Iranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240904Conceptual framework for analyzing smartness in public spaces of informal settlementsConceptual framework for analyzing smartness in public spaces of informal settlements12520605410.22034/jsc.2024.422078.1746FASaraAhmadiDepartment of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0001-8143-5003HooshmandAlizadehDepartment of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0001-6441-8797Journal Article20240423<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The concepts of smartness and informality are seen as two opposing concepts and functions in urban discussions. However, the mentioned concepts may be more similar than different. For example, the development of informal settlements and their public spaces follows self-organizing and daily patterns, similar to what is found in smart developments. Smartness is evolving in the third generation of definitions and components, which, in addition to technology and well-being (present in the first and second generation), puts more emphasis on social concerns that seem to have similarities with the way of life in informal settlements. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to consider the opportunity to conceptualize smartness by referring to public spaces in informal settlements based on an interpretive approach and using the qualitative content analysis method, in which data collection is also based on the library method and document study. The results indicate that the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, local communities Active, bottom-up performance, collective awareness, social trust, supportive systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The term smart city was first coined in Brisbane, Australia and Blacksburg, USA, where information and communication technology supported social participation, reducing the digital divide and access to services and information. Smart cities emerged as a tool to visualize the urban fabric. They emerged slowly after the 90s but rapidly emerged from the early 2000s. In fact, from 2000 onwards, the growth approach gave way to the smart city, which is based on advances in information and communication technology in planning, development, sustainability and urban services. Since then, it has been creative in the sense of any new type of technology in the planning and development of urban functions.
Of course, reviewing the design process of smart city projects is a fundamental change in the type and type of process and implementation of smart cities. By reviewing the definitions and topics raised for smart cities in the last two decades, we can identify how cities deal with information and communication technology and use it in city development. The evolution of smart cities started with technology and the use of its methods in the city by huge technology companies. After that, urban management entered the space of smart cities. Finally, this city was placed in the center of the smart city.
On the other hand, due to the expansion of informal settlements in recent years. It has been a subject of studies both in practical and theoretical fields inside and outside the country (Irandoost and Sarafi, 2006; Bayat, 2010, 2011; Perlman, 2017; Piran, 2016, 134 Sheikhiye and others, 2014; Sarafi, 2007; Madanipour, 2001 Alsayyad, 1993; 2004; Bayat, 2000; 2007; Benjamin, 2008, 2010; Davis, 2006; De soto, 1989; 2000; ;, 20020; Dovey, 2002; Kellet & Moore, 2003; Neuwirth , 2010; Perlman, 2004; Roy & AlSayad, 2004; Roy, 2012). In these settlements, people try to manifest their "art of presence" and create and discover the space in order to benefit from them for better assistance.
By being mindful of lifestyles and public space usage in informal settlements, it is possible to find similarities with the concepts related to smartness, particularly the third generation of its definitions. This can lead to a better understanding of these concepts' relationship and mutual benefits. These two concepts have significantly contributed to urban planning literature, which may have initially seemed unrelated. Based on this, the upcoming article aims to develop a conceptual framework and identify components for analyzing smartness in public spaces of informal settlements. Therefore, this article, on the one hand, tries to redefine the components of smartness, informal settlement and public space through the analysis of existing definitions and theories. On the other hand, according to the results of the first stage and using the qualitative content analysis method, the components of smartness analysis in the public spaces of informal settlements should be identified, and a conceptual framework presented.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current research is based on a "qualitative" method. The authors are under the interpretation paradigm in search of meaning, observation, and direct reference to various phenomena and investigating the causal relationship between them. Data collection is also based on the library method and document study, and qualitative content analysis is used as the research method for this department's studies. Based on this, the oriented qualitative content analysis method, by using the existing theories, starts its work by identifying the main concepts for classifying the texts and tries to define the key themes by examining the existing theories.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The way of life in the public spaces of the informal settlement is defined as an economic strategy of survival in its high levels, and the aforementioned strategies are classified into four general types:
1- Social unity (an example of realizing the social dimension of the public space) has caused social power. It can bring achievements such as breaking legal barriers and political invisibility, thus achieving various privileges and the culture of negotiation and bargaining to pursue demands. Also, it has unconsciously and sometimes consciously institutionalized itself, bringing to the fore the tactics of improving the quality of life, which can be seen in public spaces;
2- Spatial correlation (an example of the realization of the physical dimension of the public space) through the place of living and shared public space and shared assets, which leads to the formation of social capitals and, thus, higher residential satisfaction, a greater sense of belonging, collective identity is spatially oriented, and the social and public space It seeks flexible and collective consumption of urban services;
3- An organized order based on integrated culture (an example of the realization of the cultural dimension of the public space), which causes the presence of the publisher in the public space, in the middle and at the threshold;
4- The large-scale isolation of the settlement, caused by the lack of security of possession, illegality and the resulting vulnerabilities, creates an isolated environment.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Finally, smartness and informality can be considered adaptive and collective self-organizing systems nourished by daily operational practices in public spaces, where community manifests as daily creativity. In the end, smartness and informality describe a life that is essentially unplanned, uncertain, and constantly altered by uncertainty and freedom. The manifestation of the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, active local communities, low performance Above, collective awareness, social trust, support systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.
<strong>Funding</strong>
T This research was carried out with the support of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of University of Kurdistan as a postdoctoral research.
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The concepts of smartness and informality are seen as two opposing concepts and functions in urban discussions. However, the mentioned concepts may be more similar than different. For example, the development of informal settlements and their public spaces follows self-organizing and daily patterns, similar to what is found in smart developments. Smartness is evolving in the third generation of definitions and components, which, in addition to technology and well-being (present in the first and second generation), puts more emphasis on social concerns that seem to have similarities with the way of life in informal settlements. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to consider the opportunity to conceptualize smartness by referring to public spaces in informal settlements based on an interpretive approach and using the qualitative content analysis method, in which data collection is also based on the library method and document study. The results indicate that the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, local communities Active, bottom-up performance, collective awareness, social trust, supportive systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The term smart city was first coined in Brisbane, Australia and Blacksburg, USA, where information and communication technology supported social participation, reducing the digital divide and access to services and information. Smart cities emerged as a tool to visualize the urban fabric. They emerged slowly after the 90s but rapidly emerged from the early 2000s. In fact, from 2000 onwards, the growth approach gave way to the smart city, which is based on advances in information and communication technology in planning, development, sustainability and urban services. Since then, it has been creative in the sense of any new type of technology in the planning and development of urban functions.
Of course, reviewing the design process of smart city projects is a fundamental change in the type and type of process and implementation of smart cities. By reviewing the definitions and topics raised for smart cities in the last two decades, we can identify how cities deal with information and communication technology and use it in city development. The evolution of smart cities started with technology and the use of its methods in the city by huge technology companies. After that, urban management entered the space of smart cities. Finally, this city was placed in the center of the smart city.
On the other hand, due to the expansion of informal settlements in recent years. It has been a subject of studies both in practical and theoretical fields inside and outside the country (Irandoost and Sarafi, 2006; Bayat, 2010, 2011; Perlman, 2017; Piran, 2016, 134 Sheikhiye and others, 2014; Sarafi, 2007; Madanipour, 2001 Alsayyad, 1993; 2004; Bayat, 2000; 2007; Benjamin, 2008, 2010; Davis, 2006; De soto, 1989; 2000; ;, 20020; Dovey, 2002; Kellet & Moore, 2003; Neuwirth , 2010; Perlman, 2004; Roy & AlSayad, 2004; Roy, 2012). In these settlements, people try to manifest their "art of presence" and create and discover the space in order to benefit from them for better assistance.
By being mindful of lifestyles and public space usage in informal settlements, it is possible to find similarities with the concepts related to smartness, particularly the third generation of its definitions. This can lead to a better understanding of these concepts' relationship and mutual benefits. These two concepts have significantly contributed to urban planning literature, which may have initially seemed unrelated. Based on this, the upcoming article aims to develop a conceptual framework and identify components for analyzing smartness in public spaces of informal settlements. Therefore, this article, on the one hand, tries to redefine the components of smartness, informal settlement and public space through the analysis of existing definitions and theories. On the other hand, according to the results of the first stage and using the qualitative content analysis method, the components of smartness analysis in the public spaces of informal settlements should be identified, and a conceptual framework presented.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current research is based on a "qualitative" method. The authors are under the interpretation paradigm in search of meaning, observation, and direct reference to various phenomena and investigating the causal relationship between them. Data collection is also based on the library method and document study, and qualitative content analysis is used as the research method for this department's studies. Based on this, the oriented qualitative content analysis method, by using the existing theories, starts its work by identifying the main concepts for classifying the texts and tries to define the key themes by examining the existing theories.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The way of life in the public spaces of the informal settlement is defined as an economic strategy of survival in its high levels, and the aforementioned strategies are classified into four general types:
1- Social unity (an example of realizing the social dimension of the public space) has caused social power. It can bring achievements such as breaking legal barriers and political invisibility, thus achieving various privileges and the culture of negotiation and bargaining to pursue demands. Also, it has unconsciously and sometimes consciously institutionalized itself, bringing to the fore the tactics of improving the quality of life, which can be seen in public spaces;
2- Spatial correlation (an example of the realization of the physical dimension of the public space) through the place of living and shared public space and shared assets, which leads to the formation of social capitals and, thus, higher residential satisfaction, a greater sense of belonging, collective identity is spatially oriented, and the social and public space It seeks flexible and collective consumption of urban services;
3- An organized order based on integrated culture (an example of the realization of the cultural dimension of the public space), which causes the presence of the publisher in the public space, in the middle and at the threshold;
4- The large-scale isolation of the settlement, caused by the lack of security of possession, illegality and the resulting vulnerabilities, creates an isolated environment.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Finally, smartness and informality can be considered adaptive and collective self-organizing systems nourished by daily operational practices in public spaces, where community manifests as daily creativity. In the end, smartness and informality describe a life that is essentially unplanned, uncertain, and constantly altered by uncertainty and freedom. The manifestation of the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, active local communities, low performance Above, collective awareness, social trust, support systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.
<strong>Funding</strong>
T This research was carried out with the support of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of University of Kurdistan as a postdoctoral research.
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_206054_af4cf215f2ff916855839522bbe1af4b.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240904The Impact of the Rail Network on the Spatial Organization of the Population in Tehran MetropolisThe Impact of the Rail Network on the Spatial Organization of the Population in Tehran Metropolis274318511910.22034/jsc.2023.377360.1673FAKeramatolahZiariDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9135-4768Seyed AbbasRajaeiDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6113-2811AhmadPourahmadDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0224-5995HosainMansourianDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMahmoudEdalati RanjbarDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240423<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The spatial structure of urban regions has mainly been shaped by the progress in transportation and communication, and structural and transportation policies have been exerted in the development of metropolitan areas. The expansion of the suburban rail network impacts suburban urbanization and the change of residential locations. It changes the density and social and economic characteristics in the peripheral cities. The present research is descriptive-analytical, and its nature is practical. The information collection was a library, and with a morphological approach, it investigated the effects of the intercity rail network on the characteristics of the spatial organization of the population living around Karaj stations. This research analyzed 6190 census blocks (1996 and 2016) through Pearson correlation and kernel density in ArcMap software. The research results show that various demographic, social, and economic indicators strongly correlate with the distance from the railway network stations, and the kernel density of the above indicators also emphasizes the spatial proximity of the densities to the railway stations. By using the results of the research, it is possible to control the spatial organization of the population at the level of the metropolitan regions of Tehran and its post-suburban development, and by linking the cities and even the peripheral metropolises to Tehran, the pattern of migration and urbanization can be guided.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
In recent decades, the spatial structure of metropolises has experienced decentralization and integration. The spatial development of urban regions is defined as a process of external diffusion of functions from big to small cities. It depends on demographic, economic, infrastructural, and technological factors. Highway and rail networks have played a structural role in expanding peripheral cities and have been used as a powerful tool to advance spatial policies. Few studies have been conducted on the impact of the rail network on urban development, and dense Asian cities have little empirical evidence on the relationships between "proximity to urban rail stations" and "housing development." While progress in transportation has had an impact on the formation of the spatial structure of modern cities, reducing the cost of space, expanding suburbs, developing new centers, distributing population and activity, reducing the population of the central city, and improving spatial proximity and integration. In recent years, the rail network development program to connect new and existing cities has received more attention than in the past, and the rail network is directly effective on population density, employment, migration rates, the mix of land uses, land prices, and development investment. In the future, we will face a new system of rail access networks in its peripheral areas, which is different from the highway model. This study is mainly limited to the physical development, population density, immigration, and economic role of the rail network.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current article is applied and descriptive-analytical research. The method of data collection was documentary. The approach of this study was morphological. This article used spatial and statistical analysis. Analysis, including Cluster and Outlier Analysis, point density, kernel density, and Pearson correlation, have been used 10 km from the railway stations of Karaj to identify the intensity of population clustering and the spatial trend and correlation relationships. The study area is the population and housing census blocks of 2016 at a distance of 10 kilometers from the city's railway stations, and the trend of spatial development compared to 1996 has been investigated. Also, the correlation between the variable "minimum distance from the railway station" and other variables has been investigated, and the correlation has been calculated in the number of 6190 urban blocks. It is necessary to explain that the number of dependent variables in this analysis equals 33, including various indicators of employment, immigration, housing, literacy, etc.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
In the intercity rail network, the most significant traffic volume is allocated to Golshahr and Karaj stations in Karaj and Sadeghieh station in Tehran, respectively, and these stations have formed a chain of origin-destination. The creation of the railway network created a new process of development. During the operation period of the railway network (1996-2016), a high share of the population increase in Karaj occurred. The point density analysis of the population distribution in 1996 shows that the residential area of Karaj has a degree of density saturation compared to other areas. After 20 years, its density has continued. There is a significant relationship between the distance from the railway station and many social, economic, and physical indicators (34 variables), and 33 variables correlate with a significance level of 1%. With the expansion of the railway network, new centers have been formed both around Golshahr station and on the Fardis route. The population density has increased around the railway stations, and the indicators of population density, employment, and migration have been established around the stations. Rail access has played a role in facilitating the residence of retired households, relatively extended households, single households, and female heads of households around the stations and has contributed to housing ownership outside the central metropolis. In this range, the high density around the station indicates the high desire of households to be close to the intercity rail network, which means that the travel flows towards the central city have gathered more households around the rail access.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The expansion of the rail infrastructure offers a high capacity of travel in urban areas; considering the growing trend of the metropolitan area of Tehran, it is one of the physical infrastructures for the residence of immigrants. Improving and strengthening accessibility is effective in strengthening, balancing, and integrating the sub-centers of the metropolitan area. Reducing the daily travel time by using high-speed rail technologies expands the functional area of the metropolitan region of Tehran. It provides a connection with the surrounding metropolises, which has a positive effect on the balance and integration of future development.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The spatial structure of urban regions has mainly been shaped by the progress in transportation and communication, and structural and transportation policies have been exerted in the development of metropolitan areas. The expansion of the suburban rail network impacts suburban urbanization and the change of residential locations. It changes the density and social and economic characteristics in the peripheral cities. The present research is descriptive-analytical, and its nature is practical. The information collection was a library, and with a morphological approach, it investigated the effects of the intercity rail network on the characteristics of the spatial organization of the population living around Karaj stations. This research analyzed 6190 census blocks (1996 and 2016) through Pearson correlation and kernel density in ArcMap software. The research results show that various demographic, social, and economic indicators strongly correlate with the distance from the railway network stations, and the kernel density of the above indicators also emphasizes the spatial proximity of the densities to the railway stations. By using the results of the research, it is possible to control the spatial organization of the population at the level of the metropolitan regions of Tehran and its post-suburban development, and by linking the cities and even the peripheral metropolises to Tehran, the pattern of migration and urbanization can be guided.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
In recent decades, the spatial structure of metropolises has experienced decentralization and integration. The spatial development of urban regions is defined as a process of external diffusion of functions from big to small cities. It depends on demographic, economic, infrastructural, and technological factors. Highway and rail networks have played a structural role in expanding peripheral cities and have been used as a powerful tool to advance spatial policies. Few studies have been conducted on the impact of the rail network on urban development, and dense Asian cities have little empirical evidence on the relationships between "proximity to urban rail stations" and "housing development." While progress in transportation has had an impact on the formation of the spatial structure of modern cities, reducing the cost of space, expanding suburbs, developing new centers, distributing population and activity, reducing the population of the central city, and improving spatial proximity and integration. In recent years, the rail network development program to connect new and existing cities has received more attention than in the past, and the rail network is directly effective on population density, employment, migration rates, the mix of land uses, land prices, and development investment. In the future, we will face a new system of rail access networks in its peripheral areas, which is different from the highway model. This study is mainly limited to the physical development, population density, immigration, and economic role of the rail network.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current article is applied and descriptive-analytical research. The method of data collection was documentary. The approach of this study was morphological. This article used spatial and statistical analysis. Analysis, including Cluster and Outlier Analysis, point density, kernel density, and Pearson correlation, have been used 10 km from the railway stations of Karaj to identify the intensity of population clustering and the spatial trend and correlation relationships. The study area is the population and housing census blocks of 2016 at a distance of 10 kilometers from the city's railway stations, and the trend of spatial development compared to 1996 has been investigated. Also, the correlation between the variable "minimum distance from the railway station" and other variables has been investigated, and the correlation has been calculated in the number of 6190 urban blocks. It is necessary to explain that the number of dependent variables in this analysis equals 33, including various indicators of employment, immigration, housing, literacy, etc.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
In the intercity rail network, the most significant traffic volume is allocated to Golshahr and Karaj stations in Karaj and Sadeghieh station in Tehran, respectively, and these stations have formed a chain of origin-destination. The creation of the railway network created a new process of development. During the operation period of the railway network (1996-2016), a high share of the population increase in Karaj occurred. The point density analysis of the population distribution in 1996 shows that the residential area of Karaj has a degree of density saturation compared to other areas. After 20 years, its density has continued. There is a significant relationship between the distance from the railway station and many social, economic, and physical indicators (34 variables), and 33 variables correlate with a significance level of 1%. With the expansion of the railway network, new centers have been formed both around Golshahr station and on the Fardis route. The population density has increased around the railway stations, and the indicators of population density, employment, and migration have been established around the stations. Rail access has played a role in facilitating the residence of retired households, relatively extended households, single households, and female heads of households around the stations and has contributed to housing ownership outside the central metropolis. In this range, the high density around the station indicates the high desire of households to be close to the intercity rail network, which means that the travel flows towards the central city have gathered more households around the rail access.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The expansion of the rail infrastructure offers a high capacity of travel in urban areas; considering the growing trend of the metropolitan area of Tehran, it is one of the physical infrastructures for the residence of immigrants. Improving and strengthening accessibility is effective in strengthening, balancing, and integrating the sub-centers of the metropolitan area. Reducing the daily travel time by using high-speed rail technologies expands the functional area of the metropolitan region of Tehran. It provides a connection with the surrounding metropolises, which has a positive effect on the balance and integration of future development.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
https://www.jscity.ir/article_185119_d70f91cdb41ca46c2efcf146ffa9fab2.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240905Carbon storage capacity in a city with a cold and mountainous climate:
the case study of Urmia city and SuburbCarbon storage capacity in a city with a cold and mountainous climate:
the case study of Urmia city and Suburb456119753610.22034/jsc.2024.434150.1758FARoghayehAnsari-GolenjiFaculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0009-0007-8186-7966AliakbarShamsipourAssociate Prof. Physical Geography department, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran0000-0001-8606-4571FaezeShojaDepartment of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran.0000-0001-5495-7009Journal Article20240424<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
In the research, the carbon storage capacity of Urmia's urban and suburb green infrastructures were analyzed. Urmia is characterized by a cold climate with a dense building structure with scattered green spaces, especially in the surrounding areas and neighborhoods of the city. The research was carried out using the carbon storage model available in the InVest software package. The results revealed that more than 57% of the study area has a carbon storage capacity of less than 2 tons, and less than 6 percent of the area has more than 30 tons per hectare, which is limited to the gardens and groves along the Shahrchai River. Soil carbon storage has the highest share with 2344.41 tons, and above biomass carbon storage followed closely with 1403.47 tons. The total amount of carbon storage in the studied area is 3900.9 tons per year. The carbon storage was highest in gardens and groves, followed by barren lands with sparse vegetation and rocky outcrops mountain’s without vegetation and soil cover had no carbon storage. Dense plants and trees have the highest storage capacity per unit area, However, the amount of storage depends on the season, so it is necessary to consider the selection and expanding the urban green spaces according to the types of plants and their compatibility with the climatic conditions and urban spaces of Urmia. As a result, it is necessary to create and develop urban green spaces at the same time as physical development, it should be the priority of Urmia's urban development plans.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Cities with high energy consumption, extensive changes of land cover/ land use, increasing impervious surfaces and construction fraction, change of surface geometry and topography, and as a result, a change in the surface energy balance and water cycle pattern and abundant production of greenhouse gases. The city’s growth and changes in the land cover pattern cause extensive social and environmental changes. Ecosystem services are benefits that human societies receive from ecosystems and natural resources and are divided into four categories as regulation, provision, support, and cultural services. Hence, carbon storage is a win-win approach (by creating recreational spaces, adjusting air temperature, and air pollution) to moderate the destructive effects of human activity in solving the problems of increasing greenhouse gas emissions in urban spaces.
Since cities have become significant carbon emissions sources, accurate carbon storage and sequestration assessment is needed in the city area. Urmia is facing an increase in population, followed by the sprawl of urban areas. Therefore, calculating the effects of urbanization growth and land cover changes on the amount of ecosystem services and valuing these services is necessary to improve the understanding of urban ecology and achieve sustainable ecosystem services. The study aims to calculate the carbon storage capacity of Urmia City according to the changing conditions of urban green spaces in hot and cold periods.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The most important data required for the research was the land cover map of Urmia city and suburbs, which was prepared by processing Landsat 8 satellite images for 2020. Also, the data related to carbon stock in four main reservoirs were extracted from the information available from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Exchanges) model was used to analyze the amount of carbon storage in each LULC class. The InVEST-CSS carbon sequestration model
estimates the amount of carbon stored in a land cover and values the amount of sequestered carbon over time. This model first collects the biophysical amount of carbon stored in four carbon pools (above-ground biomass including all living biomass above the soil; below-ground biomass including all living biomass of live roots; soil including the organic components of the land; and dead wood biomass containing all non-living biomass related to dead leaves, branches, and trunks) based on land use/land cover (LULC) maps provided by users. The second step consists of an evaluation model that approximately determines the value of carbon sequestered by ecosystems (the net value of sequestered carbon) in a given period.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Most of the land cover in the suburbs is land with soil and rock outcrops. The main characteristic of a compact and medium-height building characterizes the area of the city. According to the model outputs, the above biomass carbon storage in the city center has average conditions. Lands with rocky outcrops in the study area have the lowest carbon storage values. On the other hand, Shahrchai River route has the highest amount of carbon storage (between 40 and 50 tons per hectare). Concerning dead organic matter, the city area is located on two levels with no carbon storage capacity and low storage capacity between 0.1 and 2 tons per hectare. Over 57% of the study area has carbon storage between 0.1 and 2 tons per hectare. Also, less than 6% of the range of carbon storage capacity is above 30 tons per hectare, which is limited to the gardens and groves along the Shahrchai. About 67% of above-ground biomass has a low carbon storage capacity range of 0.1 to 2 tons per hectare, which is a total of 25750 tons of carbon storage capacity. More than 30% of the area with the characteristics of barren lands and with rocky facies and intensive construction uses cannot store carbon from the source of dead organic matter. As an important carbon storage reservoir, soil in the city and suburbs of Urmia has 2344 tons of carbon storage capacity. According to the total carbon storage values of all resources, a large city area with a storage capacity between 15 and 30 tons per hectare has been calculated. The total amount of storage in the area is 3900 tons, which is more than 10 tons per hectare on average for all uses. The most important role or ecosystem service of carbon storage is soil, with 234441 tons, and the least is dead organic matter, with 37633 tons. The highest amounts of carbon storage per surface unit (tons per hectare) are in garden lands and groves at 75.19 tons per hectare, agricultural lands at 14.73 tons per hectare, and lands with less vegetation at 10.33 tons per hectare.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Based on the calculations in the current situation, about 3900 tons are stored in the total 358 hectares of the study area with an average of 10 tons of carbon per hectare by the existing land uses. Contrary to the results of Podyal et al. (2017) or Abu Hashem et al. (2016) that the development of the urban areas of the Mediterranean coast and the reduction of natural covers in that climatic region led to a decrease in the amount of carbon storage and the intensification of climate change at the local and urban scale. In Urmia, due to the mountains without soil cover and, as a result, lack of vegetation in the suburbs, the urban growth with the development of green spaces has increased the urban carbon storage capacity. It is necessary to pay more attention to developing green infrastructures under the principle of climate adaptation by adjusting atmospheric carbon and regulating the city's atmospheric conditions. Carbon storage capacity maps can be a good help for the better management of ecosystems at different spatial scales so that managers can better identify the places of protection, harvest, and development, and with proper and intelligent management, they can ensure the continuation of reserved ecosystem services carbon in the environment.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
It is confirmed, the first author in writing the initial text, ran the model (40 percent), getting their output, the second author in editing the text, analysis and the process of sending and answering judgments (30 percent), and the third author in running the model, analyzes (30 percent) have participated
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
In the research, the carbon storage capacity of Urmia's urban and suburb green infrastructures were analyzed. Urmia is characterized by a cold climate with a dense building structure with scattered green spaces, especially in the surrounding areas and neighborhoods of the city. The research was carried out using the carbon storage model available in the InVest software package. The results revealed that more than 57% of the study area has a carbon storage capacity of less than 2 tons, and less than 6 percent of the area has more than 30 tons per hectare, which is limited to the gardens and groves along the Shahrchai River. Soil carbon storage has the highest share with 2344.41 tons, and above biomass carbon storage followed closely with 1403.47 tons. The total amount of carbon storage in the studied area is 3900.9 tons per year. The carbon storage was highest in gardens and groves, followed by barren lands with sparse vegetation and rocky outcrops mountain’s without vegetation and soil cover had no carbon storage. Dense plants and trees have the highest storage capacity per unit area, However, the amount of storage depends on the season, so it is necessary to consider the selection and expanding the urban green spaces according to the types of plants and their compatibility with the climatic conditions and urban spaces of Urmia. As a result, it is necessary to create and develop urban green spaces at the same time as physical development, it should be the priority of Urmia's urban development plans.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Cities with high energy consumption, extensive changes of land cover/ land use, increasing impervious surfaces and construction fraction, change of surface geometry and topography, and as a result, a change in the surface energy balance and water cycle pattern and abundant production of greenhouse gases. The city’s growth and changes in the land cover pattern cause extensive social and environmental changes. Ecosystem services are benefits that human societies receive from ecosystems and natural resources and are divided into four categories as regulation, provision, support, and cultural services. Hence, carbon storage is a win-win approach (by creating recreational spaces, adjusting air temperature, and air pollution) to moderate the destructive effects of human activity in solving the problems of increasing greenhouse gas emissions in urban spaces.
Since cities have become significant carbon emissions sources, accurate carbon storage and sequestration assessment is needed in the city area. Urmia is facing an increase in population, followed by the sprawl of urban areas. Therefore, calculating the effects of urbanization growth and land cover changes on the amount of ecosystem services and valuing these services is necessary to improve the understanding of urban ecology and achieve sustainable ecosystem services. The study aims to calculate the carbon storage capacity of Urmia City according to the changing conditions of urban green spaces in hot and cold periods.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The most important data required for the research was the land cover map of Urmia city and suburbs, which was prepared by processing Landsat 8 satellite images for 2020. Also, the data related to carbon stock in four main reservoirs were extracted from the information available from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Exchanges) model was used to analyze the amount of carbon storage in each LULC class. The InVEST-CSS carbon sequestration model
estimates the amount of carbon stored in a land cover and values the amount of sequestered carbon over time. This model first collects the biophysical amount of carbon stored in four carbon pools (above-ground biomass including all living biomass above the soil; below-ground biomass including all living biomass of live roots; soil including the organic components of the land; and dead wood biomass containing all non-living biomass related to dead leaves, branches, and trunks) based on land use/land cover (LULC) maps provided by users. The second step consists of an evaluation model that approximately determines the value of carbon sequestered by ecosystems (the net value of sequestered carbon) in a given period.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Most of the land cover in the suburbs is land with soil and rock outcrops. The main characteristic of a compact and medium-height building characterizes the area of the city. According to the model outputs, the above biomass carbon storage in the city center has average conditions. Lands with rocky outcrops in the study area have the lowest carbon storage values. On the other hand, Shahrchai River route has the highest amount of carbon storage (between 40 and 50 tons per hectare). Concerning dead organic matter, the city area is located on two levels with no carbon storage capacity and low storage capacity between 0.1 and 2 tons per hectare. Over 57% of the study area has carbon storage between 0.1 and 2 tons per hectare. Also, less than 6% of the range of carbon storage capacity is above 30 tons per hectare, which is limited to the gardens and groves along the Shahrchai. About 67% of above-ground biomass has a low carbon storage capacity range of 0.1 to 2 tons per hectare, which is a total of 25750 tons of carbon storage capacity. More than 30% of the area with the characteristics of barren lands and with rocky facies and intensive construction uses cannot store carbon from the source of dead organic matter. As an important carbon storage reservoir, soil in the city and suburbs of Urmia has 2344 tons of carbon storage capacity. According to the total carbon storage values of all resources, a large city area with a storage capacity between 15 and 30 tons per hectare has been calculated. The total amount of storage in the area is 3900 tons, which is more than 10 tons per hectare on average for all uses. The most important role or ecosystem service of carbon storage is soil, with 234441 tons, and the least is dead organic matter, with 37633 tons. The highest amounts of carbon storage per surface unit (tons per hectare) are in garden lands and groves at 75.19 tons per hectare, agricultural lands at 14.73 tons per hectare, and lands with less vegetation at 10.33 tons per hectare.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Based on the calculations in the current situation, about 3900 tons are stored in the total 358 hectares of the study area with an average of 10 tons of carbon per hectare by the existing land uses. Contrary to the results of Podyal et al. (2017) or Abu Hashem et al. (2016) that the development of the urban areas of the Mediterranean coast and the reduction of natural covers in that climatic region led to a decrease in the amount of carbon storage and the intensification of climate change at the local and urban scale. In Urmia, due to the mountains without soil cover and, as a result, lack of vegetation in the suburbs, the urban growth with the development of green spaces has increased the urban carbon storage capacity. It is necessary to pay more attention to developing green infrastructures under the principle of climate adaptation by adjusting atmospheric carbon and regulating the city's atmospheric conditions. Carbon storage capacity maps can be a good help for the better management of ecosystems at different spatial scales so that managers can better identify the places of protection, harvest, and development, and with proper and intelligent management, they can ensure the continuation of reserved ecosystem services carbon in the environment.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
It is confirmed, the first author in writing the initial text, ran the model (40 percent), getting their output, the second author in editing the text, analysis and the process of sending and answering judgments (30 percent), and the third author in running the model, analyzes (30 percent) have participated
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_197536_b6df11921d72f3467ac7c30823ceede8.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240905The Effects of the Development of Large-scale Commercial Centers with the Approach of Smart Urban Growth: the case study of Tabriz CityThe Effects of the Development of Large-scale Commercial Centers with the Approach of Smart Urban Growth: the case study of Tabriz City637820383110.22034/jsc.2024.431173.1754FAEhsanAlipourDepartment of Geography and urban planning, Marand branch, Islamic azad university, Marand, Iran0000-0101-0101-0101EbrhimTaghaviDepartment of Geography and urban planning, Marand branch, Islamic azad university, Marand,Iran:0000-0003-3876-9037BakhtyarEzatpanahDepartment of Geography and urban planning, Marand branch, Islamic azad university, Marand, Iran0000-0002-8186-8930Journal Article20240424<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The purpose of writing this research is to evaluate the effects of the development of large-scale commercial centers with the approach of smart urban growth in Tabriz. To support this goal, by using the library-survey method and the questionnaire tool, the researcher made; 65 people are experts, specialists and experts. The sampling method in this research was purposeful (using the snowball method) and the collected data were statistically analyzed using factor analysis, regression and path analysis in the smart pls software environment. To measure the variable "impacts of urban megaprojects", a researcher-made questionnaire with five dimensions with 14 components and 47 items was used, and also, to measure the "smart urban growth" variable, a researcher-made questionnaire with five main criteria and 15 items was used. The results showed that all the factor loadings related to the relationship between the dimensions and components of the two research variables were greater than 0.3, and the model of the relationship between the two variables of the development of large-scale commercial centers and smart urban growth in Tabriz metropolis was significant and had good goodness of fit.. Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the five main components of the research with the smart urban growth variable in Tabriz. The component of change of use related to the physical dimension with a coefficient of 0.887, as well as the component of pollution and pollutants have the most impact on the smart urban growth of Tabriz
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Traditional and modern commercial centers are one of the main economic elements of any region. These centers are the center of trade and establish a direct relationship between supply and demand. Commercial centers, with their varied and diverse spaces, are one of the elements that have had an obvious function in various civilizations, and yet, by taking charge of the economic pillars, they have been the place of formation of many cultural and political developments. The modern market is the home of modern people and modern goods. In fact, modern business requires a modern space. This issue can be well seen in the current commercial centers that have emerged in cities, especially metropolises. By creating an integrated form of an economic complex that had an almost scattered state in the past, commercial centers have found their place and base in society in today's turbulent world. According to the history of Tabriz, it can be said that this city has been familiar with the word trade for a long time and has been welcoming business people from all over the world and along the Silk Road, it has connected the West to the East and has been called the Gate of the Orient. This strategic location of Tabriz has led to its economic and cultural prosperity and has prepared the country to establish many sciences, schools, institutions, and civil institutions for the first time. It has also adapted itself to today's changes and developments. From this point of view, the upcoming research tries to investigate the effects of the development of large-scale commercial centers on the local and regional economy based on the smart growth approach and its role in the dynamics and creation of new urban spaces in Tabriz.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Based on the purpose, this research is of an applied type, and based on the nature and method, it is of an analytical-descriptive type. According to the research objectives, using the citizen survey method, the following methods and tools were used in the case study section and evaluation of the effects of the development of Carrefour shopping centers. The tool for collecting
information in this method is a direct questionnaire (designing one question for each indicator). The cluster sampling method was used to determine the number of samples based on Cochran's formula, in which the samples were distributed based on the study population. 2. Evaluating the quantitative and qualitative effects of urban megaprojects with the approach of smart urban growth is a complex and multifaceted issue. Statistical methods and related tests such as correlation, analysis of variance in the SPSS environment, and structural equations in Smart-PLS software were used to investigate the issue. The statistical population in this research is 65 experts, specialists, and experts related to urban management, urban planning, and urban economy. The sampling method in this research is purposeful (using the snowball method) and in measuring the two main variables of the research (the effects of urban megaprojects and smart urban growth in Tabriz) by adopting a hybrid approach in the literature and the theories mentioned in the two concepts. A researcher's questionnaire was developed.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Result and Discussion</strong>
This research tested the relationship between the investigated variables based on a causal structure with the PLS method of partial least squares. In the general model of the research that has been drawn, the measurement model (the relationship between each visible variable and the hidden variable) was calculated. To measure the significance of relationships, the t-statistic was calculated using the bootstrapping method in this model, which is the output of the Smart-PLS software. Based on the calculations, there was a causal relationship between the various components related to the development of commercial centers and smart urban growth (calculated significance coefficient equals 15.655). Also, based on the calculations, the relationship between the various components of the development of large commercial centers and smart urban growth in Tabriz, there was a significant relationship between the five components of the environmental effects of the megaproject, the physical effects of the megaproject, the social effects of the
megaproject, the economic effects of the megaproject, and the institutional-management effects of the megaproject; and this means that these various components of the development of large commercial centers (megaprojects) have a significant impact on the smart urban growth of Tabriz; this means that no matter how much the components of the development of large commercial centers (megaprojects) are strengthened, we will witness the increase and strengthening of the foundations of smart urban growth in Tabriz. Also, the calculations show that among the various components related to the effects of the development of large commercial centers (megaprojects), the component of change of use related to the physical dimension with a coefficient of 0.887, pollutions and pollutants related to the environmental dimension of the effects of megaproject development with The coefficient of 0.788 and also the economic component related to the development of the mega project with the coefficient of 0.801 have the most impact on the smart urban growth of Tabriz.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Examining the theoretical foundations and empirical background related to the investment and development of urban megaprojects showed that most megaprojects are carried out with economic goals and the aim of urban renewal in various cities worldwide. The development of megaprojects has been discussed and analyzed from various perspectives, and in the planning process, some have considered it as the project's confrontation with urban planning. In Iran, the development of these projects in various dimensions, scales, and functions is being formed and carried out. These large-scale projects have different effects on different structures of the city (depending on the chosen approach in the city development process), and on the other hand, these effects can be evaluated in the short, medium, and long term. This research tried to evaluate and investigate the effects of developing large-scale commercial centers with the approach of smart urban growth in the metropolis of Tabriz. For this purpose, the effects of the development of large-scale commercial centers
(megaprojects) by adopting a hybrid approach in the theory of the basis of this concept in five physical, economic, social-cultural, institutional-management, and environmental dimensions, with 14 components and 47 items, were defined and measured.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The purpose of writing this research is to evaluate the effects of the development of large-scale commercial centers with the approach of smart urban growth in Tabriz. To support this goal, by using the library-survey method and the questionnaire tool, the researcher made; 65 people are experts, specialists and experts. The sampling method in this research was purposeful (using the snowball method) and the collected data were statistically analyzed using factor analysis, regression and path analysis in the smart pls software environment. To measure the variable "impacts of urban megaprojects", a researcher-made questionnaire with five dimensions with 14 components and 47 items was used, and also, to measure the "smart urban growth" variable, a researcher-made questionnaire with five main criteria and 15 items was used. The results showed that all the factor loadings related to the relationship between the dimensions and components of the two research variables were greater than 0.3, and the model of the relationship between the two variables of the development of large-scale commercial centers and smart urban growth in Tabriz metropolis was significant and had good goodness of fit.. Also, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the five main components of the research with the smart urban growth variable in Tabriz. The component of change of use related to the physical dimension with a coefficient of 0.887, as well as the component of pollution and pollutants have the most impact on the smart urban growth of Tabriz
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Traditional and modern commercial centers are one of the main economic elements of any region. These centers are the center of trade and establish a direct relationship between supply and demand. Commercial centers, with their varied and diverse spaces, are one of the elements that have had an obvious function in various civilizations, and yet, by taking charge of the economic pillars, they have been the place of formation of many cultural and political developments. The modern market is the home of modern people and modern goods. In fact, modern business requires a modern space. This issue can be well seen in the current commercial centers that have emerged in cities, especially metropolises. By creating an integrated form of an economic complex that had an almost scattered state in the past, commercial centers have found their place and base in society in today's turbulent world. According to the history of Tabriz, it can be said that this city has been familiar with the word trade for a long time and has been welcoming business people from all over the world and along the Silk Road, it has connected the West to the East and has been called the Gate of the Orient. This strategic location of Tabriz has led to its economic and cultural prosperity and has prepared the country to establish many sciences, schools, institutions, and civil institutions for the first time. It has also adapted itself to today's changes and developments. From this point of view, the upcoming research tries to investigate the effects of the development of large-scale commercial centers on the local and regional economy based on the smart growth approach and its role in the dynamics and creation of new urban spaces in Tabriz.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Based on the purpose, this research is of an applied type, and based on the nature and method, it is of an analytical-descriptive type. According to the research objectives, using the citizen survey method, the following methods and tools were used in the case study section and evaluation of the effects of the development of Carrefour shopping centers. The tool for collecting
information in this method is a direct questionnaire (designing one question for each indicator). The cluster sampling method was used to determine the number of samples based on Cochran's formula, in which the samples were distributed based on the study population. 2. Evaluating the quantitative and qualitative effects of urban megaprojects with the approach of smart urban growth is a complex and multifaceted issue. Statistical methods and related tests such as correlation, analysis of variance in the SPSS environment, and structural equations in Smart-PLS software were used to investigate the issue. The statistical population in this research is 65 experts, specialists, and experts related to urban management, urban planning, and urban economy. The sampling method in this research is purposeful (using the snowball method) and in measuring the two main variables of the research (the effects of urban megaprojects and smart urban growth in Tabriz) by adopting a hybrid approach in the literature and the theories mentioned in the two concepts. A researcher's questionnaire was developed.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Result and Discussion</strong>
This research tested the relationship between the investigated variables based on a causal structure with the PLS method of partial least squares. In the general model of the research that has been drawn, the measurement model (the relationship between each visible variable and the hidden variable) was calculated. To measure the significance of relationships, the t-statistic was calculated using the bootstrapping method in this model, which is the output of the Smart-PLS software. Based on the calculations, there was a causal relationship between the various components related to the development of commercial centers and smart urban growth (calculated significance coefficient equals 15.655). Also, based on the calculations, the relationship between the various components of the development of large commercial centers and smart urban growth in Tabriz, there was a significant relationship between the five components of the environmental effects of the megaproject, the physical effects of the megaproject, the social effects of the
megaproject, the economic effects of the megaproject, and the institutional-management effects of the megaproject; and this means that these various components of the development of large commercial centers (megaprojects) have a significant impact on the smart urban growth of Tabriz; this means that no matter how much the components of the development of large commercial centers (megaprojects) are strengthened, we will witness the increase and strengthening of the foundations of smart urban growth in Tabriz. Also, the calculations show that among the various components related to the effects of the development of large commercial centers (megaprojects), the component of change of use related to the physical dimension with a coefficient of 0.887, pollutions and pollutants related to the environmental dimension of the effects of megaproject development with The coefficient of 0.788 and also the economic component related to the development of the mega project with the coefficient of 0.801 have the most impact on the smart urban growth of Tabriz.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Examining the theoretical foundations and empirical background related to the investment and development of urban megaprojects showed that most megaprojects are carried out with economic goals and the aim of urban renewal in various cities worldwide. The development of megaprojects has been discussed and analyzed from various perspectives, and in the planning process, some have considered it as the project's confrontation with urban planning. In Iran, the development of these projects in various dimensions, scales, and functions is being formed and carried out. These large-scale projects have different effects on different structures of the city (depending on the chosen approach in the city development process), and on the other hand, these effects can be evaluated in the short, medium, and long term. This research tried to evaluate and investigate the effects of developing large-scale commercial centers with the approach of smart urban growth in the metropolis of Tabriz. For this purpose, the effects of the development of large-scale commercial centers
(megaprojects) by adopting a hybrid approach in the theory of the basis of this concept in five physical, economic, social-cultural, institutional-management, and environmental dimensions, with 14 components and 47 items, were defined and measured.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_203831_faf636111f067fa1931af97b1f43c0ac.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240905Evaluation of the effects of natural hazards on the physical structure of cities:
the case study of New city of LarEvaluation of the effects of natural hazards on the physical structure of cities:
the case study of New city of Lar799420565210.22034/jsc.2024.363310.1652FAAbdul HosseinSharaf LarryDepartment of Geography, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, IranRafatShahmariDepartment of Geography, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, IranSedigheHasanimehrDepartment of Geography, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, IranMarziehMoghaliDepartment of Geography, Larestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Larestan, IranJournal Article20240424<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Lar city witnessed a 6.1 Richter earthquake in 1960, which destroyed the city. Today, this city is the largest residential center of Larestan, with two dynamic parts of the old city in the northwest of the Lar plain and the new city after the destruction caused by the earthquake, located on the Tangeh Asad alluvial cone in the south of the plain. The research aims to investigate the physical vulnerability of old and new cities against earthquakes with macro and micro indicators and an analytical comparison of these two parts of the city. The statistical population of the research is the entire area, including all the neighborhoods of the old and new city of Lar. Data collection was done in the form of a field library, and the main data was collected from the Statistics Center and Lar Municipality census data. The analysis of the data was also carried out by weighting the indicators with the help of the Delphi technique and measuring importance with the opinion of experts, then weighting was done with the help of hierarchical models, and finally, with the data in the GIS software, maps of the vulnerability of the indicators and the final map of vulnerability were obtained. The results show that the level of vulnerability is very different among the localities, and the factors involved in these localities and the entire city are not equally effective, various reasons played a role in them, including the physical factors of the building and environmental physical factors, including services. The basic infrastructure of the city, including medical and health spaces. Examining the vulnerability indicators indicates that we need a strong and efficient management and organizational solution, as well as physical and environmental solutions, to reduce the vulnerability and increase the resilience of the city.
<strong>Extended abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Earthquake is one of the strongest natural hazards that has always caused significant human and economic losses to urban areas. According to its geographical and geological location, Iran is among the ten most earthquake-prone countries in the world. This multiplies the issue of attention to vulnerability in the country. The physical and environmental vulnerability of cities and residential areas against natural hazards is considered very important, and due to adaptation to the rapidly changing world, having an environment that can respond to these hazards and have the necessary resilience is meaningful and essential. Urban form and body consist of macro and microelements. The macro-level elements are related to the overall structure and size of the city, the type of development, the population distribution pattern, and the degree of clustering, and the micro-level elements are related to the design and arrangement of elements such as buildings, open spaces, blocks, neighborhoods, and streets. Together, both form the city's physical-environmental complex, and both are vulnerable to natural hazards. Therefore, for the resilience of the whole city, attention should be paid to the details of each macro and microelement.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current research is a type of user research that seeks to solve the problem of reducing the effects of natural hazards, especially earthquakes in Lar city. In terms of the nature of descriptive research, it is an analysis whose purpose is to know the obvious and hidden angles of the damage caused to the city of Lar due to the earthquake. In order to evaluate the main goal of the research, a large number of indicators were extracted using the content analysis of previous studies, and 4 macro indicators and 11 sub-indices were selected for the study through a survey of professors. By selecting the final indicators of their data from the statistics center, the detailed and comprehensive plan and the municipality of the area were collected and prepared in the form of GIS software to analyze the vulnerability of the city. In order to analyze the obtained data, we started by weighting the indicators and determining their impact on the vulnerability caused by the earthquake. For this purpose, the hierarchical analysis model was used. Finally, all the obtained layers were combined using the Raster Calculator technique, and Lar city's final physical vulnerability map was extracted. The Natural Breaks technique has also been used to classify the final physical vulnerability map and the maps related to each criterion.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Lar, located in Fars province, is located after the 4th earthquake of May 1960 on the 6.1 Richter scale, which is still considered one of Iran's most powerful earthquakes. Although 6 decades have passed since the earthquake and the formation of a new city, an evaluation is needed to determine the level of physical vulnerability against the earthquake. According to the general division of Lar city, the old city is located in the north of Lar plain with 8 neighborhoods with an area of approximately 8 square kilometers and the new city with an area of about 12 square kilometers and 18 neighborhoods in the south. The research results indicate that out of 8 neighborhoods in the old city, 1 neighborhood with 40%is exposed to very high damage and 4 neighborhoods with 27% are exposed to moderate damage. In the new city, 7 neighborhoods with about 48% are exposed to moderate damage, 7 neighborhoods with 25% are exposed to low damage, and 1 neighborhood with 12% is exposed to high damage, which is unacceptable for the new city with a little history. Also, 40% of the old and new city of Lar is exposed to very high damage, 37% is exposed to moderate damage, and 2% is exposed to very low damage. Considering the history of earthquakes in the area, this is very worrying for the city and requires careful and efficient management before the crisis.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Regarding the physical vulnerability of the city against earthquakes, there are still various influential topics which are different in different cities. Lar also consists of two parts, new and old, so each has its physical characteristics. According to the studies of this research, in the old city, the effective factors in the very high degree of vulnerability, in the order of the first rank in building strength factors, include the following elements as the type of skeleton and materials, the age of the building with 78% of the entire area of the old city texture; the second rank of density factors including the elements as population density, residential density, the granularity of units with 58% of the entire area of the old city texture; the third rank of accessibility factors including the elements as local roads and main roads with 40% of the entire area of the old city texture; and finally, the fourth rank of basic service factors including elements as therapeutic spaces, green and open spaces, temporary accommodation and educational spaces with 39% of the entire area of the old city texture medium vulnerability were the sum of factors and elements that contributed to the vulnerability of the old city. These factors had different effects in the new city, which are the first rank of basic service factors including elements as therapeutic spaces, green and open spaces, temporary accommodation and educational spaces with 48% of the total area of the new city; the second rank of density factors including elements as population density, residential density, unit granularity with 31% of the total area of the new city texture; the third rank of building strength factors including elements as type of skeleton and materials, the age of the building with 29% of the entire area of the new city texture; and the fourth rank of accessibility factors including elements as local roads and main roads with 23% of the total area of the new city have been effective in the vulnerable level of the city. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the city, one should look for solutions before the crisis, which can be rooted in managerial and physical solutions.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Lar city witnessed a 6.1 Richter earthquake in 1960, which destroyed the city. Today, this city is the largest residential center of Larestan, with two dynamic parts of the old city in the northwest of the Lar plain and the new city after the destruction caused by the earthquake, located on the Tangeh Asad alluvial cone in the south of the plain. The research aims to investigate the physical vulnerability of old and new cities against earthquakes with macro and micro indicators and an analytical comparison of these two parts of the city. The statistical population of the research is the entire area, including all the neighborhoods of the old and new city of Lar. Data collection was done in the form of a field library, and the main data was collected from the Statistics Center and Lar Municipality census data. The analysis of the data was also carried out by weighting the indicators with the help of the Delphi technique and measuring importance with the opinion of experts, then weighting was done with the help of hierarchical models, and finally, with the data in the GIS software, maps of the vulnerability of the indicators and the final map of vulnerability were obtained. The results show that the level of vulnerability is very different among the localities, and the factors involved in these localities and the entire city are not equally effective, various reasons played a role in them, including the physical factors of the building and environmental physical factors, including services. The basic infrastructure of the city, including medical and health spaces. Examining the vulnerability indicators indicates that we need a strong and efficient management and organizational solution, as well as physical and environmental solutions, to reduce the vulnerability and increase the resilience of the city.
<strong>Extended abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Earthquake is one of the strongest natural hazards that has always caused significant human and economic losses to urban areas. According to its geographical and geological location, Iran is among the ten most earthquake-prone countries in the world. This multiplies the issue of attention to vulnerability in the country. The physical and environmental vulnerability of cities and residential areas against natural hazards is considered very important, and due to adaptation to the rapidly changing world, having an environment that can respond to these hazards and have the necessary resilience is meaningful and essential. Urban form and body consist of macro and microelements. The macro-level elements are related to the overall structure and size of the city, the type of development, the population distribution pattern, and the degree of clustering, and the micro-level elements are related to the design and arrangement of elements such as buildings, open spaces, blocks, neighborhoods, and streets. Together, both form the city's physical-environmental complex, and both are vulnerable to natural hazards. Therefore, for the resilience of the whole city, attention should be paid to the details of each macro and microelement.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current research is a type of user research that seeks to solve the problem of reducing the effects of natural hazards, especially earthquakes in Lar city. In terms of the nature of descriptive research, it is an analysis whose purpose is to know the obvious and hidden angles of the damage caused to the city of Lar due to the earthquake. In order to evaluate the main goal of the research, a large number of indicators were extracted using the content analysis of previous studies, and 4 macro indicators and 11 sub-indices were selected for the study through a survey of professors. By selecting the final indicators of their data from the statistics center, the detailed and comprehensive plan and the municipality of the area were collected and prepared in the form of GIS software to analyze the vulnerability of the city. In order to analyze the obtained data, we started by weighting the indicators and determining their impact on the vulnerability caused by the earthquake. For this purpose, the hierarchical analysis model was used. Finally, all the obtained layers were combined using the Raster Calculator technique, and Lar city's final physical vulnerability map was extracted. The Natural Breaks technique has also been used to classify the final physical vulnerability map and the maps related to each criterion.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Lar, located in Fars province, is located after the 4th earthquake of May 1960 on the 6.1 Richter scale, which is still considered one of Iran's most powerful earthquakes. Although 6 decades have passed since the earthquake and the formation of a new city, an evaluation is needed to determine the level of physical vulnerability against the earthquake. According to the general division of Lar city, the old city is located in the north of Lar plain with 8 neighborhoods with an area of approximately 8 square kilometers and the new city with an area of about 12 square kilometers and 18 neighborhoods in the south. The research results indicate that out of 8 neighborhoods in the old city, 1 neighborhood with 40%is exposed to very high damage and 4 neighborhoods with 27% are exposed to moderate damage. In the new city, 7 neighborhoods with about 48% are exposed to moderate damage, 7 neighborhoods with 25% are exposed to low damage, and 1 neighborhood with 12% is exposed to high damage, which is unacceptable for the new city with a little history. Also, 40% of the old and new city of Lar is exposed to very high damage, 37% is exposed to moderate damage, and 2% is exposed to very low damage. Considering the history of earthquakes in the area, this is very worrying for the city and requires careful and efficient management before the crisis.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Regarding the physical vulnerability of the city against earthquakes, there are still various influential topics which are different in different cities. Lar also consists of two parts, new and old, so each has its physical characteristics. According to the studies of this research, in the old city, the effective factors in the very high degree of vulnerability, in the order of the first rank in building strength factors, include the following elements as the type of skeleton and materials, the age of the building with 78% of the entire area of the old city texture; the second rank of density factors including the elements as population density, residential density, the granularity of units with 58% of the entire area of the old city texture; the third rank of accessibility factors including the elements as local roads and main roads with 40% of the entire area of the old city texture; and finally, the fourth rank of basic service factors including elements as therapeutic spaces, green and open spaces, temporary accommodation and educational spaces with 39% of the entire area of the old city texture medium vulnerability were the sum of factors and elements that contributed to the vulnerability of the old city. These factors had different effects in the new city, which are the first rank of basic service factors including elements as therapeutic spaces, green and open spaces, temporary accommodation and educational spaces with 48% of the total area of the new city; the second rank of density factors including elements as population density, residential density, unit granularity with 31% of the total area of the new city texture; the third rank of building strength factors including elements as type of skeleton and materials, the age of the building with 29% of the entire area of the new city texture; and the fourth rank of accessibility factors including elements as local roads and main roads with 23% of the total area of the new city have been effective in the vulnerable level of the city. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the city, one should look for solutions before the crisis, which can be rooted in managerial and physical solutions.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_205652_d7acd28f090b8aa7b759396ae55af00b.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240905The Approach of Right to the City in Child-Friendly Neighborhoods:
the case study of Khajeh Nezamolmolk Neighborhood in TehranThe Approach of Right to the City in Child-Friendly Neighborhoods:
the case study of Khajeh Nezamolmolk Neighborhood in Tehran9511219873210.22034/jsc.2024.429186.1750FAHabibollahFasihiDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-0672-0944TaherParizadiDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8303-1723SedighehAzadi BakhshayeshDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240424<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the neighborhood of Khajehnezamolmolk in Tehran in terms of the indicators of a child-friendly neighborhood viewed from a right-to-the-city approach. The objective data of the 22 studied indicators are provided from documentary sources. Also, the data of the 31 subjective indicators was obtained from sample people of 373 parents of children living in the studied neighborhood. They are selected randomly from the households who reside here. The questionnaire contains 31 items to evaluate the 31 indicators. After comparing the subject data with the standard criteria, the data were graded in the range of 1-5 so that all the indicators were on a single scale. A one-sample t-test model is implemented in SPSS software to analyze the data. Findings showed that the overall condition of the studied neighborhood is lower than the average level (score 3). The score of 2.17 indicates the weakest situation for the indicators of the institutional-legal dimension. The scores of physical-environmental and social-cultural aspects are 2.28 and 2.8, respectively. The weakest indicators are per capita of green spaces, cultural, and sports land use, and the indicators of parents' education level, encouragement to observe cultural events, the possibility of providing children needs for goods and services in the neighborhood, and accessibility and quality of kindergartens and elementary schools. Enhancing the neighborhood to approach the standards of a child-friendly neighborhood requires a strategic program in the direction of sustainable cultural regeneration.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
According to the definition of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), a child is someone with an age lower than 18 years. Cities can be exciting and lively environments for childhood. However, certain risks and challenges, such as noise and air pollution, a sedentary lifestyle, traffic hazards, crime, social isolation, etc., may endanger children's health and healthy growth. The idea of child-friendly neighborhoods is formed in line with the idea of children's right to a city and the need for the neighborhoods to satisfy children's needs and their right to participate in the affairs. The idea of a child-friendly city was officially proposed in 2004 by the United Nations Children's Fund. It stipulated that an effective local management system committed to implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child should be established. Children's right to the city not only refers to children's access to urban services such as schools, health-treatment centers, playgrounds, libraries, museums, and transportation, but it also indicates children's ability to participate in decision-making. This article aims to evaluate one of the old neighborhoods of Tehran in terms of the degree of compliance with the criteria of a child-friendly neighborhood in line with the approach of the children's rights to the city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Two data sets are used in this research. The first was extracted from statistical documents and research reports or received from Tehran Municipality. The second is survey data. They were obtained from a sample of 373 household heads with at least one child living in the study area. The questionnaire contains 31 questions to evaluate 31 indicators. The respondent's evaluations were done based on a five-point Likert scale. Then, the evaluations were quantified from 1 to 5 and entered into the SPSS software. Implying the One Sample T-Test model, each index's mean of evaluation scores was calculated. Each statistical figure of the data from each index of the first data set was also matched with scores in the 1-5 according to the standard figures of the index so that both data sets had the same scale. Descriptive statistics parameters were used to rank and analyze the data. The study area is Khajeh Nezamolmolk neighborhood. It is located in District 7 of Tehran Municipality and has an area of 84.5 hectares and a population of 34,031.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The mean of all the indicators is 2.55, below the average (3). This suggests that the neighborhood, in general, lacks characteristics of a child-friendly neighborhood. The mean of the institutional-legal dimension indicators, which is 2.17, indicates a poor condition. Also, the mean of the indicators of the physical-environmental dimension is 2.28, which indicates a poor situation. The mean score of 2.8 for socio-cultural indicators shows an average situation. 5 indicators out of a total of 41 indicators show a very poor situation, of which 4 indicators are of the physical dimension (adequate green and per capita and use of space, culture, sports, and parks). One indicator is from the institutional-legal dimension, and it is a monitoring system that ensures safety and evaluates the health of the environment for children continuously). No indicator had a mean higher than 4.5. In other words, none of the indicators shows a good situation. Only two indicators, including parents' education level and encouragement to observe cultural events, show a relatively good situation. The weakest dimension in terms of the neighborhood's child-friendly criteria is the institutional-legal dimension. Not only at the local level but also at the national level, there are no rules and regulations that directly relate to the child's rights about the living environment, especially the physical environment.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The neighborhoods in the central part of large cities like Tehran, including the studied neighborhood in Tehran, have experienced rapid population growth and spatial extension in recent decades. They have rapidly created and expanded new constructions around their cores, all of which have become physically deficient. So, they cannot respond to today's children's needs, the environment necessary for sociability, learning, intellectual growth, and a safe and healthy space for life and peace. Most of the fabric is worn-out, most buildings are old and cannot be improved, most roads are incompatible with today's urban transportation needs, and the parcels of land are mostly tiny. The scarcity of vacant land or the land that can be acquired has compensated facilities and services. Transforming the studied neighborhood towards a child-friendly neighborhood requires a strategic plan to be prepared and implemented in line with sustainable cultural regeneration. Laws must approve it and oblige city managers to develop neighborhoods in line with child-friendly criteria, such as land acquisition for developing facilities and services.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the neighborhood of Khajehnezamolmolk in Tehran in terms of the indicators of a child-friendly neighborhood viewed from a right-to-the-city approach. The objective data of the 22 studied indicators are provided from documentary sources. Also, the data of the 31 subjective indicators was obtained from sample people of 373 parents of children living in the studied neighborhood. They are selected randomly from the households who reside here. The questionnaire contains 31 items to evaluate the 31 indicators. After comparing the subject data with the standard criteria, the data were graded in the range of 1-5 so that all the indicators were on a single scale. A one-sample t-test model is implemented in SPSS software to analyze the data. Findings showed that the overall condition of the studied neighborhood is lower than the average level (score 3). The score of 2.17 indicates the weakest situation for the indicators of the institutional-legal dimension. The scores of physical-environmental and social-cultural aspects are 2.28 and 2.8, respectively. The weakest indicators are per capita of green spaces, cultural, and sports land use, and the indicators of parents' education level, encouragement to observe cultural events, the possibility of providing children needs for goods and services in the neighborhood, and accessibility and quality of kindergartens and elementary schools. Enhancing the neighborhood to approach the standards of a child-friendly neighborhood requires a strategic program in the direction of sustainable cultural regeneration.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
According to the definition of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), a child is someone with an age lower than 18 years. Cities can be exciting and lively environments for childhood. However, certain risks and challenges, such as noise and air pollution, a sedentary lifestyle, traffic hazards, crime, social isolation, etc., may endanger children's health and healthy growth. The idea of child-friendly neighborhoods is formed in line with the idea of children's right to a city and the need for the neighborhoods to satisfy children's needs and their right to participate in the affairs. The idea of a child-friendly city was officially proposed in 2004 by the United Nations Children's Fund. It stipulated that an effective local management system committed to implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child should be established. Children's right to the city not only refers to children's access to urban services such as schools, health-treatment centers, playgrounds, libraries, museums, and transportation, but it also indicates children's ability to participate in decision-making. This article aims to evaluate one of the old neighborhoods of Tehran in terms of the degree of compliance with the criteria of a child-friendly neighborhood in line with the approach of the children's rights to the city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Two data sets are used in this research. The first was extracted from statistical documents and research reports or received from Tehran Municipality. The second is survey data. They were obtained from a sample of 373 household heads with at least one child living in the study area. The questionnaire contains 31 questions to evaluate 31 indicators. The respondent's evaluations were done based on a five-point Likert scale. Then, the evaluations were quantified from 1 to 5 and entered into the SPSS software. Implying the One Sample T-Test model, each index's mean of evaluation scores was calculated. Each statistical figure of the data from each index of the first data set was also matched with scores in the 1-5 according to the standard figures of the index so that both data sets had the same scale. Descriptive statistics parameters were used to rank and analyze the data. The study area is Khajeh Nezamolmolk neighborhood. It is located in District 7 of Tehran Municipality and has an area of 84.5 hectares and a population of 34,031.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The mean of all the indicators is 2.55, below the average (3). This suggests that the neighborhood, in general, lacks characteristics of a child-friendly neighborhood. The mean of the institutional-legal dimension indicators, which is 2.17, indicates a poor condition. Also, the mean of the indicators of the physical-environmental dimension is 2.28, which indicates a poor situation. The mean score of 2.8 for socio-cultural indicators shows an average situation. 5 indicators out of a total of 41 indicators show a very poor situation, of which 4 indicators are of the physical dimension (adequate green and per capita and use of space, culture, sports, and parks). One indicator is from the institutional-legal dimension, and it is a monitoring system that ensures safety and evaluates the health of the environment for children continuously). No indicator had a mean higher than 4.5. In other words, none of the indicators shows a good situation. Only two indicators, including parents' education level and encouragement to observe cultural events, show a relatively good situation. The weakest dimension in terms of the neighborhood's child-friendly criteria is the institutional-legal dimension. Not only at the local level but also at the national level, there are no rules and regulations that directly relate to the child's rights about the living environment, especially the physical environment.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The neighborhoods in the central part of large cities like Tehran, including the studied neighborhood in Tehran, have experienced rapid population growth and spatial extension in recent decades. They have rapidly created and expanded new constructions around their cores, all of which have become physically deficient. So, they cannot respond to today's children's needs, the environment necessary for sociability, learning, intellectual growth, and a safe and healthy space for life and peace. Most of the fabric is worn-out, most buildings are old and cannot be improved, most roads are incompatible with today's urban transportation needs, and the parcels of land are mostly tiny. The scarcity of vacant land or the land that can be acquired has compensated facilities and services. Transforming the studied neighborhood towards a child-friendly neighborhood requires a strategic plan to be prepared and implemented in line with sustainable cultural regeneration. Laws must approve it and oblige city managers to develop neighborhoods in line with child-friendly criteria, such as land acquisition for developing facilities and services.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
<strong> </strong>We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_198732_92322f8cc99383f7331946994cb38a92.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66317220240906Barriers of Housing Social Policies in IranBarriers of Housing Social Policies in Iran11313120819110.22034/jsc.2024.463021.1788FABakhtyarKhosraviDepartment of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9976-8110Journal Article20240425<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The housing crisis in Iran has many hidden and unexplored social aspects. Due to political discontinuity, the measures and measures of the governments have systematically increased social inequalities and multi-dimensional urban poverty rather than being aimed at providing comprehensive and inclusive and justice-oriented housing and reducing social inequalities. Is. In this regard, this research aims to model the barriers of housing social policy in Iran with emphasis on the tenants' strata and designing the relationships of these factors. This research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method. In order to identify factors, content analysis method was used. In the interpretative structural modeling section, the opinions of academic experts in the field of housing have been used through the Delphi method. The data collection tool is a double-ended questionnaire, and face validity was used to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. The relationships between the factors have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner using a new analytical methodology called Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and finally by using the MICMAC analysis of the type of variables with regard to their impact on other factors. The variables were identified and clustered. The findings of the research showed that the challenge of weakness in the implementation of the rent control law with the influence of 10 is the greatest impact and the lack of definition and explanation of the examples of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of residential disturbances and the lack of criminalization of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of The compulsion to move with the level of penetration power of 2 has the least impact among the barriers of housing social policies in Iran for low-income groups.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Housing, as one of the fundamental human needs, has always been a matter of concern in societies. Housing plans and policies are implemented to increase affordable housing options for low and medium-income households at the national and regional levels of government. Housing policy, particularly for low-income housing, is a priority for governments worldwide to address housing shortages. However, according to the 2016 UN-Habitat estimates, only 13% of the world's cities had affordable housing in 2014. One of the main challenges in cities is the increase in housing rental prices, leading tenants to seek lower-cost housing in low-quality areas with unstable conditions. The obstacles faced by tenants in housing social policies are diverse and complex, requiring comprehensive and coordinated solutions. To address the increase in rental prices, policymakers can increase the number of regional residential units with reasonable prices, implement social housing projects in various areas, and develop action plans to support tenants. This article focuses on modeling the obstacles in social housing policy in Iran with an emphasis on tenants. The study aims to address two main questions:
1) What is the interpretive structural model of housing social policy obstacles in Iran with an emphasis on tenants?
2) What is the modeling clustering status of social housing policy obstacles in Iran with an emphasis on tenants?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of results. The content analysis method was employed to identify effective challenges. In the interpretive structural modeling section, the opinions of academic housing experts and the Delphi method were utilized. The data collection tool for this research is a double-ended questionnaire, and the face validity criterion was used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire or any evaluation tool. Interpretive-structural modeling, introduced by Warfield in 1974, is a systematic and structured method for establishing and understanding the relationship between complex system elements. Delphi sampling methods and structural-interpretive modeling were employed to achieve this. The Delphi methods and structural-interpretive modeling involve gathering and analyzing information from experts. A purposeful sampling method was used to select the Delphi and ISM teams, as the goal was not to generalize the results. The expert selection criteria included practical experience, theoretical mastery, accessibility, willingness, and ability to participate in the research. The number of experts participating in the reviewed articles ISM typically ranges from 14 to 20 people. Based on these criteria, a total of 18 experts from universities and research centers were selected to participate in the research process. Using the content analysis method, the challenges of housing social policy in Iran, with a focus on the low-income social class, were identified. Furthermore, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was conducted to interpret the relationships between these dimensions and indicators, as this model is an effective method for identifying and analyzing relationships between dimensions and indicators. The content validity of the questionnaire in this research refers to the limit and amount, which is a reflective tool of the intended specific content.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
After identifying the most important challenges of housing social policies for tenants in Iran, these obstacles were classified using the ISM approach in this research. The challenges were then included in the structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM). Interpretive structural modeling suggests that those experts' opinions should be utilized based on various management techniques, such as brainstorming and nominal group, etc., to develop content relationships between obstacles. The matrix was formed using four modes of conceptual relations and was completed by experts. After categorizing the matrix, the final access rate was segmented into different dimensions and levels. Three groups of output, input and common are formed to determine the level of variables in the final model. In the first table, the index or variables that share the same output and input group are considered common in the hierarchy process so that these obstacles don't affect any other variables. After identifying the highest level, those variables are removed from the list of other obstacles; these repetitions continue until the level of all variables is specified. The results showed that the most influential challenge of housing social policy for tenants in Iran is the lack of effective implementation of the Rent Control Act, which serves as the model's foundation. Emphasizing this Act is crucial to reducing and controlling obstacles to social housing policy for tenants in Iran.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The solution to the country's housing crisis requires the establishment of transformative and fundamental justice-oriented measures; they will provide grounds for governments to take responsibility once more to vindicate the authorized rights clearly outlined in Article 31 of the Constitution of Iran. Again, what makes the governments accountable is reviewing current and future government actions within the national housing plans and the government's role in laying the foundation for the actions of the country's municipalities. In other words, both the positive aspect of the government's actions and its negative one need to be reviewed comprehensively so that the government can fulfill its own alleged goals. Research indicates that the lack of effective implementation of the Rent Control Act, with a significant impact rating of 10, is a major obstacle. Conversely, issues such as the absence of clear definitions of tenant harassment and the non-criminalization of coercive landlord practices, rated with a lower impact of 2, also contribute to challenges in housing social policy for low-income households in Iran.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The housing crisis in Iran has many hidden and unexplored social aspects. Due to political discontinuity, the measures and measures of the governments have systematically increased social inequalities and multi-dimensional urban poverty rather than being aimed at providing comprehensive and inclusive and justice-oriented housing and reducing social inequalities. Is. In this regard, this research aims to model the barriers of housing social policy in Iran with emphasis on the tenants' strata and designing the relationships of these factors. This research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method. In order to identify factors, content analysis method was used. In the interpretative structural modeling section, the opinions of academic experts in the field of housing have been used through the Delphi method. The data collection tool is a double-ended questionnaire, and face validity was used to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. The relationships between the factors have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner using a new analytical methodology called Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and finally by using the MICMAC analysis of the type of variables with regard to their impact on other factors. The variables were identified and clustered. The findings of the research showed that the challenge of weakness in the implementation of the rent control law with the influence of 10 is the greatest impact and the lack of definition and explanation of the examples of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of residential disturbances and the lack of criminalization of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of The compulsion to move with the level of penetration power of 2 has the least impact among the barriers of housing social policies in Iran for low-income groups.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Housing, as one of the fundamental human needs, has always been a matter of concern in societies. Housing plans and policies are implemented to increase affordable housing options for low and medium-income households at the national and regional levels of government. Housing policy, particularly for low-income housing, is a priority for governments worldwide to address housing shortages. However, according to the 2016 UN-Habitat estimates, only 13% of the world's cities had affordable housing in 2014. One of the main challenges in cities is the increase in housing rental prices, leading tenants to seek lower-cost housing in low-quality areas with unstable conditions. The obstacles faced by tenants in housing social policies are diverse and complex, requiring comprehensive and coordinated solutions. To address the increase in rental prices, policymakers can increase the number of regional residential units with reasonable prices, implement social housing projects in various areas, and develop action plans to support tenants. This article focuses on modeling the obstacles in social housing policy in Iran with an emphasis on tenants. The study aims to address two main questions:
1) What is the interpretive structural model of housing social policy obstacles in Iran with an emphasis on tenants?
2) What is the modeling clustering status of social housing policy obstacles in Iran with an emphasis on tenants?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of results. The content analysis method was employed to identify effective challenges. In the interpretive structural modeling section, the opinions of academic housing experts and the Delphi method were utilized. The data collection tool for this research is a double-ended questionnaire, and the face validity criterion was used to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire or any evaluation tool. Interpretive-structural modeling, introduced by Warfield in 1974, is a systematic and structured method for establishing and understanding the relationship between complex system elements. Delphi sampling methods and structural-interpretive modeling were employed to achieve this. The Delphi methods and structural-interpretive modeling involve gathering and analyzing information from experts. A purposeful sampling method was used to select the Delphi and ISM teams, as the goal was not to generalize the results. The expert selection criteria included practical experience, theoretical mastery, accessibility, willingness, and ability to participate in the research. The number of experts participating in the reviewed articles ISM typically ranges from 14 to 20 people. Based on these criteria, a total of 18 experts from universities and research centers were selected to participate in the research process. Using the content analysis method, the challenges of housing social policy in Iran, with a focus on the low-income social class, were identified. Furthermore, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was conducted to interpret the relationships between these dimensions and indicators, as this model is an effective method for identifying and analyzing relationships between dimensions and indicators. The content validity of the questionnaire in this research refers to the limit and amount, which is a reflective tool of the intended specific content.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
After identifying the most important challenges of housing social policies for tenants in Iran, these obstacles were classified using the ISM approach in this research. The challenges were then included in the structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM). Interpretive structural modeling suggests that those experts' opinions should be utilized based on various management techniques, such as brainstorming and nominal group, etc., to develop content relationships between obstacles. The matrix was formed using four modes of conceptual relations and was completed by experts. After categorizing the matrix, the final access rate was segmented into different dimensions and levels. Three groups of output, input and common are formed to determine the level of variables in the final model. In the first table, the index or variables that share the same output and input group are considered common in the hierarchy process so that these obstacles don't affect any other variables. After identifying the highest level, those variables are removed from the list of other obstacles; these repetitions continue until the level of all variables is specified. The results showed that the most influential challenge of housing social policy for tenants in Iran is the lack of effective implementation of the Rent Control Act, which serves as the model's foundation. Emphasizing this Act is crucial to reducing and controlling obstacles to social housing policy for tenants in Iran.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The solution to the country's housing crisis requires the establishment of transformative and fundamental justice-oriented measures; they will provide grounds for governments to take responsibility once more to vindicate the authorized rights clearly outlined in Article 31 of the Constitution of Iran. Again, what makes the governments accountable is reviewing current and future government actions within the national housing plans and the government's role in laying the foundation for the actions of the country's municipalities. In other words, both the positive aspect of the government's actions and its negative one need to be reviewed comprehensively so that the government can fulfill its own alleged goals. Research indicates that the lack of effective implementation of the Rent Control Act, with a significant impact rating of 10, is a major obstacle. Conversely, issues such as the absence of clear definitions of tenant harassment and the non-criminalization of coercive landlord practices, rated with a lower impact of 2, also contribute to challenges in housing social policy for low-income households in Iran.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_208191_dbb475695f6c84cba75a728a91f7913a.pdf