban transportation development solutions. This study aims to provide solutions for sustainable transportation-based development in the Tabriz metropolis and prioritize them. To achieve this goal, it seeks to answer the following question: -What are the effective factors in transportation-based development in the urban management structure of Tabriz metropolises? Methodology The present study is applied-theoretical in terms of its purpose, analytical and exploratory, and has been conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. In order to collect the information required for this study, two methods, library documentation, and survey, are used simultaneously. The library-documentary method was used to collect information related to theoretical foundations, and the field method was used to collect the required data using a questionnaire and the Delphi technique. The study's statistical population is 35 senior managers and experts from various departments, faculty, and university students who were selected through purposeful non-probability sampling. In this study, 42 factors affecting transportation in the urban management of the Tabriz metropolis were identified using environmental scanning and Delphi methods, then by forming a matrix; the extent of the impact of these factors on each other and the system's future state was measured by experts. In the next stage, using the cross-effects analysis method in the MicMac software, relevant analyses were conducted, and key factors affecting the system's future state were extracted. Results and discussion In this research, in order to achieve a desirable future in the field of transportation-oriented development (TOD) in the management of the Tabriz metropolis, the influential factors in this field were first identified. At this stage, the environmental scanning method was used to identify the influential factors. Then, all the factors were provided to urban elites and experts in the form of a questionnaire using the Delphi method, and they were asked to determine the importance of each variable to determine the final variables for analysis. In addition to the existing variables, they were also asked to add their desired variables to the list. After reviewing the answers given by the experts, 42 variables were finally identified in 5 dimensions: economic, physical infrastructure, social, environmental, and technology and management. After collecting the factors affecting transportation-oriented development (TOD) in Tabriz metropolitan management, the MicMac software was used to identify key factors. The research findings showed that out of 42 initial factors, 11 factors were ultimately selected as key factors, including transportation demand management, compact urban construction, traffic management, transportation infrastructure, the place of vehicles in the general culture of the people, culture and education, transportation network management, complete geographical coverage and accessibility for all urban residents, transportation costs, noise, and environmental pollution, and the level of government support for the private sector. Conclusion Among the factors that play a decisive role in developing transportation-oriented (TOD) transportation management in the Tabriz metropolis are traffic management and transportation demand management (travel). Considering that traffic problems are one of the many problems of cities and increase with the development of the city. Trips must be managed so that unnecessary trips are prevented first, and second, the facilities provided are used optimally. Two other important factors that play a large role in the development of transportation-oriented (TOD) in the management of the Tabriz metropolis are the place of vehicles in the general culture of the people and culture and education. One of the main reasons for choosing these factors is the undeniable relationship between the culture of the society and the amount of use of public transportation, which has made culture in the field of transportation a necessity to expand the use of public transportation. Complete geographical coverage and accessibility for all urban residents are key factors in developing public transportation in the Tabriz metropolis. Accessibility and quality of public transportation, considering the existing mobility network in some residential areas, especially in the worn-out urban areas, bus lines, and other public vehicles are not seen within these areas. Other selected factors are noise and environmental pollution at the metropolitan level. Today, in major world countries, noise pollution is considered a major environmental pollutant along with other pollutants. Due to the increasing population, the progress of various industries, and the increase in noise-generating sources in recent years, the effects of noise pollution on people have increased. Finally, the last key factor in the development of public transportation is the management of the transportation network. Today, passenger transportation and intracity travel are some of the most important issues in urban management, which requires careful and calculated planning, given the increasing population in urban areas, technological development, and concerns about smooth traffic flow and solving traffic problems. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_222743_3984719ca21cee67975c30b6db8ec12e.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 1 2025 05 07 The Role of Mixed Land use in Urban Health: Acase study of Bojnord City The Role of Mixed Land use in Urban Health: Acase study of Bojnord City 79 99 220298 10.22034/jsc.2025.497721.1827 FA Mohammad Ahmadi Department of Geography, Faculty of Human Science, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran 0009-0000-4896-5950 Ramezanali Naderi Mayvan Department of Geography, Faculty of Human Science, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 30 A B S T R A C T Health, as a fundamental need, is and important need, is a multidimensional process influenced by numerous factors and achieved through the collaboration of various fields. One of the critical domains contributing to health is geography and urban planning, which can play a significant role in citizens' well-being and health by designing and planning urban spaces effectively, such as mixed land uses. The integration and diversity of land uses in urban spaces can enhance citizens' health and livability by improving accessibility, encouraging walking and cycling, and increasing social capital. This study aims to examine the role of mixed land use in citizens' health. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection was conducted using survey methods. Initially, the current status of the variables “mixed land use”,”physical activity”, and ”physical health” was analyzed using one-sample t-tests and descriptive indicators. Subsequently, the correlation between these variables was analyzed through inferential tests. The results indicate that the overall condition of the examined variables in Bojnord is unfavorable, with the situation being significantly worse in the outskirts and deprived neighborhoods. Inferential test results show a positive and significant relationship between ”mixed land use” and “physical activity”, as well as between ”physical activity” and ”citizens' health” In conclusion, geography and urban planning can significantly enhance citizens' health by promoting mixed land use and physical activity in urban spaces, thereby alleviating pressure on the healthcare system. Extended Abstract Introduction Health is a multidimensional process influenced by various factors and results from the collaboration of all sectors in society. Geography and urban planning are among the critical fields impacting health, emerging in recent years under concepts like medical geography, health geography, urban health, and healthy cities. Through optimal planning, geography and urban planning can improve living conditions in physical, economic, and social dimensions, thereby playing a crucial role in enhancing citizens' health. Globally, the impact of the physical and built environment on health outcomes is widely recognized. Influential characteristics of the physical environment on urban health include residential location, land use, parks, green spaces, transportation, sidewalks, cycling infrastructure, air and water pollution, informal settlements, housing quality, and recreational, sports, and cultural facilities.A diversity of land uses in urban spaces, with accessible services like stores, retail shops, green spaces, restaurants, healthcare services, educational facilities, recreational spaces, and cultural activities, increases urban appeal and encourages citizens to engage with their neighborhoods. The integration and diversity of land uses can improve livability, health, and satisfaction by promoting accessibility, walking, mobility, social cohesion, social participation, and community vitality.Given the significance of this topic, the current study investigates the role of mixed land use in citizens' health, particularly in Bojnord. The main objective is to explore the relationship between the level of land use diversity and urban health. The specific objectives include: a) Assessing the status of mixed land use in Bojnord. b) Examining the level of physical activity among Bojnord’s citizens. c) Evaluating the health status of Bojnord’s citizens. d)Analyzing the relationship between mixed land use and urban health. Key research questions include: - What is the status of “mixed land use”,”physical activity”, and ”citizens' health” in Bojnord’s neighborhoods? - How can mixed land use influence citizens' physical activity and health? Methodology This study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in purpose. It evaluates and analyzes the degree of mixed land use and its impact on citizens' health. citizens' health. Data collection employed two methods as a literature review for theoretical foundations and questionnaires to assess land use mixing, residents' physical activity, and citizens' health. Data analysis and presentation were conducted using SPSS software (t-tests, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation) and GIS software (interpolation analysis). The sampling method in this research is multi-stage, and the sample size has been estimated using Cochran's formula. According to this formula, the sample size is 382 individuals. Results and discussion The results of this study showed that, overall, the state of mixed land use in the city of Bojnord is unfavorable. However, this condition is not uniform across the city. The situation is much worse on the outskirts, and the neighborhoods of Bojnord are deprived. Residents on the city's outskirts must travel long distances to access many services and facilities. As a result, they prefer to use vehicles instead of walking or cycling. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the level of physical activity in Bojnord is inadequate, as citizens tend to rely on vehicles rather than walking or cycling. This issue is even more pronounced in the outskirts, where limited access to services and facilities forces residents to travel long distances, making the use of vehicles a necessity. According to inferential statistical tests, there is a significant relationship between the variable “mixed land use”, and the variable ”physical activity”, in neighborhoods with a greater variety of mixed land uses, the level of walking and cycling among residents is higher. Additionally, the results reveal a significant relationship between the variables ”physical activity” and ”citizens' health”, increase in physical activity (walking and cycling) leads to improved physical health among citizens. Those who engage in more physical activity enjoy better physical health. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that urban planning can significantly impact citizens' health by creating diverse and mixed land uses in urban spaces, thereby reducing the burden on the healthcare system. Through accurate decision-making, optimal location selection, and appropriate design, proper urban planning can create efficient, attractive, and vibrant urban spaces that draw citizens to public spaces and streets. This approach can promote physical activity, increase social capital, and prevent many physical, psychological, and social illnesses. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Health, as a fundamental need, is and important need, is a multidimensional process influenced by numerous factors and achieved through the collaboration of various fields. One of the critical domains contributing to health is geography and urban planning, which can play a significant role in citizens' well-being and health by designing and planning urban spaces effectively, such as mixed land uses. The integration and diversity of land uses in urban spaces can enhance citizens' health and livability by improving accessibility, encouraging walking and cycling, and increasing social capital. This study aims to examine the role of mixed land use in citizens' health. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection was conducted using survey methods. Initially, the current status of the variables “mixed land use”,”physical activity”, and ”physical health” was analyzed using one-sample t-tests and descriptive indicators. Subsequently, the correlation between these variables was analyzed through inferential tests. The results indicate that the overall condition of the examined variables in Bojnord is unfavorable, with the situation being significantly worse in the outskirts and deprived neighborhoods. Inferential test results show a positive and significant relationship between ”mixed land use” and “physical activity”, as well as between ”physical activity” and ”citizens' health” In conclusion, geography and urban planning can significantly enhance citizens' health by promoting mixed land use and physical activity in urban spaces, thereby alleviating pressure on the healthcare system. Extended Abstract Introduction Health is a multidimensional process influenced by various factors and results from the collaboration of all sectors in society. Geography and urban planning are among the critical fields impacting health, emerging in recent years under concepts like medical geography, health geography, urban health, and healthy cities. Through optimal planning, geography and urban planning can improve living conditions in physical, economic, and social dimensions, thereby playing a crucial role in enhancing citizens' health. Globally, the impact of the physical and built environment on health outcomes is widely recognized. Influential characteristics of the physical environment on urban health include residential location, land use, parks, green spaces, transportation, sidewalks, cycling infrastructure, air and water pollution, informal settlements, housing quality, and recreational, sports, and cultural facilities.A diversity of land uses in urban spaces, with accessible services like stores, retail shops, green spaces, restaurants, healthcare services, educational facilities, recreational spaces, and cultural activities, increases urban appeal and encourages citizens to engage with their neighborhoods. The integration and diversity of land uses can improve livability, health, and satisfaction by promoting accessibility, walking, mobility, social cohesion, social participation, and community vitality.Given the significance of this topic, the current study investigates the role of mixed land use in citizens' health, particularly in Bojnord. The main objective is to explore the relationship between the level of land use diversity and urban health. The specific objectives include: a) Assessing the status of mixed land use in Bojnord. b) Examining the level of physical activity among Bojnord’s citizens. c) Evaluating the health status of Bojnord’s citizens. d)Analyzing the relationship between mixed land use and urban health. Key research questions include: - What is the status of “mixed land use”,”physical activity”, and ”citizens' health” in Bojnord’s neighborhoods? - How can mixed land use influence citizens' physical activity and health? Methodology This study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in purpose. It evaluates and analyzes the degree of mixed land use and its impact on citizens' health. citizens' health. Data collection employed two methods as a literature review for theoretical foundations and questionnaires to assess land use mixing, residents' physical activity, and citizens' health. Data analysis and presentation were conducted using SPSS software (t-tests, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation) and GIS software (interpolation analysis). The sampling method in this research is multi-stage, and the sample size has been estimated using Cochran's formula. According to this formula, the sample size is 382 individuals. Results and discussion The results of this study showed that, overall, the state of mixed land use in the city of Bojnord is unfavorable. However, this condition is not uniform across the city. The situation is much worse on the outskirts, and the neighborhoods of Bojnord are deprived. Residents on the city's outskirts must travel long distances to access many services and facilities. As a result, they prefer to use vehicles instead of walking or cycling. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the level of physical activity in Bojnord is inadequate, as citizens tend to rely on vehicles rather than walking or cycling. This issue is even more pronounced in the outskirts, where limited access to services and facilities forces residents to travel long distances, making the use of vehicles a necessity. According to inferential statistical tests, there is a significant relationship between the variable “mixed land use”, and the variable ”physical activity”, in neighborhoods with a greater variety of mixed land uses, the level of walking and cycling among residents is higher. Additionally, the results reveal a significant relationship between the variables ”physical activity” and ”citizens' health”, increase in physical activity (walking and cycling) leads to improved physical health among citizens. Those who engage in more physical activity enjoy better physical health. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that urban planning can significantly impact citizens' health by creating diverse and mixed land uses in urban spaces, thereby reducing the burden on the healthcare system. Through accurate decision-making, optimal location selection, and appropriate design, proper urban planning can create efficient, attractive, and vibrant urban spaces that draw citizens to public spaces and streets. This approach can promote physical activity, increase social capital, and prevent many physical, psychological, and social illnesses. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_220298_5fa33d2f526dd190fa1f2638ecbda569.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 8 1 2025 04 21 Thermal Performance Evaluation of Green Roofs in Metropolises: A case study of Tabriz Thermal Performance Evaluation of Green Roofs in Metropolises: A case study of Tabriz 101 117 219253 10.22034/jsc.2025.475823.1799 FA Zahra Nobar Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Akbar Rahimi Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-9556-1163 Journal Article 2024 11 30 A B S T R A C T Addressing urban requirements has become a serious concern as the population of both developing and developed cities grows rapidly. Green roofs are viewed as a realistic option with clear environmental, economic, and social benefits.This study looks at how green roofs can improve air quality and save energy in residential buildings in Tabriz, a city with a cold and dry climate. To explore this, two scenarios were created using DesignBuilder energy simulation software: one with vegetation on the roofs and another without. The analysis compares the effects of both roof types on energy use for heating and cooling, CO2 emissions, and urban air quality throughout a year, considering local weather conditions. The results show that in August, the hottest month in Tabriz, a building with a standard roof used around 2000 kWh of energy, while one with a green roof used only 1200 kWh. This difference suggests that green roofs can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to conventional roofs. These findings provide useful insights for designing more energy-efficient buildings in cities, contributing to smarter and more sustainable urban development. Extended Abstract Introduction Sustainable development has been a key concept in global strategies and United Nations reports since the 1980s. It focuses on economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Sustainable architecture, such as green roofs, is considered an effective solution to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Green roofs create shade, transpiration, and thermal insulation, reducing roof surface temperature and temperature fluctuations. Research shows that green roofs can reduce internal temperatures from 4.3 to 5.0 degrees Celsius, leading to significant energy savings. They also play a role in reducing urban heat islands (UHIs) by an average of 0.68 degrees Celsius. In urban areas like Beijing, green roofs can reduce daily air temperature by 0.41 degrees Celsius. Integrating green roofs in building information modeling can optimize their design and performance, reducing environmental challenges like climate change and energy resource management. This research evaluates the performance of green roofs in cold and dry climates using Design Builder energy simulation software. The results can be used as a strategic tool for urban planners and architects to achieve sustainable development goals. Methodology This research explores how green roofs affect energy consumption in residential buildings in Tabriz City. A one-story, two-bedroom house, covering 88 square meters, was selected for energy simulations using DesignBuilder software, which accurately models building energy performance and compares different roof types. The model includes six thermal zones, with control applied to all except zone 6. The building falls under type A with significant urban use, showing a primary need for heating and energy savings in group 1. Roof thermal conductivity was calculated within the software, and the data is detailed in relevant tables. Simulations ran for a full year across four seasons, with results recorded monthly and every 20 minutes. The building features double-glazed windows, LED lighting, and an average of four occupants per unit. Local meteorological data was incorporated into the simulation via an EPW file, reflecting Tabriz's cold, dry climate. The roof is modeled as flat, with materials selected accordingly, and the green roof includes a soil layer reduced to 20 cm in thickness. This high level of accuracy ensures that the results provide valuable insights for optimizing energy use and minimizing environmental impacts. Results and discussion The study shows that energy consumption in colder months, such as January and February, is significantly higher without a green roof, highlighting its role as effective thermal insulation. In contrast, during hotter months like July and August, energy consumption decreases when a green roof is in place. The use of Frankenia thymifolia, a common cover plant species, prevents the roof from overheating and lowers the building's cooling needs. The simulated green roof system with Frankenia was successful in optimizing energy use year-round, cutting consumption by roughly 462,526 kWh annually. This energy reduction is due to the green roof's unique thermal properties, which limit heat exchange between the building and its surroundings. During hot seasons, the green roof lowers roof surface temperatures, decreasing reliance on cooling systems. In cold seasons, it helps retain heat inside, reducing the need for heating. These thermal benefits also reduce strain on air conditioning and heating systems, extending the lifespan of the building's mechanical equipment. The results also indicate that the green roof's impact varies depending on specific weather conditions and building characteristics. For example, in regions with more extreme temperature fluctuations, the energy savings from a green roof may be even more pronounced. Additionally, the type and thickness of the soil layer, as well as the choice of plant species, can significantly influence the roof's thermal performance. The study found that Frankenia thymifolia, with its dense foliage and drought-resistant properties, was particularly effective in maintaining stable roof temperatures. However, different plant species might yield varying results depending on local climate conditions. The effectiveness of green roofs in mitigating urban heat islands was also evident, as the lower roof surface temperatures contributed to a cooler microclimate around the building. This not only reduces the building's energy consumption but also has broader environmental benefits, such as improving outdoor air quality and reducing the overall urban heat island effect. These findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting and designing green roof systems to maximize their environmental and energy-saving benefits. Conclusion Green roofs are a promising solution for sustainable urban development, offering environmental, economic, and social benefits. They reduce heat islands in cities by 30 degrees Celsius, contribute to effective runoff management, improve urban air quality, and provide thermal insulation, saving up to 21.2 kWh/m2 of energy consumption for heating and cooling. The adaptability of green roofs to different weather conditions allows for maximum energy savings. Studies have shown that the construction of green roofs can lead to energy savings between 3.2% and 9.1%. Green roofs also reduce CO2 emissions by optimizing parameters and reducing the amount of CO2 produced by buildings. However, their effectiveness can vary significantly based on specific weather conditions and types of buildings. A study conducted in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, evaluated the effect of creating a green roof with a common cover plant and a traditional roof without vegetation. Results showed that green roofs significantly affect energy consumption during peak temperatures, but they also reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. However, the study has limitations, such as the challenge in accurate modeling of complex urban environments and the lack of access to data for long-term studies. Additionally, the effect of green roofs on indoor air quality has not been studied, and the thermal performance of green roofs with architecture design is not yet fully understood. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Addressing urban requirements has become a serious concern as the population of both developing and developed cities grows rapidly. Green roofs are viewed as a realistic option with clear environmental, economic, and social benefits.This study looks at how green roofs can improve air quality and save energy in residential buildings in Tabriz, a city with a cold and dry climate. To explore this, two scenarios were created using DesignBuilder energy simulation software: one with vegetation on the roofs and another without. The analysis compares the effects of both roof types on energy use for heating and cooling, CO2 emissions, and urban air quality throughout a year, considering local weather conditions. The results show that in August, the hottest month in Tabriz, a building with a standard roof used around 2000 kWh of energy, while one with a green roof used only 1200 kWh. This difference suggests that green roofs can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to conventional roofs. These findings provide useful insights for designing more energy-efficient buildings in cities, contributing to smarter and more sustainable urban development. Extended Abstract Introduction Sustainable development has been a key concept in global strategies and United Nations reports since the 1980s. It focuses on economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Sustainable architecture, such as green roofs, is considered an effective solution to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Green roofs create shade, transpiration, and thermal insulation, reducing roof surface temperature and temperature fluctuations. Research shows that green roofs can reduce internal temperatures from 4.3 to 5.0 degrees Celsius, leading to significant energy savings. They also play a role in reducing urban heat islands (UHIs) by an average of 0.68 degrees Celsius. In urban areas like Beijing, green roofs can reduce daily air temperature by 0.41 degrees Celsius. Integrating green roofs in building information modeling can optimize their design and performance, reducing environmental challenges like climate change and energy resource management. This research evaluates the performance of green roofs in cold and dry climates using Design Builder energy simulation software. The results can be used as a strategic tool for urban planners and architects to achieve sustainable development goals. Methodology This research explores how green roofs affect energy consumption in residential buildings in Tabriz City. A one-story, two-bedroom house, covering 88 square meters, was selected for energy simulations using DesignBuilder software, which accurately models building energy performance and compares different roof types. The model includes six thermal zones, with control applied to all except zone 6. The building falls under type A with significant urban use, showing a primary need for heating and energy savings in group 1. Roof thermal conductivity was calculated within the software, and the data is detailed in relevant tables. Simulations ran for a full year across four seasons, with results recorded monthly and every 20 minutes. The building features double-glazed windows, LED lighting, and an average of four occupants per unit. Local meteorological data was incorporated into the simulation via an EPW file, reflecting Tabriz's cold, dry climate. The roof is modeled as flat, with materials selected accordingly, and the green roof includes a soil layer reduced to 20 cm in thickness. This high level of accuracy ensures that the results provide valuable insights for optimizing energy use and minimizing environmental impacts. Results and discussion The study shows that energy consumption in colder months, such as January and February, is significantly higher without a green roof, highlighting its role as effective thermal insulation. In contrast, during hotter months like July and August, energy consumption decreases when a green roof is in place. The use of Frankenia thymifolia, a common cover plant species, prevents the roof from overheating and lowers the building's cooling needs. The simulated green roof system with Frankenia was successful in optimizing energy use year-round, cutting consumption by roughly 462,526 kWh annually. This energy reduction is due to the green roof's unique thermal properties, which limit heat exchange between the building and its surroundings. During hot seasons, the green roof lowers roof surface temperatures, decreasing reliance on cooling systems. In cold seasons, it helps retain heat inside, reducing the need for heating. These thermal benefits also reduce strain on air conditioning and heating systems, extending the lifespan of the building's mechanical equipment. The results also indicate that the green roof's impact varies depending on specific weather conditions and building characteristics. For example, in regions with more extreme temperature fluctuations, the energy savings from a green roof may be even more pronounced. Additionally, the type and thickness of the soil layer, as well as the choice of plant species, can significantly influence the roof's thermal performance. The study found that Frankenia thymifolia, with its dense foliage and drought-resistant properties, was particularly effective in maintaining stable roof temperatures. However, different plant species might yield varying results depending on local climate conditions. The effectiveness of green roofs in mitigating urban heat islands was also evident, as the lower roof surface temperatures contributed to a cooler microclimate around the building. This not only reduces the building's energy consumption but also has broader environmental benefits, such as improving outdoor air quality and reducing the overall urban heat island effect. These findings underscore the importance of carefully selecting and designing green roof systems to maximize their environmental and energy-saving benefits. Conclusion Green roofs are a promising solution for sustainable urban development, offering environmental, economic, and social benefits. They reduce heat islands in cities by 30 degrees Celsius, contribute to effective runoff management, improve urban air quality, and provide thermal insulation, saving up to 21.2 kWh/m2 of energy consumption for heating and cooling. The adaptability of green roofs to different weather conditions allows for maximum energy savings. Studies have shown that the construction of green roofs can lead to energy savings between 3.2% and 9.1%. Green roofs also reduce CO2 emissions by optimizing parameters and reducing the amount of CO2 produced by buildings. However, their effectiveness can vary significantly based on specific weather conditions and types of buildings. A study conducted in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, evaluated the effect of creating a green roof with a common cover plant and a traditional roof without vegetation. Results showed that green roofs significantly affect energy consumption during peak temperatures, but they also reduce heating and cooling energy consumption. However, the study has limitations, such as the challenge in accurate modeling of complex urban environments and the lack of access to data for long-term studies. Additionally, the effect of green roofs on indoor air quality has not been studied, and the thermal performance of green roofs with architecture design is not yet fully understood. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

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