Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 3 2024 10 22 Presenting the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development: the case study of Hormozgan Province Presenting the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development: the case study of Hormozgan Province 1 16 207416 10.22034/jsc.2024.474065.1797 FA Omid Heydari Department of Sociology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Gholamreza Jafarinia Department of Sociology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran 0000-0002-4858-1399 Bibi Afifeh Hamedi Department of Educational Sciences, Bu.C, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 24 A B S T R A C T The purpose of this article is to investigate and design the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development of Hormozgan province. The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data type with an exploratory approach and theme analysis. The community of participants included university experts, policy makers, managers and planners of Hormozgan province, which was 11 people using the purposeful sampling method and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis in "MAXQDA" software. In the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, it was found that in the field of causal factors, 28 open codes were classified into four central codes: "social participation, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, social participation in creating social cohesion and social reorganization". In the field of contextual factors, 49 open codes were identified with key codes including the role of the government in sustainable development, the capacity of the province, the physical condition of the province and the role of urban service organizations such as the municipality and the city council. Identified leaders include social solidarity, avoiding holding various economic sectors, entrusting relevant activities to public institutions to attract their participation in activities, encouraging and strengthening the formation of civil institutions and its consequences also include improving the index of human development and intergenerational justice, good governance of The basis of social commitment, comprehensive growth and development of the province and facilitating the accumulation and attraction of financial and social capital were coded. Key factors including good governance, comprehensive sustainable development and social capital were introduced. Extended Abstract Introduction The current research, with the premise that effective and efficient provincial administration has a direct role in the efficiency of the entire system of the Islamic Republic, seeks to identify and explain the issues of administration and governance in Hormozgan province to take a step to empower the national administration and governance system. Although numerous case studies have been conducted on social capital and sustainable development in the country and Hormozgan province, the various economic, social, cultural, and even political and security aspects of the province are scattered and unsystematic and mainly cross-sectional or at different levels. Moreover, limited temporal and spatial domains have been studied. However, no comprehensive and complete work can study the optimal model of social capital governance in the formation of sustainable development in Hormozgan. The current research aims to present the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development of Hormozgan province. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The research method is qualitative. Also, the statistical population is 18 academic experts, policymakers, managers, and planners of Hormozgan province, 11 of whom were selected using the snowball sampling method and the theoretical saturation point. The data collection tool was semi-structured qualitative interviews. Based on this, necessary qualitative data was collected through in-depth and exploratory interviews with experts and elites to identify the components above and indicators. The research data was analyzed through thematic analysis. In this plan, the steps of analyzing the collected qualitative data were done through open and axial coding. Considering that this research was intended to identify the main dimensions and related components, in the open coding stage, the concepts were identified and expanded according to their characteristics. In this regard, interpretive analysis of interviews or MAXQDA software is used (the order depends on the volume of interviews to create theoretical saturation). Results and discussion In the field of causal factors, 28 free codes were classified into four paradigm codes as "social participation, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, social participation in creating social cohesion, and social reorganization." In the field of contextual factors, 49 free codes were identified with paradigm codes, including the role of the government in sustainable development, the capacity of the province, the physical condition of the province, and the role of urban service organizations such as the municipality and the city council. In the following, it was found that in the field of intervening factors, 28 free codes include paradigm codes including norms; the values and beliefs are decentralized planning in the province, resistance to changes and emerging values, and the chaotic economic situation of the province. Identified guidelines include social solidarity, avoiding holding various economic sectors, entrusting relevant activities to public institutions to attract their participation in activities, encouraging and strengthening the formation of civil institutions and its consequences, including improving the index of human development and intergenerational justice, and good governance. Based on social commitment, all-round growth and development of the province and facilitating the accumulation and attraction of financial and social capital were coded. Key factors were introduced, including good governance, comprehensive sustainable development, and social and civil capital. Conclusion Various models in managing cities and the difference between these two ideas can be attributed to the power, influence, and competence of the three elements of the government, the private sector, and the public sector (society) in the urban society. The focus of the idea of governance is a group of factors outside the official government organizations, with a major emphasis on network and collaborative processes. In this model, network structures replace the political-administrative systems from top to bottom of the city government, and within the networks, other than the political-administrative system, other actors from the private and voluntary sectors and cooperative organizations enter the system. In the end, it is suggested that gaining the trust of citizens from the municipality through equal treatment with all clients in the application of rules and regulations and avoiding giving any special privileges to specific persons, actualizing citizens' opinions, observing ethical principles, and avoiding from any rules of the game, managers and officials of the city should be prepared to accept criticism. Finally, according to the investigations carried out in this research, it was found that most of the respondents are not very familiar with their rights and duties, and most of them stated that their most important duty as a citizen is the cleanliness of the city. Therefore, citizenship education and familiarizing citizens with the concept of citizen, as well as their rights, duties, and responsibilities, play an important role in increasing citizen participation. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The purpose of this article is to investigate and design the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development of Hormozgan province. The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data type with an exploratory approach and theme analysis. The community of participants included university experts, policy makers, managers and planners of Hormozgan province, which was 11 people using the purposeful sampling method and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis in "MAXQDA" software. In the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, it was found that in the field of causal factors, 28 open codes were classified into four central codes: "social participation, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, social participation in creating social cohesion and social reorganization". In the field of contextual factors, 49 open codes were identified with key codes including the role of the government in sustainable development, the capacity of the province, the physical condition of the province and the role of urban service organizations such as the municipality and the city council. Identified leaders include social solidarity, avoiding holding various economic sectors, entrusting relevant activities to public institutions to attract their participation in activities, encouraging and strengthening the formation of civil institutions and its consequences also include improving the index of human development and intergenerational justice, good governance of The basis of social commitment, comprehensive growth and development of the province and facilitating the accumulation and attraction of financial and social capital were coded. Key factors including good governance, comprehensive sustainable development and social capital were introduced. Extended Abstract Introduction The current research, with the premise that effective and efficient provincial administration has a direct role in the efficiency of the entire system of the Islamic Republic, seeks to identify and explain the issues of administration and governance in Hormozgan province to take a step to empower the national administration and governance system. Although numerous case studies have been conducted on social capital and sustainable development in the country and Hormozgan province, the various economic, social, cultural, and even political and security aspects of the province are scattered and unsystematic and mainly cross-sectional or at different levels. Moreover, limited temporal and spatial domains have been studied. However, no comprehensive and complete work can study the optimal model of social capital governance in the formation of sustainable development in Hormozgan. The current research aims to present the optimal governance model of social capital in the formation of sustainable development of Hormozgan province. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The research method is qualitative. Also, the statistical population is 18 academic experts, policymakers, managers, and planners of Hormozgan province, 11 of whom were selected using the snowball sampling method and the theoretical saturation point. The data collection tool was semi-structured qualitative interviews. Based on this, necessary qualitative data was collected through in-depth and exploratory interviews with experts and elites to identify the components above and indicators. The research data was analyzed through thematic analysis. In this plan, the steps of analyzing the collected qualitative data were done through open and axial coding. Considering that this research was intended to identify the main dimensions and related components, in the open coding stage, the concepts were identified and expanded according to their characteristics. In this regard, interpretive analysis of interviews or MAXQDA software is used (the order depends on the volume of interviews to create theoretical saturation). Results and discussion In the field of causal factors, 28 free codes were classified into four paradigm codes as "social participation, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, social participation in creating social cohesion, and social reorganization." In the field of contextual factors, 49 free codes were identified with paradigm codes, including the role of the government in sustainable development, the capacity of the province, the physical condition of the province, and the role of urban service organizations such as the municipality and the city council. In the following, it was found that in the field of intervening factors, 28 free codes include paradigm codes including norms; the values and beliefs are decentralized planning in the province, resistance to changes and emerging values, and the chaotic economic situation of the province. Identified guidelines include social solidarity, avoiding holding various economic sectors, entrusting relevant activities to public institutions to attract their participation in activities, encouraging and strengthening the formation of civil institutions and its consequences, including improving the index of human development and intergenerational justice, and good governance. Based on social commitment, all-round growth and development of the province and facilitating the accumulation and attraction of financial and social capital were coded. Key factors were introduced, including good governance, comprehensive sustainable development, and social and civil capital. Conclusion Various models in managing cities and the difference between these two ideas can be attributed to the power, influence, and competence of the three elements of the government, the private sector, and the public sector (society) in the urban society. The focus of the idea of governance is a group of factors outside the official government organizations, with a major emphasis on network and collaborative processes. In this model, network structures replace the political-administrative systems from top to bottom of the city government, and within the networks, other than the political-administrative system, other actors from the private and voluntary sectors and cooperative organizations enter the system. In the end, it is suggested that gaining the trust of citizens from the municipality through equal treatment with all clients in the application of rules and regulations and avoiding giving any special privileges to specific persons, actualizing citizens' opinions, observing ethical principles, and avoiding from any rules of the game, managers and officials of the city should be prepared to accept criticism. Finally, according to the investigations carried out in this research, it was found that most of the respondents are not very familiar with their rights and duties, and most of them stated that their most important duty as a citizen is the cleanliness of the city. Therefore, citizenship education and familiarizing citizens with the concept of citizen, as well as their rights, duties, and responsibilities, play an important role in increasing citizen participation. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_207416_84741e4c4f52e42e9d590af833659beb.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 3 2024 11 04 Factors affecting the realization of the learning city in Ahvaz metropolis Factors affecting the realization of the learning city in Ahvaz metropolis 17 38 206613 10.22034/jsc.2024.458976.1779 FA Majid Goodarzi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-7982-8027 Journal Article 2024 05 24 A B S T R A C T The present study aimed to analyze the interpretive structural (ISM) factors that affect the realization of the learning city in the Ahvaz metropolis; first, the concepts and variables examined in the subject literature were determined using the documentation method. Based on the literature findings and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 scientific and executive experts, the factors affecting the realization of the learning city were extracted in the form of 19 indicators to check the agreement between the experts, determine the agreement, and prioritize the indicators. These factors were collectively agreed upon using the Delphi method. During three rounds, the questionnaire tool was used, and on the Likert spectrum, based on the mean and standard deviation, the non-priority indicators were removed. Finally, 13 indicators were agreed upon. In the end, using the method of structural-interpretive analysis, leveling and creating a model, and determining the relationship between the factors and analysis were done. The research findings showed that the criteria of providing high-speed internet and easy access to educational technologies (C1), creating innovative and suitable educational centers for all types of students and students (C2), formulating policies to support education and the development of public education (C8), and supporting industries and startups related to education and technology (C11) are independent variables. These variables have low dependence and high driving power. In other words, high influence and low dependence are the characteristics of these variables. The criteria for using data mining technologies to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the city’s educational system (C3), promote the culture of learning in society (C4), create opportunities for participation in decision-making related to urban education (C7), and develop public transportation systems and the creation of accessible access environments to educational centers (C9) are dependent variables. These variables have strong dependence and weak driving power. Extended Abstract Introduction With the development of learning at the beginning of the 21st century, the world is in the middle of significant changes. In the meantime, the cities of the world are at the center of attention for these changes in the learning process. The structural and functional changes in social and political systems have created different bases in the administration of city affairs. These developments have caused concerning events such as environmental development, concepts such as green city or clean city; regarding the development and growth of technology, concepts such as electronic city, virtual city, digital city, information city, and concerning human factors, concepts such as knowledge city, learning city, creative city, should be brought up and brought to the attention of researchers, experts, and policymakers. Learning is an indispensable part of life. Learning is a relatively permanent change in a person’s feelings, thinking, and behavior based on experience. Today, cities are places where people live and work and places of leisure, culture, business, and education. According to this, managers and urban policymakers have noticed concepts such as the learning city in recent years. Methodology This applied study employed a descriptive-analytical research method and survey research design. At first, related sources were extracted using a documentary method, and according to the communication structure of the sources and the process of the studies, the concepts and variables investigated in the subject literature were determined. Based on the literature and semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 scientific and executive urban experts, the factors that affect the realization of the city of learning were extracted in the form of 19 indicators. Then, to check the agreement between the experts’ opinions and determine the agreement, prioritize the indicators of these factors using the Delphi method. A questionnaire and the Likert scale were employed during three rounds, and the relevant indicators were collectively agreed upon. Based on the mean and standard deviation, non-priority indicators were removed, and 13 indicators were agreed upon. The sample size for the Delphi method was ten experts with knowledge and expertise related to the field under study, and it was done using non-probability sampling. In the end, using ISM, leveling and creating a model, and determining the relationship between the factors and analysis were done. Results and discussion The current research has been written in the direction of ISM of factors affecting the realization of the learning city in Ahvaz metropolis. For this purpose, in this research, after reviewing the basics and theoretical concepts about learning cities and their components and indicators, the criteria and measurement indicators were developed from the perspective of the learning city approach. Then, based on the measurement framework of the research, ISM was used. This research investigates 13 factors affecting the realization of the learning city in Ahvaz city. In this method, six steps were examined. An interactive matrix using experts’ opinions was formed in the first step. Then, in the second step, the primary achievement matrix was formed by converting the structural self-interaction matrix to zero and one. In the third step, its internal consistency should be established after the initial acquisition matrix is obtained. For example, if variable 1 leads to variable 2 and variable 2 leads to variable 3, variable 1 should also lead to variable 3, and if this state is not established in the access matrix, the matrix should be modified, and such relationships should be modified and created. Each criterion’s input (prerequisite) and output (achievement) criteria were calculated in the fourth step. Then, the common factors were specified. In this step, the highest level criterion is that the output set (achievement) equals the common set. In the fifth step, the network of ISM interactions is drawn using the levels obtained from the criteria. If there is a relationship between two variables, i and j, we show it with a directed arrow. The research model can also be shown in terms of influence and dependence in the sixth step of the MICMAC analysis model. Conclusion The criteria for providing high-speed internet and easy access to educational technologies (C1), creating innovative and suitable educational centers for all types of students and students (C2), developing policies to support education and the development of public education (C8), and supporting related industries and startups with education and technology (C11) are independent variables. These variables have low dependence and high driving power. In other words, high influence and low dependence are the characteristics of these variables. The criteria for using data mining technologies to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the city’s education system (C3), promote the culture of learning in society (C4), create opportunities for participation in decision-making related to urban education (C7), and develop public transportation systems and the creation of accessible access environments to educational centers (C9) are dependent variables. These variables have strong dependence and weak direction. These variables generally have a high influence and little dependence on the system. The rest of the criteria are of the interface type; these variables have high dependence and driving power. In other words, the influence of these criteria is very high, and any small change in these variables causes fundamental changes in the system. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The present study aimed to analyze the interpretive structural (ISM) factors that affect the realization of the learning city in the Ahvaz metropolis; first, the concepts and variables examined in the subject literature were determined using the documentation method. Based on the literature findings and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 scientific and executive experts, the factors affecting the realization of the learning city were extracted in the form of 19 indicators to check the agreement between the experts, determine the agreement, and prioritize the indicators. These factors were collectively agreed upon using the Delphi method. During three rounds, the questionnaire tool was used, and on the Likert spectrum, based on the mean and standard deviation, the non-priority indicators were removed. Finally, 13 indicators were agreed upon. In the end, using the method of structural-interpretive analysis, leveling and creating a model, and determining the relationship between the factors and analysis were done. The research findings showed that the criteria of providing high-speed internet and easy access to educational technologies (C1), creating innovative and suitable educational centers for all types of students and students (C2), formulating policies to support education and the development of public education (C8), and supporting industries and startups related to education and technology (C11) are independent variables. These variables have low dependence and high driving power. In other words, high influence and low dependence are the characteristics of these variables. The criteria for using data mining technologies to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the city’s educational system (C3), promote the culture of learning in society (C4), create opportunities for participation in decision-making related to urban education (C7), and develop public transportation systems and the creation of accessible access environments to educational centers (C9) are dependent variables. These variables have strong dependence and weak driving power. Extended Abstract Introduction With the development of learning at the beginning of the 21st century, the world is in the middle of significant changes. In the meantime, the cities of the world are at the center of attention for these changes in the learning process. The structural and functional changes in social and political systems have created different bases in the administration of city affairs. These developments have caused concerning events such as environmental development, concepts such as green city or clean city; regarding the development and growth of technology, concepts such as electronic city, virtual city, digital city, information city, and concerning human factors, concepts such as knowledge city, learning city, creative city, should be brought up and brought to the attention of researchers, experts, and policymakers. Learning is an indispensable part of life. Learning is a relatively permanent change in a person’s feelings, thinking, and behavior based on experience. Today, cities are places where people live and work and places of leisure, culture, business, and education. According to this, managers and urban policymakers have noticed concepts such as the learning city in recent years. Methodology This applied study employed a descriptive-analytical research method and survey research design. At first, related sources were extracted using a documentary method, and according to the communication structure of the sources and the process of the studies, the concepts and variables investigated in the subject literature were determined. Based on the literature and semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 scientific and executive urban experts, the factors that affect the realization of the city of learning were extracted in the form of 19 indicators. Then, to check the agreement between the experts’ opinions and determine the agreement, prioritize the indicators of these factors using the Delphi method. A questionnaire and the Likert scale were employed during three rounds, and the relevant indicators were collectively agreed upon. Based on the mean and standard deviation, non-priority indicators were removed, and 13 indicators were agreed upon. The sample size for the Delphi method was ten experts with knowledge and expertise related to the field under study, and it was done using non-probability sampling. In the end, using ISM, leveling and creating a model, and determining the relationship between the factors and analysis were done. Results and discussion The current research has been written in the direction of ISM of factors affecting the realization of the learning city in Ahvaz metropolis. For this purpose, in this research, after reviewing the basics and theoretical concepts about learning cities and their components and indicators, the criteria and measurement indicators were developed from the perspective of the learning city approach. Then, based on the measurement framework of the research, ISM was used. This research investigates 13 factors affecting the realization of the learning city in Ahvaz city. In this method, six steps were examined. An interactive matrix using experts’ opinions was formed in the first step. Then, in the second step, the primary achievement matrix was formed by converting the structural self-interaction matrix to zero and one. In the third step, its internal consistency should be established after the initial acquisition matrix is obtained. For example, if variable 1 leads to variable 2 and variable 2 leads to variable 3, variable 1 should also lead to variable 3, and if this state is not established in the access matrix, the matrix should be modified, and such relationships should be modified and created. Each criterion’s input (prerequisite) and output (achievement) criteria were calculated in the fourth step. Then, the common factors were specified. In this step, the highest level criterion is that the output set (achievement) equals the common set. In the fifth step, the network of ISM interactions is drawn using the levels obtained from the criteria. If there is a relationship between two variables, i and j, we show it with a directed arrow. The research model can also be shown in terms of influence and dependence in the sixth step of the MICMAC analysis model. Conclusion The criteria for providing high-speed internet and easy access to educational technologies (C1), creating innovative and suitable educational centers for all types of students and students (C2), developing policies to support education and the development of public education (C8), and supporting related industries and startups with education and technology (C11) are independent variables. These variables have low dependence and high driving power. In other words, high influence and low dependence are the characteristics of these variables. The criteria for using data mining technologies to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the city’s education system (C3), promote the culture of learning in society (C4), create opportunities for participation in decision-making related to urban education (C7), and develop public transportation systems and the creation of accessible access environments to educational centers (C9) are dependent variables. These variables have strong dependence and weak direction. These variables generally have a high influence and little dependence on the system. The rest of the criteria are of the interface type; these variables have high dependence and driving power. In other words, the influence of these criteria is very high, and any small change in these variables causes fundamental changes in the system. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_206613_c2f2992119efe6b393a4336b432ed089.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 3 2024 11 05 Improving Child-Friendly urban spaces based on the right to the city model: the case study of Sardaran neighborhood of Urmia Improving Child-Friendly urban spaces based on the right to the city model: the case study of Sardaran neighborhood of Urmia 39 58 206594 10.22034/jsc.2024.455779.1777 FA Asghar Abedini Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0002-8910-1830 Reza Hosseinzadeh Ma Student in Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0009-0008-2372-6134 Mahdi Belali Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0009-0002-3976-588X Journal Article 2024 05 25 The purpose of this research was to advocate for the creation of child-friendly spaces in the Sardaran neighborhood of Urmia, which holds a traditional and historical significance. Using the "right to the city" model, the study recognizes that the presence and interaction of different age and user groups (commercial, residential, religious, office) are crucial for improving the quality of spaces. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of the research method and practical in its purpose. The research sample consists of 135 observations selected from 4 different land uses that comprise the most significant percentage of existing land uses in the Sardaran neighborhood. The collected data is categorized into spatial arrangement models, questionnaire responses, and field impressions. The spatial layout model involves extracting the overall depth map from the axial map of the area. By analyzing the topological relations, the continuity and integrity of the area's accesses were represented in maps. The research results indicate that local access areas such as Sahaba, shishegarkhaneh, and Heshmati Alley have the highest connectivity (10) and strong connections with the immediate neighborhood. The information collected suggests that real estate plots in these areas have great potential for development. There is also a focus on promoting child-friendly spaces to cater to the interests of all age groups in the neighborhood. This includes enhancing neighborhood spatial relations, encompassing residential and commercial spaces, to foster social interactions among residents of all ages despite the limited local facilities. Extended Abstract Introduction The Sardaran neighborhood in Urmia is an old neighborhood where many residents have left due to the lack of facilities and services, as well as the influence of commercial users. Residential units, especially on the edges of the neighborhood, have turned into warehouses and workshops, while some housing units have been destroyed and abandoned, leading to an increase in social issues such as addiction and crime. Access design and the dominance of commercial use have limited the presence and interactions of local communities, especially children. As a result, there is a lack of urban equipment and services for the neighborhood residents, particularly children. This study aims to address these issues by promoting spatial communication and creating connections between local users and communities, focusing on the presence of children. The research emphasizes the importance of participation from all neighborhood members and aims to explore the relationship between the presence of children, the dominant uses of the neighborhood, and its organic and historical spaces. Methodology The current study uses a descriptive-analytical research method. It aims to gather data from 207 urban plots in the Sardaran neighborhood. A statistical sample was taken from 4 types of land use: residential (53.62%), commercial (39.61%), administrative (1.93%), and religious (1.44%). As per Cochran's formula, the sample size for the current research is 135. The statistical sample for this research is selected from the most significant number of neighborhood users. The sample is distributed among different categories based on the data percentages as follows: residential use (72, including parents and various age groups), commercial use (53), office and administrative use (5), and religious use (5). The data collected for the research hypotheses are divided into three categories. Data on the spatial plan model: utilizing the axial map for overall depth mapping.- Gathering questionnaire data: collecting qualitative information on direct population opinions;- Spatial data extracted from the questionnaire and field survey. Results and discussion The area has been analyzed using various maps to assess its integrity and connectivity. On a regional scale, Montazeri, Motahari, Imam Khomeini, and Bagheri streets have high integrity (1.258). Our study block is located locally adjacent to Imam Khomeini Street, where Atai, Imam, and Shishgarkhana streets have the highest integrity (1.09). In the 4th district, streets like Imam, Motahari, Bagheri, and Sheikh Shelto show the highest connectivity. In the Sardaran neighborhood, near Imam Street, Sahaba Alley has the highest connectivity (10), followed by Shishgarkhana, with the highest accessibility connectivity. The correlation ratio between neighborhood roads and neighborhood integrity, known as R2, has been investigated and analyzed. In the studied area, the R2 value is 0.52, which is closer to 1 and indicates a high understanding of the roads by the residents. Additionally, beyond achieving the main research goal of creating child-friendly spaces, this study highlights the shift from considering this goal optional to viewing it as necessary. It emphasizes that the responsibility for providing such spaces lies with the neighborhood users rather than urban management agents. The presence of children and teenagers in the neighborhood has proven to be beneficial for all users, leading to their full cooperation and participation in maintaining this presence. In the short term, the designated areas serve as population hubs due to the presence of children and local communities. Conclusion Based on the information gathered, Shishegarkhana, Ataei, and Imam Streets have the highest commercial integration, with office users in these areas. Residential and local users are situated in areas with lower integration, in private or semi-private settings. Additionally, Sahaba Street and Shishegarkhana Street are highly connected within the neighborhood, indicating strong links to nearby areas. These findings align well with the spatial data from the questionnaire, suggesting that the green spaces located on Sahaba Street, Shishegarkhana Street, and Heshmati Street in the Sardaran neighborhood have the most significant potential for creating and enhancing child-oriented spaces. Even if these places do not have any furniture specifically for children, people of all ages, especially children, still visit. This presence benefits the residents of the area. This presence and interest will naturally grow over time without additional measures, and the activity and presence of each neighborhood group and user in this silent model are justified for the city. In addition, in the three identified areas, it has been suggested that the appeal of these places be increased by installing furniture suitable for all age groups and suitable lighting for children's entertainment. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. The purpose of this research was to advocate for the creation of child-friendly spaces in the Sardaran neighborhood of Urmia, which holds a traditional and historical significance. Using the "right to the city" model, the study recognizes that the presence and interaction of different age and user groups (commercial, residential, religious, office) are crucial for improving the quality of spaces. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of the research method and practical in its purpose. The research sample consists of 135 observations selected from 4 different land uses that comprise the most significant percentage of existing land uses in the Sardaran neighborhood. The collected data is categorized into spatial arrangement models, questionnaire responses, and field impressions. The spatial layout model involves extracting the overall depth map from the axial map of the area. By analyzing the topological relations, the continuity and integrity of the area's accesses were represented in maps. The research results indicate that local access areas such as Sahaba, shishegarkhaneh, and Heshmati Alley have the highest connectivity (10) and strong connections with the immediate neighborhood. The information collected suggests that real estate plots in these areas have great potential for development. There is also a focus on promoting child-friendly spaces to cater to the interests of all age groups in the neighborhood. This includes enhancing neighborhood spatial relations, encompassing residential and commercial spaces, to foster social interactions among residents of all ages despite the limited local facilities. Extended Abstract Introduction The Sardaran neighborhood in Urmia is an old neighborhood where many residents have left due to the lack of facilities and services, as well as the influence of commercial users. Residential units, especially on the edges of the neighborhood, have turned into warehouses and workshops, while some housing units have been destroyed and abandoned, leading to an increase in social issues such as addiction and crime. Access design and the dominance of commercial use have limited the presence and interactions of local communities, especially children. As a result, there is a lack of urban equipment and services for the neighborhood residents, particularly children. This study aims to address these issues by promoting spatial communication and creating connections between local users and communities, focusing on the presence of children. The research emphasizes the importance of participation from all neighborhood members and aims to explore the relationship between the presence of children, the dominant uses of the neighborhood, and its organic and historical spaces. Methodology The current study uses a descriptive-analytical research method. It aims to gather data from 207 urban plots in the Sardaran neighborhood. A statistical sample was taken from 4 types of land use: residential (53.62%), commercial (39.61%), administrative (1.93%), and religious (1.44%). As per Cochran's formula, the sample size for the current research is 135. The statistical sample for this research is selected from the most significant number of neighborhood users. The sample is distributed among different categories based on the data percentages as follows: residential use (72, including parents and various age groups), commercial use (53), office and administrative use (5), and religious use (5). The data collected for the research hypotheses are divided into three categories. Data on the spatial plan model: utilizing the axial map for overall depth mapping.- Gathering questionnaire data: collecting qualitative information on direct population opinions;- Spatial data extracted from the questionnaire and field survey. Results and discussion The area has been analyzed using various maps to assess its integrity and connectivity. On a regional scale, Montazeri, Motahari, Imam Khomeini, and Bagheri streets have high integrity (1.258). Our study block is located locally adjacent to Imam Khomeini Street, where Atai, Imam, and Shishgarkhana streets have the highest integrity (1.09). In the 4th district, streets like Imam, Motahari, Bagheri, and Sheikh Shelto show the highest connectivity. In the Sardaran neighborhood, near Imam Street, Sahaba Alley has the highest connectivity (10), followed by Shishgarkhana, with the highest accessibility connectivity. The correlation ratio between neighborhood roads and neighborhood integrity, known as R2, has been investigated and analyzed. In the studied area, the R2 value is 0.52, which is closer to 1 and indicates a high understanding of the roads by the residents. Additionally, beyond achieving the main research goal of creating child-friendly spaces, this study highlights the shift from considering this goal optional to viewing it as necessary. It emphasizes that the responsibility for providing such spaces lies with the neighborhood users rather than urban management agents. The presence of children and teenagers in the neighborhood has proven to be beneficial for all users, leading to their full cooperation and participation in maintaining this presence. In the short term, the designated areas serve as population hubs due to the presence of children and local communities. Conclusion Based on the information gathered, Shishegarkhana, Ataei, and Imam Streets have the highest commercial integration, with office users in these areas. Residential and local users are situated in areas with lower integration, in private or semi-private settings. Additionally, Sahaba Street and Shishegarkhana Street are highly connected within the neighborhood, indicating strong links to nearby areas. These findings align well with the spatial data from the questionnaire, suggesting that the green spaces located on Sahaba Street, Shishegarkhana Street, and Heshmati Street in the Sardaran neighborhood have the most significant potential for creating and enhancing child-oriented spaces. Even if these places do not have any furniture specifically for children, people of all ages, especially children, still visit. This presence benefits the residents of the area. This presence and interest will naturally grow over time without additional measures, and the activity and presence of each neighborhood group and user in this silent model are justified for the city. In addition, in the three identified areas, it has been suggested that the appeal of these places be increased by installing furniture suitable for all age groups and suitable lighting for children's entertainment. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_206594_1b7ead237599f9f339030f61e7c447ad.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 3 2024 11 05 Explanation of the role of laws and regulations in the production of contemporary urban space: the case study of Zanjan city Explanation of the role of laws and regulations in the production of contemporary urban space: the case study of Zanjan city 59 76 196993 10.22034/jsc.2023.369221.1665 FA Hamidreza Hamidi Department of Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0002-6739-3174 Zohreh DavoudPour Department of Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Shadi Pakzad Department of Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 25 A B S T R A C T After the constitutional revolution, by the establishment of the legislative institution, laws and regulations became a powerful tool for the government to produce the urban space, transform and control it. The content of established laws is in accordance with the characteristics and the prevailing discourse in each era. If in the first Pahlavi period the laws and regulations were established for the transformation and changing the urban space, in the second Pahlavi period, they were applied for the circulation and consumption of the capital in the urban space, and in post-revolutionary Iran, they are used in order to create added value from the space, provide housing and control the urban space. In the contemporary period, the physical space of Zanjan city, like most of the cities in the country, is drastically changed due to the effects of various factors especially the laws and regulations. Enactment of the laws without considering all their aspects and effects on the one hand, and adopting incorrect land and housing policies on the other hand lead to the supply of land in excess of the city's needs, mainly in the form of land development plans. Subdivided lands are entered into the land market cycle like a commodity, which results in an increase of almost one million percent in the price of land in the last 35 years in Zanjan city. The research method is an ex post facto(post-event) method. Library studies, questionnaires, and aerial photographs are used to collect information. Analytical aspect of the issue can be traced in explaining the results of applying laws on the physical aspects of the city, the price of land and housing, the formation of institutions responsible for the city development, and so on. Extended Abstract Introduction The urban space of the contemporary period, while being influenced by the historical past, is a product of the conditions of the contemporary period with all its characteristics. Several factors are involved in the production and transformation of the urban space, of which laws and regulations are one of the most important aspects in the period under discussion. Explaining why the current structure of the country's cities and understanding the effective factors in the production of urban space and its physical transformation, as well as explaining the process of transforming the Iranian city from the city-life of the Qajar period to the city-commodity of today, make it necessary to address the issue of how to produce urban space. Methodology According to the purpose of the research and because the nature of the subject is unmeasurable and unquantifiable variables, the research method is qualitative. Based on this, the method of conducting descriptive study is analytical. Results and discussion The approval of the municipal law during the constitutional period changes the city administration from traditional to modern. With the approval of the law "widening and development of roads and streets" in the first Pahlavi period, the transformation of the physical space of cities is keyed. Based on this, the creation of four main streets of 5 kilometers in the heart of the old fabric of Zanjan city will collapse the physical structure of the city that is several thousand years old. The body of the new roads was established by using the "Regulations of Construction Incidents in the Passages" and thus the street becomes a new space and a symbol of modernity on the body of the city. With the establishment of the second Pahlavi government, a major part of the nature of the approved laws is placed in line with the establishment of legal institutions in the field of cities and urban development. Rules; The establishment of the Planning Council, the establishment of the Supreme Council of Urban Development and Architecture, the establishment of the Ministry of Development and Housing, the change of the name of the Ministry of Development and Housing, etc. are among them. At the end of this period and the beginning of the 50s, the country's oil revenues increased sharply. The income from this transit also spreads to the field of land and housing. The lands around the cities are attacked by speculators. The gambling exchange and land speculation are intensified so that the laws of "land transactions" and "relative stabilization of the price of land and prevention of its disproportionate increase" are approved to control the prices. The reflection of these conditions in Zanjan to the formation of regions; Emetadieh, Kuche Meshki, Wahidiyeh, Sarjangaldari, Amjadiyeh, Saadi North, Islamabad, Bisim, etc., with an area of more than 300 hectares, which is a very significant area considering the area of 600 hectares of the city at that time. Parallel to the establishment of the Islamic Revolution, the issue of housing shortage and high cost is considered the most important challenge in the society. "Urban Land Ownership Cancellation Law", "Urban Land Law" and its developed form "Urban Land Law" were approved as the most important and influential law in the development of the physical space of cities to overcome the mentioned challenge. With the approval of the urban land law, a new chapter in the production of the country's urban space is established. The effect of the implementation of the urban land law in Zanjan city was an increase of 1600 hectares in the area of the city in the form of preparation areas. The number of residential plots resulting from these projects in Zanjan city is 27500 plots, which was more than the city's needs at that time. For this reason, due to the lack of effective demand, the duration of the construction of the preparation areas was prolonged, so that in Zanjan city, the average construction period of 80% of the land area with the preparation plan has taken more than 10 years, while this The amount for the time before the approval of the urban land law was 7 years. For this reason, a large number of unbuilt residential plots were left on the ground and the ground for frequent transactions was provided. Most of the transactions on the prepared lands of Zanjan have started since 1368, that is, three years after the approval of the land preparation law. On average, a piece of land has been traded 4 times a year in Zanjan during the last 30 years. The result of such conditions is an 8800-fold increase in the price of land in the preparation areas during the last 35 years in Zanjan city. Conclusion After the constitutional revolution, the government, using the tools of laws and regulations, has been the most effective factor in the production of the country's urban space. The ruling discourse has shaped and transformed the urban space according to its wishes and preferences. Rules; The municipality, the development and widening of roads and streets, the by-laws of construction developments in roads and streets, and the urban land law have had the most impact in this field. Laws and regulations along with some positive effects such as; The change of city management from the traditional form to the modern form, institutionalization and legalization of urban development, mass production of land and housing, etc. have also had negative effects. The disintegration of the old and neighborhood-oriented physical structure of cities, imitation in shaping the urban image, development from the outside and decay from the inside, the excessive increase in the boundaries of cities, the supply of urban land in excess of the need with the implementation of Article 11 of the Urban Land Law and its consequences Anomalous increase in the price of land and housing, which is completely against the goals of the aforementioned law, including the effects of bad laws and regulations. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T After the constitutional revolution, by the establishment of the legislative institution, laws and regulations became a powerful tool for the government to produce the urban space, transform and control it. The content of established laws is in accordance with the characteristics and the prevailing discourse in each era. If in the first Pahlavi period the laws and regulations were established for the transformation and changing the urban space, in the second Pahlavi period, they were applied for the circulation and consumption of the capital in the urban space, and in post-revolutionary Iran, they are used in order to create added value from the space, provide housing and control the urban space. In the contemporary period, the physical space of Zanjan city, like most of the cities in the country, is drastically changed due to the effects of various factors especially the laws and regulations. Enactment of the laws without considering all their aspects and effects on the one hand, and adopting incorrect land and housing policies on the other hand lead to the supply of land in excess of the city's needs, mainly in the form of land development plans. Subdivided lands are entered into the land market cycle like a commodity, which results in an increase of almost one million percent in the price of land in the last 35 years in Zanjan city. The research method is an ex post facto(post-event) method. Library studies, questionnaires, and aerial photographs are used to collect information. Analytical aspect of the issue can be traced in explaining the results of applying laws on the physical aspects of the city, the price of land and housing, the formation of institutions responsible for the city development, and so on. Extended Abstract Introduction The urban space of the contemporary period, while being influenced by the historical past, is a product of the conditions of the contemporary period with all its characteristics. Several factors are involved in the production and transformation of the urban space, of which laws and regulations are one of the most important aspects in the period under discussion. Explaining why the current structure of the country's cities and understanding the effective factors in the production of urban space and its physical transformation, as well as explaining the process of transforming the Iranian city from the city-life of the Qajar period to the city-commodity of today, make it necessary to address the issue of how to produce urban space. Methodology According to the purpose of the research and because the nature of the subject is unmeasurable and unquantifiable variables, the research method is qualitative. Based on this, the method of conducting descriptive study is analytical. Results and discussion The approval of the municipal law during the constitutional period changes the city administration from traditional to modern. With the approval of the law "widening and development of roads and streets" in the first Pahlavi period, the transformation of the physical space of cities is keyed. Based on this, the creation of four main streets of 5 kilometers in the heart of the old fabric of Zanjan city will collapse the physical structure of the city that is several thousand years old. The body of the new roads was established by using the "Regulations of Construction Incidents in the Passages" and thus the street becomes a new space and a symbol of modernity on the body of the city. With the establishment of the second Pahlavi government, a major part of the nature of the approved laws is placed in line with the establishment of legal institutions in the field of cities and urban development. Rules; The establishment of the Planning Council, the establishment of the Supreme Council of Urban Development and Architecture, the establishment of the Ministry of Development and Housing, the change of the name of the Ministry of Development and Housing, etc. are among them. At the end of this period and the beginning of the 50s, the country's oil revenues increased sharply. The income from this transit also spreads to the field of land and housing. The lands around the cities are attacked by speculators. The gambling exchange and land speculation are intensified so that the laws of "land transactions" and "relative stabilization of the price of land and prevention of its disproportionate increase" are approved to control the prices. The reflection of these conditions in Zanjan to the formation of regions; Emetadieh, Kuche Meshki, Wahidiyeh, Sarjangaldari, Amjadiyeh, Saadi North, Islamabad, Bisim, etc., with an area of more than 300 hectares, which is a very significant area considering the area of 600 hectares of the city at that time. Parallel to the establishment of the Islamic Revolution, the issue of housing shortage and high cost is considered the most important challenge in the society. "Urban Land Ownership Cancellation Law", "Urban Land Law" and its developed form "Urban Land Law" were approved as the most important and influential law in the development of the physical space of cities to overcome the mentioned challenge. With the approval of the urban land law, a new chapter in the production of the country's urban space is established. The effect of the implementation of the urban land law in Zanjan city was an increase of 1600 hectares in the area of the city in the form of preparation areas. The number of residential plots resulting from these projects in Zanjan city is 27500 plots, which was more than the city's needs at that time. For this reason, due to the lack of effective demand, the duration of the construction of the preparation areas was prolonged, so that in Zanjan city, the average construction period of 80% of the land area with the preparation plan has taken more than 10 years, while this The amount for the time before the approval of the urban land law was 7 years. For this reason, a large number of unbuilt residential plots were left on the ground and the ground for frequent transactions was provided. Most of the transactions on the prepared lands of Zanjan have started since 1368, that is, three years after the approval of the land preparation law. On average, a piece of land has been traded 4 times a year in Zanjan during the last 30 years. The result of such conditions is an 8800-fold increase in the price of land in the preparation areas during the last 35 years in Zanjan city. Conclusion After the constitutional revolution, the government, using the tools of laws and regulations, has been the most effective factor in the production of the country's urban space. The ruling discourse has shaped and transformed the urban space according to its wishes and preferences. Rules; The municipality, the development and widening of roads and streets, the by-laws of construction developments in roads and streets, and the urban land law have had the most impact in this field. Laws and regulations along with some positive effects such as; The change of city management from the traditional form to the modern form, institutionalization and legalization of urban development, mass production of land and housing, etc. have also had negative effects. The disintegration of the old and neighborhood-oriented physical structure of cities, imitation in shaping the urban image, development from the outside and decay from the inside, the excessive increase in the boundaries of cities, the supply of urban land in excess of the need with the implementation of Article 11 of the Urban Land Law and its consequences Anomalous increase in the price of land and housing, which is completely against the goals of the aforementioned law, including the effects of bad laws and regulations. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_196993_86834710e9a2860eaab5a632b399361e.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 3 2024 10 26 Meta-Synthesis of Influential Social Drivers in the Development of Urban Innovation and Knowledge-Based Hubs Meta-Synthesis of Influential Social Drivers in the Development of Urban Innovation and Knowledge-Based Hubs 77 97 210003 10.22034/jsc.2024.388160.1687 FA Hafez Mahdnejad Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University, Asadabad, Iran Ahmad Zanganeh Department of Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 25 A B S T R A C T Social drivers provide the ground for the attraction of elites and the realization of the knowledge-based city as one of the important paradigms of the future city. The purpose of the present research is to synthesize the extensive literature regarding the influential social drivers in the development of urban innovation and knowledge-based hubs. The current research is a review in terms of its purpose, and its method is qualitative. The statistical community includes all the studies from the 1990s to 2022 (1223 sources). First, 892 sources were removed by reviewing the title, and 156 sources by reviewing the abstract. Then, the content of 175 sources was fully reviewed and analyzed, and finally, 43 articles were selected for final analysis. Cohen's kappa coefficient was equal to 0.733 with a significance level of 0.000, indicating the research's appropriate reliability. The research results show that the social drivers of innovation and knowledge-based hubs have five distinct consisting of sense of place, social capital, social integration, social well-being and socio-cultural development. Also, social drivers have 10 dimensions (including a sense of belonging to the community, social structure, infrastructure of knowledge workers, well-being, community structure, human capital, shared basis, form, image, function, and environment) and 31 components. In total, innovation and knowledge-based hubs have 115 indicators. The category of social integration includes 24% of all indicators. Other categories of sense of place, community capital, socio-cultural development, and human well-being comprise 33%, 20%, 12%, and 11% of the total indicators, respectively. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, knowledge-based urban development is at the center of policymaking in various cities that are looking for increased productivity and competitiveness. Also, a knowledge-based urban development strategy is used to deal with spatial, environmental, economic, and social challenges. As a result, a new typology of knowledge environments has emerged in the form of knowledge and innovation spaces. Knowledge-based urban development, as a sustainable socio-spatial strategy, first appeared in the best global examples such as Silicon Valley, Cambridge Science Park, and Sophia Antipolis, and then accepted by leading cities in Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia, including Austin, Barcelona, Boston, Delft, Manchester, Melbourne, Singapore, and Toronto. These cities have planned digital infrastructure, green technologies, and other infrastructure requirements of their knowledge-based urban development as ways to revive stagnant urban environments, provide economic opportunities, and strengthen their global competitiveness. Therefore, the results of studies clearly indicate that for the successful development of urban innovation and knowledge-based spaces, it is necessary to pursue economic, political, physical, and social development in a balanced and comprehensive manner. Despite this, most studies have emphasized the spatial, economic, and institutional aspects and have neglected to pay attention to the social dimension. The present research aims to synthesize the extensive literature regarding social drivers influencing the development of urban innovation and knowledge-based hubs to provide a comprehensive and integrated conceptual model in relation to it. Methodology The current research is qualitative in terms of its fundamental purpose and method. Considering that the purpose of the current research is to extract the social components of urban knowledge-based hubs, it is considered as a review goal. Its method is qualitative and exploratory. The meta-synthesis method was used to answer the research questions. In the current research, the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007) was used for meta-synthesis. The statistical community includes all the studies published from the 1990s to 2022. It was searched using keywords as knowledge-based development, knowledge-intensive activities, knowledge cities, knowledge-based urban development, knowledge-based clusters, hubs of Knowledge, knowledge communities, knowledge locations, Knowledge and innovation spaces, innovation ecosystem, innovation districts, innovation clusters, social innovation in different databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Emerald, Springer a Scopus, Proquest, Sage Wiley, Taylor & Francis. In the initial search, 1223 sources were obtained. The critical assessment skills program tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies that were conducted. The logic of selecting the articles was based on ten indicators, including research objectives, logic of the method, research design, sampling method, data collection, reflectivity, ethical considerations, accuracy of data analysis, clear statement of findings, and value of research. First, 892 sources were removed by reviewing the title, and 156 sources by reviewing the abstract. Then, the content of 175 sources was fully reviewed and analyzed, and finally, 43 articles were selected for final analysis. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to measure reliability, and its results were equal to 0.733 with a significance level of 0.000, indicating the appropriate research reliability. Results and discussion The present research results show that studies related to the knowledge-based city have experienced many changes over time. Thus, the studies of the knowledge-based city can be divided into three time periods. The first period was between 2005 and 2012, which mostly emphasized the multi-dimensional dimensions of the knowledge-based city and extracted its conceptual framework consisting of economic, spatial, sociocultural, and institutional development. In this regard, fundamental features such as the necessity of policy-making, policy-making, and knowledge-based planning in cities have been emphasized, which leads to the promotion of human capital, the formation of the economy and knowledge-based management, and finally, the improvement of the environmental quality of cities. At the same time, the realization of this importance requires the existence of knowledge infrastructures, information and communication technology infrastructures in cities, and the ease of sharing knowledge and innovation. The second period is equal to the period from 2013 to 2015, where a special emphasis has been placed on defining the methodology for measuring and quantifying the indicators of the knowledge-based city and, in this regard, measuring the status of different cities. Knowledge-based indicators have been used to find out how much they have. Also, paying attention to the physical-spatial structure of the knowledge-based city and the need to pay attention to the unique urban planning elements for them, such as the expansion of comfort and recreational facilities such as parks, restaurants, and cafes, promotion of transportation environmentally friendly transfer of cultural assets (museums and art galleries), etc. have been carried out. In this regard, innovation and knowledge-based hubs have been emphasized by attracting diverse actors and gathering them in a geographical location, forming different clusters, and forming an innovation platform. The third period is equal to the period from 2016 to 2022, which is focused on the spatial quality of innovation hubs with the aim of streamlining to attract skilled and talented people. In this regard, the necessity of continuous innovation, attention to creativity, attracting the creative class, and bringing professional talents together has been emphasized. In the meantime, attention has been paid to social characteristics and emphasis on components such as social cohesion, social infrastructure, transparency, participation, and social tolerance in order to attract the creative class. Conclusion According to the results of this research, the influential social drivers in the development of innovation hubs and urban base knowledge consist of five categories, 10 dimensions, 31 components, and 115 indicators. About 24 percent of the indicators belong to the first category, sense of place. About 20 percent of the indicators are related to social capital. The category of social welfare includes about 11% of the extracted indicators. About 33% of the indicators belong to the category of social integration. In addition, about 12% of the extracted indicators are related to the socio-cultural development category. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Social drivers provide the ground for the attraction of elites and the realization of the knowledge-based city as one of the important paradigms of the future city. The purpose of the present research is to synthesize the extensive literature regarding the influential social drivers in the development of urban innovation and knowledge-based hubs. The current research is a review in terms of its purpose, and its method is qualitative. The statistical community includes all the studies from the 1990s to 2022 (1223 sources). First, 892 sources were removed by reviewing the title, and 156 sources by reviewing the abstract. Then, the content of 175 sources was fully reviewed and analyzed, and finally, 43 articles were selected for final analysis. Cohen's kappa coefficient was equal to 0.733 with a significance level of 0.000, indicating the research's appropriate reliability. The research results show that the social drivers of innovation and knowledge-based hubs have five distinct consisting of sense of place, social capital, social integration, social well-being and socio-cultural development. Also, social drivers have 10 dimensions (including a sense of belonging to the community, social structure, infrastructure of knowledge workers, well-being, community structure, human capital, shared basis, form, image, function, and environment) and 31 components. In total, innovation and knowledge-based hubs have 115 indicators. The category of social integration includes 24% of all indicators. Other categories of sense of place, community capital, socio-cultural development, and human well-being comprise 33%, 20%, 12%, and 11% of the total indicators, respectively. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, knowledge-based urban development is at the center of policymaking in various cities that are looking for increased productivity and competitiveness. Also, a knowledge-based urban development strategy is used to deal with spatial, environmental, economic, and social challenges. As a result, a new typology of knowledge environments has emerged in the form of knowledge and innovation spaces. Knowledge-based urban development, as a sustainable socio-spatial strategy, first appeared in the best global examples such as Silicon Valley, Cambridge Science Park, and Sophia Antipolis, and then accepted by leading cities in Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia, including Austin, Barcelona, Boston, Delft, Manchester, Melbourne, Singapore, and Toronto. These cities have planned digital infrastructure, green technologies, and other infrastructure requirements of their knowledge-based urban development as ways to revive stagnant urban environments, provide economic opportunities, and strengthen their global competitiveness. Therefore, the results of studies clearly indicate that for the successful development of urban innovation and knowledge-based spaces, it is necessary to pursue economic, political, physical, and social development in a balanced and comprehensive manner. Despite this, most studies have emphasized the spatial, economic, and institutional aspects and have neglected to pay attention to the social dimension. The present research aims to synthesize the extensive literature regarding social drivers influencing the development of urban innovation and knowledge-based hubs to provide a comprehensive and integrated conceptual model in relation to it. Methodology The current research is qualitative in terms of its fundamental purpose and method. Considering that the purpose of the current research is to extract the social components of urban knowledge-based hubs, it is considered as a review goal. Its method is qualitative and exploratory. The meta-synthesis method was used to answer the research questions. In the current research, the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007) was used for meta-synthesis. The statistical community includes all the studies published from the 1990s to 2022. It was searched using keywords as knowledge-based development, knowledge-intensive activities, knowledge cities, knowledge-based urban development, knowledge-based clusters, hubs of Knowledge, knowledge communities, knowledge locations, Knowledge and innovation spaces, innovation ecosystem, innovation districts, innovation clusters, social innovation in different databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Emerald, Springer a Scopus, Proquest, Sage Wiley, Taylor & Francis. In the initial search, 1223 sources were obtained. The critical assessment skills program tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies that were conducted. The logic of selecting the articles was based on ten indicators, including research objectives, logic of the method, research design, sampling method, data collection, reflectivity, ethical considerations, accuracy of data analysis, clear statement of findings, and value of research. First, 892 sources were removed by reviewing the title, and 156 sources by reviewing the abstract. Then, the content of 175 sources was fully reviewed and analyzed, and finally, 43 articles were selected for final analysis. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to measure reliability, and its results were equal to 0.733 with a significance level of 0.000, indicating the appropriate research reliability. Results and discussion The present research results show that studies related to the knowledge-based city have experienced many changes over time. Thus, the studies of the knowledge-based city can be divided into three time periods. The first period was between 2005 and 2012, which mostly emphasized the multi-dimensional dimensions of the knowledge-based city and extracted its conceptual framework consisting of economic, spatial, sociocultural, and institutional development. In this regard, fundamental features such as the necessity of policy-making, policy-making, and knowledge-based planning in cities have been emphasized, which leads to the promotion of human capital, the formation of the economy and knowledge-based management, and finally, the improvement of the environmental quality of cities. At the same time, the realization of this importance requires the existence of knowledge infrastructures, information and communication technology infrastructures in cities, and the ease of sharing knowledge and innovation. The second period is equal to the period from 2013 to 2015, where a special emphasis has been placed on defining the methodology for measuring and quantifying the indicators of the knowledge-based city and, in this regard, measuring the status of different cities. Knowledge-based indicators have been used to find out how much they have. Also, paying attention to the physical-spatial structure of the knowledge-based city and the need to pay attention to the unique urban planning elements for them, such as the expansion of comfort and recreational facilities such as parks, restaurants, and cafes, promotion of transportation environmentally friendly transfer of cultural assets (museums and art galleries), etc. have been carried out. In this regard, innovation and knowledge-based hubs have been emphasized by attracting diverse actors and gathering them in a geographical location, forming different clusters, and forming an innovation platform. The third period is equal to the period from 2016 to 2022, which is focused on the spatial quality of innovation hubs with the aim of streamlining to attract skilled and talented people. In this regard, the necessity of continuous innovation, attention to creativity, attracting the creative class, and bringing professional talents together has been emphasized. In the meantime, attention has been paid to social characteristics and emphasis on components such as social cohesion, social infrastructure, transparency, participation, and social tolerance in order to attract the creative class. Conclusion According to the results of this research, the influential social drivers in the development of innovation hubs and urban base knowledge consist of five categories, 10 dimensions, 31 components, and 115 indicators. About 24 percent of the indicators belong to the first category, sense of place. About 20 percent of the indicators are related to social capital. The category of social welfare includes about 11% of the extracted indicators. About 33% of the indicators belong to the category of social integration. In addition, about 12% of the extracted indicators are related to the socio-cultural development category. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_210003_38bace43e91d99f5fd89cb22b56a5f84.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 3 2024 10 22 Investigating the factors affecting the realization of inclusive city in Sari city Investigating the factors affecting the realization of inclusive city in Sari city 99 116 214030 10.22034/jsc.2025.469043.1791 FA Sedigheh Lotfi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Tina Esmaeili Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Mostafa Ahmadi Fuladi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Noor Branch, University of Islamic Azad, Noor, Iran 0009-0004-3480-0273 Journal Article 2024 05 25 A B S T R A C T The intensification of social and economic inequalities in cities around the world has led to the emergence of new urban theories. Inclusive cities are of great importance due to their ability to improve the quality of life of all residents and reduce inequalities. This research aimed to identify the influential factors and how these factors influence each other, which in a way affect the future of the city of Sari and its inclusive status, so that by identifying these factors and driving forces, the necessary basis and context for efficient decision-making in the field of inclusive cities can be provided. Analyzing the structural relationships between indicators will reveal a clearer vision of the city's future. Data and information were collected in the form of documents and fieldwork. The statistical population of the study included 20 experts and specialists, and the sampling method was also carried out purposefully. MICMAC software (for cross-effects calculations) was also used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that urban planning and management indicators, land-based financing, access to financial resources, affordable land and housing, and public space reconstruction are key and effective indicators for realizing an inclusive city. Also, cross-effects calculations showed that the distribution of indicators in the coordinate diagram indicates the unsustainability of the inclusive city system of Sari. Extended Abstract Introduction The rapid increase of urbanization had undesired consequences for urban inhabitants, especially for deprived and vulnerable people. Urban planners and international institutions proposed new urban paradigms in order to reduce inequality. Also, the emergence of participatory planning ideas and the inefficiency of conventional planning approaches led to the idea of an inclusive city in planning literature. Indeed, the inclusive city, as articulated in Sustainable Development Goal 11 specifically and in other goals more generally, and to reduce inequality, goes beyond only shelter. The concept of inclusion is opposed to exclusion, which results from physical, social, or economic barriers that prevent specific groups from fully participating in urban life and services. Studies show that rapid urbanization and unequal development in Iran have led to the concentration of poverty and inequality in urban areas, which is one of the major challenges to realizing an inclusive city in Iranian cities. Sari is the political-administrative center of Mazandaran province and one of its most populous areas. The population of this city in the 2016 census was 309,820 people. In the process of rapid population growth and high immigration in recent years, it has faced various problems and challenges, one of which is the existence of different manifestations of the quality of life in its different areas. The formation of neighborhoods around Sari such as Nobaniad, Ghaffari Alley, Rahband neighborhood, etc., and the annexation of some peripheral villages to the city indicate the difference in planning of areas and neighborhoods and inequality in the city's infrastructure, which has led to disruption of the environmental balance and the visibility of inequality and deprivation of many income and social groups. Methodology The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. Documentary and library research methods were used to collect information, and the data analysis method using the futures research software MICMAC and the cross-matrix analysis method. The common thread of all reports and documents related to inclusiveness is the great complexity and difficulties in collecting quantitative data. The following study was no exception to this; for this reason, the present study was conducted from a qualitative perspective and from the point of view of experts who are familiar with the discussion of inclusiveness and with regard to their knowledge and expertise of the characteristics of the city of Sari. Then, the qualitative data was entered into the software in quantitative form. Next, a descriptive statement of the research and how it was conducted was given in the form of explaining the concepts related to the subject. In this way, while becoming more familiar with the research literature, operational and applied definitions were obtained from the research concepts, and in accordance with them and obtaining the views of the research elite community, the initial variables related to the MICMAC analyses were selected. The data collection tool was an expert questionnaire, and the Delphi method was used in four stages. Results and discussion As mentioned, 20 indicators have been considered for the inclusive city. This stage examines the interactive effects of the 20 indicators from the experts' perspective. For this purpose, system analysis was used in the MICMAC software. In the MICMAC software, the indicators were first entered, and the experts completed the 20x20 matrix of the mutual effects of the indicators. In fact, in this stage, a qualitative assessment was carried out by the experts, and each of the experts, based on their knowledge and experience, assigned a degree of influence from 0 to 3 (no influence to high influence) to the relationship between the two variables and, in fact, the degree of their influence and influence on each other. The degree of filling of the matrix with 2 rotations is 54.72 percent, which indicates the high validity of the questionnaire and its responses. Out of 80 evaluable relationships in this matrix, 120 relationships were zero, meaning that the factors did not influence or were not influenced by each other. The influence graph shows the relationship between indicators (factors) and the extent of their influence on each other. This graph is represented by red and blue lines, which indicate the intensity of the influence of the indicators. Red lines indicate strong influence, and blue lines with different thicknesses indicate moderate to weak relationships. As can be seen, the intensity of the relationship between indicators in the direct relationship matrix is strong. Also, the indirect matrix's relationships between indicators are relatively strong. In this matrix, the relationship between land-based financing indicators and basic services to the urban poor is strong. Impact indicators: Out of 20 indicators, several indicators have been identified as driving indicators (impactors). Examining the direct and indirect relationships of the indicators has shown that the impact indicators in direct impacts have also been repeated in indirect impacts. The only difference is in the ranking of the indicators. The key impact indicators for the city of Sari from the experts' perspective include the following indicators as urban planning and management (A1), land-based financing (B3), access to financial resources (C1), affordable land and housing (A3), reconstruction of public space (B2). Dependent indicators as dependent indicators, like the impact indicators, were also repeated in direct and indirect impacts. Notably, the difference in the ranking of the indicators was very small. Impactor indicators include the following as basic services to the urban poor (A2), affordable land and housing (A3), improvement of the condition of slums (B1), and security of tenure (A4). Conclusion Urban planning and management were identified as the most important indicators of direct impact. Urban planning and management are very important in realizing an inclusive city. In this approach, urban planning and management provide urban services and facilities to citizens, regardless of social, economic, and cultural differences. Urban management can reduce social and economic inequalities by providing services such as information and communication technology, planning for citizen participation, improving urban infrastructure, educating and empowering citizens, and increasing access to urban facilities. Providing the above services leads to improving citizens' quality of life and contributes to sustainable and balanced urban development. The next important impact indicator is land-based financing. Land-based financing can help realize an inclusive city by improving infrastructure, increasing access to affordable housing, strengthening social and economic participation, and reducing inequalities and marginalization. This indicator can also help manage resources and prevent sustainable environmental degradation. This method can help preserve natural resources and reduce environmental degradation through proper planning and optimal urban land use. The third effective indicator, closely related to the previous indicator, is the index of access to financial resources. This index can help develop and improve urban infrastructure. This infrastructure includes housing, transportation, water and sanitation, and other essential services necessary for a quality urban life. Improving infrastructure can reduce inequalities and increase access to basic services for all citizens. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The intensification of social and economic inequalities in cities around the world has led to the emergence of new urban theories. Inclusive cities are of great importance due to their ability to improve the quality of life of all residents and reduce inequalities. This research aimed to identify the influential factors and how these factors influence each other, which in a way affect the future of the city of Sari and its inclusive status, so that by identifying these factors and driving forces, the necessary basis and context for efficient decision-making in the field of inclusive cities can be provided. Analyzing the structural relationships between indicators will reveal a clearer vision of the city's future. Data and information were collected in the form of documents and fieldwork. The statistical population of the study included 20 experts and specialists, and the sampling method was also carried out purposefully. MICMAC software (for cross-effects calculations) was also used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that urban planning and management indicators, land-based financing, access to financial resources, affordable land and housing, and public space reconstruction are key and effective indicators for realizing an inclusive city. Also, cross-effects calculations showed that the distribution of indicators in the coordinate diagram indicates the unsustainability of the inclusive city system of Sari. Extended Abstract Introduction The rapid increase of urbanization had undesired consequences for urban inhabitants, especially for deprived and vulnerable people. Urban planners and international institutions proposed new urban paradigms in order to reduce inequality. Also, the emergence of participatory planning ideas and the inefficiency of conventional planning approaches led to the idea of an inclusive city in planning literature. Indeed, the inclusive city, as articulated in Sustainable Development Goal 11 specifically and in other goals more generally, and to reduce inequality, goes beyond only shelter. The concept of inclusion is opposed to exclusion, which results from physical, social, or economic barriers that prevent specific groups from fully participating in urban life and services. Studies show that rapid urbanization and unequal development in Iran have led to the concentration of poverty and inequality in urban areas, which is one of the major challenges to realizing an inclusive city in Iranian cities. Sari is the political-administrative center of Mazandaran province and one of its most populous areas. The population of this city in the 2016 census was 309,820 people. In the process of rapid population growth and high immigration in recent years, it has faced various problems and challenges, one of which is the existence of different manifestations of the quality of life in its different areas. The formation of neighborhoods around Sari such as Nobaniad, Ghaffari Alley, Rahband neighborhood, etc., and the annexation of some peripheral villages to the city indicate the difference in planning of areas and neighborhoods and inequality in the city's infrastructure, which has led to disruption of the environmental balance and the visibility of inequality and deprivation of many income and social groups. Methodology The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. Documentary and library research methods were used to collect information, and the data analysis method using the futures research software MICMAC and the cross-matrix analysis method. The common thread of all reports and documents related to inclusiveness is the great complexity and difficulties in collecting quantitative data. The following study was no exception to this; for this reason, the present study was conducted from a qualitative perspective and from the point of view of experts who are familiar with the discussion of inclusiveness and with regard to their knowledge and expertise of the characteristics of the city of Sari. Then, the qualitative data was entered into the software in quantitative form. Next, a descriptive statement of the research and how it was conducted was given in the form of explaining the concepts related to the subject. In this way, while becoming more familiar with the research literature, operational and applied definitions were obtained from the research concepts, and in accordance with them and obtaining the views of the research elite community, the initial variables related to the MICMAC analyses were selected. The data collection tool was an expert questionnaire, and the Delphi method was used in four stages. Results and discussion As mentioned, 20 indicators have been considered for the inclusive city. This stage examines the interactive effects of the 20 indicators from the experts' perspective. For this purpose, system analysis was used in the MICMAC software. In the MICMAC software, the indicators were first entered, and the experts completed the 20x20 matrix of the mutual effects of the indicators. In fact, in this stage, a qualitative assessment was carried out by the experts, and each of the experts, based on their knowledge and experience, assigned a degree of influence from 0 to 3 (no influence to high influence) to the relationship between the two variables and, in fact, the degree of their influence and influence on each other. The degree of filling of the matrix with 2 rotations is 54.72 percent, which indicates the high validity of the questionnaire and its responses. Out of 80 evaluable relationships in this matrix, 120 relationships were zero, meaning that the factors did not influence or were not influenced by each other. The influence graph shows the relationship between indicators (factors) and the extent of their influence on each other. This graph is represented by red and blue lines, which indicate the intensity of the influence of the indicators. Red lines indicate strong influence, and blue lines with different thicknesses indicate moderate to weak relationships. As can be seen, the intensity of the relationship between indicators in the direct relationship matrix is strong. Also, the indirect matrix's relationships between indicators are relatively strong. In this matrix, the relationship between land-based financing indicators and basic services to the urban poor is strong. Impact indicators: Out of 20 indicators, several indicators have been identified as driving indicators (impactors). Examining the direct and indirect relationships of the indicators has shown that the impact indicators in direct impacts have also been repeated in indirect impacts. The only difference is in the ranking of the indicators. The key impact indicators for the city of Sari from the experts' perspective include the following indicators as urban planning and management (A1), land-based financing (B3), access to financial resources (C1), affordable land and housing (A3), reconstruction of public space (B2). Dependent indicators as dependent indicators, like the impact indicators, were also repeated in direct and indirect impacts. Notably, the difference in the ranking of the indicators was very small. Impactor indicators include the following as basic services to the urban poor (A2), affordable land and housing (A3), improvement of the condition of slums (B1), and security of tenure (A4). Conclusion Urban planning and management were identified as the most important indicators of direct impact. Urban planning and management are very important in realizing an inclusive city. In this approach, urban planning and management provide urban services and facilities to citizens, regardless of social, economic, and cultural differences. Urban management can reduce social and economic inequalities by providing services such as information and communication technology, planning for citizen participation, improving urban infrastructure, educating and empowering citizens, and increasing access to urban facilities. Providing the above services leads to improving citizens' quality of life and contributes to sustainable and balanced urban development. The next important impact indicator is land-based financing. Land-based financing can help realize an inclusive city by improving infrastructure, increasing access to affordable housing, strengthening social and economic participation, and reducing inequalities and marginalization. This indicator can also help manage resources and prevent sustainable environmental degradation. This method can help preserve natural resources and reduce environmental degradation through proper planning and optimal urban land use. The third effective indicator, closely related to the previous indicator, is the index of access to financial resources. This index can help develop and improve urban infrastructure. This infrastructure includes housing, transportation, water and sanitation, and other essential services necessary for a quality urban life. Improving infrastructure can reduce inequalities and increase access to basic services for all citizens. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_214030_de138013431446c046cee6d2aaf9c5c2.pdf