Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 21 Compilation of Effective Scenarios on the Sociability of Public Spaces, Case Study: Aerospace Park, District 21, Tehran Compilation of Effective Scenarios on the Sociability of Public Spaces, Case Study: Aerospace Park, District 21, Tehran 1 20 193999 10.22034/jsc.2024.411186.1731 FA Mehdi Saidi Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0001-8282-0181 Ghazaleh Goodarzi PhD in Urban Planning, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Technical and Engineering Faculty, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Iran 0000-0001-7342-5198 Mahkameh Fattahi PhD in Urban Planning, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Technical and Engineering Faculty, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Iran 0000-0003-1460-668X Azin Ataei PhD in Architecture, Department of architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. 0000-0002-4950-0087 Journal Article 2023 11 24 A B S T R A C T The intensification of everyday life and the reduction of social life in the current era have made it necessary to pay attention to the optimal foundation for the presence of different groups in urban spaces. Public spaces are a key factor for economic growth and development. They are of particular importance considering social and environmental aspects, and changes and control of their future conditions require comprehensive and complete evaluation and analysis. In this regard, using future research methods to provide flexible strategies with the help of scenario writing is very helpful. Aerospace Park located in the 21st district of Tehran, despite considering the national and macro scale and defining social activities, lacks a suitable sociable space. This article, with a practical purpose, uses the PESTEL model platform to explain the dimensions and factors of sociability and by using the future research method, it examines the compilation of the sociability scenarios of the aerospace park using the scenario wizard and identifies 24 key factors through the analysis of mutual effects. And their possible situations have been examined. The output scenarios are: 3 scenarios with high compatibility, 23 with weak compatibility and 17 with incompatible scenarios; Among these three scenarios, one scenario should include favorable and ideal conditions (the leading scenario) for the future socialization of the National Aerospace Park. Extended abstract Introduction Humans, as the most critical factor in the dynamics of urban spaces, need a suitable platform for effective presence in public spaces. Social public spaces, as a place for social interactions for creating desirable urban environments, are one of the goals that has been given much attention in recent decades. The intensification of daily life routines and reduction of social life has made to it necessary to pay attention the preparation of an optimal platform in urban space designs for the presence and participation of a wide range of different social groups in the design of public spaces; on the other hand, public spaces are known as a productive factor for economic growth and development and are very valuable from social and environmental aspects, and their changes require comprehensive and complete evaluation and analysis. These spaces have long been considered the most attractive parts of cities, and as social life arenas, they create places for dependence and social exchange with others. The ability to attract people by public spaces has made these areas the most important part of urban planning. In today's era, one of the harms that threaten public spaces is the issue of privatization, which has distorted the social role of public spaces and has led to social deprivation of space for some groups and strata. Meanwhile, one of the main ways to test the success and popularity of a public arena is to check the number of residents and citizens visiting it at different hours of the day, contrasting with the phenomenon of privatization and exclusivity of public space. Methodology With its practical aim and a mixed methodology approach, this study has identified the public sociability indexes in District 21 according to the stated theories, sociability indicators of public spaces in the form of dimensions (PESTEL). Then, the degree of sociability in this field was measured by collecting data in two ways: library collection and questionnaire. Therefore, two groups of questionnaires were designed. The first questionnaire for Measuring the sociability of the public arena of District 21 is designed with the format of a Likert scale. The group has approved its transcript of experts, and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used through SPSS software with the result of 79%. To determine the sample size according to the population of District 21, which according to the latest census is 186,319 persons, 384 case sample size was determined considering a 95% confidence interval and the permissible error rate of 0.05 according to the Cochrane method. The selection of the samples was done in a purposeful and structured way, and people who knew about the area and its surroundings or had visited the complex before were selected for the sample population. In the second part of the expert questionnaire, determination of effective factors, structural analysis (interaction analysis) and uncertainty for data analysis and extraction of possible scenarios were designed by relying on the variables emerging from the literature of sociability of the space, content validity was done with the help of experts. Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software were used to analyze the questionnaire data. The questionnaire has been measured in the form of a matrix of mutual effects, and the weighting of the questionnaire has been measured in the form of a pairwise comparison. The experts approved the degree of correlation of the variables and the uncertainty states. According to Godet, the statistical population of the expert questionnaire should not be less than 25 people. Based on this, 25 urban experts familiar with the literature of future studies and scenario writing were selected. Results and discussion After determining the list of effective factors, the variables were entered into the mutual influence analysis matrix for identification and ranking. They were given to the experts by developing a standard mutual influence analysis questionnaire, and the average of the collected answers was prepared to be entered into the Mic Mac software. The output of this stage will be used as the input of the scenario wizard software. The results of Micmac software identify 24 key factors. The output scenarios of the Scenario wizard are 3 scenarios with high compatibility, 23 with low compatibility, and 17 with incompatible scenarios; among these 3 scenarios, one scenario contains favorable and ideal conditions (progressive scenario) for the future of socialization of National Aerospace Park. Conclusion The results of this feasibility study indicate that the sociability of the aerospace park is possible by considering the political and economic dimensions, and it is not possible without considering these two aspects. In other words, only considering design requirements and inter-organizational decisions will not support the sociability of this park, and the plan will fail. However, sociability will be possible by paying attention to the political and economic dimensions, including the interaction and political participation of organizational people and citizens, stable government policies, optimal investment security for the private sector, and continuous and annual budget allocation. From the social aspect, according to the possibility of space design by urban experts, effective solutions have been presented to provide sufficient information about the park to citizens of Tehran and, eventually, to the whole country for their presence and participation. Funding This article is derived from a research project approved by the Tehran Urban Research And Planning Center, and the credits of the said project were used to carry it out. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The intensification of everyday life and the reduction of social life in the current era have made it necessary to pay attention to the optimal foundation for the presence of different groups in urban spaces. Public spaces are a key factor for economic growth and development. They are of particular importance considering social and environmental aspects, and changes and control of their future conditions require comprehensive and complete evaluation and analysis. In this regard, using future research methods to provide flexible strategies with the help of scenario writing is very helpful. Aerospace Park located in the 21st district of Tehran, despite considering the national and macro scale and defining social activities, lacks a suitable sociable space. This article, with a practical purpose, uses the PESTEL model platform to explain the dimensions and factors of sociability and by using the future research method, it examines the compilation of the sociability scenarios of the aerospace park using the scenario wizard and identifies 24 key factors through the analysis of mutual effects. And their possible situations have been examined. The output scenarios are: 3 scenarios with high compatibility, 23 with weak compatibility and 17 with incompatible scenarios; Among these three scenarios, one scenario should include favorable and ideal conditions (the leading scenario) for the future socialization of the National Aerospace Park. Extended abstract Introduction Humans, as the most critical factor in the dynamics of urban spaces, need a suitable platform for effective presence in public spaces. Social public spaces, as a place for social interactions for creating desirable urban environments, are one of the goals that has been given much attention in recent decades. The intensification of daily life routines and reduction of social life has made to it necessary to pay attention the preparation of an optimal platform in urban space designs for the presence and participation of a wide range of different social groups in the design of public spaces; on the other hand, public spaces are known as a productive factor for economic growth and development and are very valuable from social and environmental aspects, and their changes require comprehensive and complete evaluation and analysis. These spaces have long been considered the most attractive parts of cities, and as social life arenas, they create places for dependence and social exchange with others. The ability to attract people by public spaces has made these areas the most important part of urban planning. In today's era, one of the harms that threaten public spaces is the issue of privatization, which has distorted the social role of public spaces and has led to social deprivation of space for some groups and strata. Meanwhile, one of the main ways to test the success and popularity of a public arena is to check the number of residents and citizens visiting it at different hours of the day, contrasting with the phenomenon of privatization and exclusivity of public space. Methodology With its practical aim and a mixed methodology approach, this study has identified the public sociability indexes in District 21 according to the stated theories, sociability indicators of public spaces in the form of dimensions (PESTEL). Then, the degree of sociability in this field was measured by collecting data in two ways: library collection and questionnaire. Therefore, two groups of questionnaires were designed. The first questionnaire for Measuring the sociability of the public arena of District 21 is designed with the format of a Likert scale. The group has approved its transcript of experts, and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used through SPSS software with the result of 79%. To determine the sample size according to the population of District 21, which according to the latest census is 186,319 persons, 384 case sample size was determined considering a 95% confidence interval and the permissible error rate of 0.05 according to the Cochrane method. The selection of the samples was done in a purposeful and structured way, and people who knew about the area and its surroundings or had visited the complex before were selected for the sample population. In the second part of the expert questionnaire, determination of effective factors, structural analysis (interaction analysis) and uncertainty for data analysis and extraction of possible scenarios were designed by relying on the variables emerging from the literature of sociability of the space, content validity was done with the help of experts. Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software were used to analyze the questionnaire data. The questionnaire has been measured in the form of a matrix of mutual effects, and the weighting of the questionnaire has been measured in the form of a pairwise comparison. The experts approved the degree of correlation of the variables and the uncertainty states. According to Godet, the statistical population of the expert questionnaire should not be less than 25 people. Based on this, 25 urban experts familiar with the literature of future studies and scenario writing were selected. Results and discussion After determining the list of effective factors, the variables were entered into the mutual influence analysis matrix for identification and ranking. They were given to the experts by developing a standard mutual influence analysis questionnaire, and the average of the collected answers was prepared to be entered into the Mic Mac software. The output of this stage will be used as the input of the scenario wizard software. The results of Micmac software identify 24 key factors. The output scenarios of the Scenario wizard are 3 scenarios with high compatibility, 23 with low compatibility, and 17 with incompatible scenarios; among these 3 scenarios, one scenario contains favorable and ideal conditions (progressive scenario) for the future of socialization of National Aerospace Park. Conclusion The results of this feasibility study indicate that the sociability of the aerospace park is possible by considering the political and economic dimensions, and it is not possible without considering these two aspects. In other words, only considering design requirements and inter-organizational decisions will not support the sociability of this park, and the plan will fail. However, sociability will be possible by paying attention to the political and economic dimensions, including the interaction and political participation of organizational people and citizens, stable government policies, optimal investment security for the private sector, and continuous and annual budget allocation. From the social aspect, according to the possibility of space design by urban experts, effective solutions have been presented to provide sufficient information about the park to citizens of Tehran and, eventually, to the whole country for their presence and participation. Funding This article is derived from a research project approved by the Tehran Urban Research And Planning Center, and the credits of the said project were used to carry it out. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_193999_4d434e38e16a8084e776c180f015917f.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 21 Structural Analysis of the Dimensions of Stress Relief Urban Planning in Tehran Structural Analysis of the Dimensions of Stress Relief Urban Planning in Tehran 21 38 179114 10.22034/jsc.2023.345489.1631 FA Khatereh Moghani Rahimi Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1791-797X Mostafa Behzadfar Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2882-694X Samaneh Jalilisadrabad Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1816-7610 Journal Article 2023 11 24 A B S T R A C T Cities increase urban stress despite their many benefits. This issue is many times more important in Tehran, the sixth most stressful city in the world. However, given its importance, the impact of various aspects of the city on stress has yet to be well known. For this purpose, this study was conducted to identify and structurally analyze the dimensions of stress relief urban planning in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the applied research's purpose. In fact, after analyzing the content of previous studies, the structural analysis of the mentioned dimensions has been done based on the opinion of experts familiar with the subject, using software (MICMAC). The research findings indicate that the environmental dimension is the most influential, and the individual characteristics dimension is the most influential. In fact, environmental, economic, transportation, cultural, land use, social, political, physical, personal, and housing dimensions are important in the stress relief urban planning in Tehran, respectively. Also, environmental and economic dimensions are the most important and key ones of stress relief urban planning in this city. As a result, paying attention to all these dimensions by emphasizing the environmental and economic ones can reduce urban stress in Tehran to a great extent Extended Abstract Introduction The world's urban population is growing rapidly; by 2050, 64% of the world's population is expected to live in cities. The environment, and especially the built environment of the city, has a great impact on humans. Urban humans will suffer from stress if they need more space for housing, sufficient security, and sustainable economic conditions. Urban life, despite its many benefits, is widely considered to be stressful, and the stressors in the city are the cause of some stress-related mental disorders in urban settings. The impact of this issue is greater in urban low-income groups and youth and adolescents. In addition, urban stress imposes high costs on citizens and leads to the waste of urban capital. However, due to the importance of this issue, the impact of different aspects of the city on stress is not well known, and few studies have addressed this issue. Especially in developing countries where urbanization is growing very fast, this issue needs more attention. Tehran, in 2017 by the Global ZipJet Institute, has been introduced as the sixth most stressful city in the world. This issue clarifies the necessity of developing planned urbanization and identifying its key dimensions in Tehran. For this purpose, this study was conducted to identify and structural analysis of the dimensions of stress relief urban planning in this city. In this study, first, the concept of urban stress and the dimensions of urban planning of its therapist have been studied. The content analysis method has identified and discussed the relationships between these dimensions. Finally, due to the need for more comprehensiveness of the identified communications, from content analysis to the structural analysis of the dimensions of stress relief urban planning based on experts' opinions, the most important dimension of this planning has been identified in Tehran. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the applied research's purpose. According to the purpose of the study, first, by using the content analysis of the previous researches, the aspects of stress-relieving urban planning have been identified. Then their impact on each other was determined by a group of nine experts familiar with the city of Tehran and the topic of urban stress, and finally, using the software (MICMAC), the key dimension of stress relief urban planning has been analyzed. Results and discussion Given that previous studies have yet to examine the effects of dimensions on each other comprehensively. The importance of these effects needs to be clarified; this section, in the form of three steps using structural analysis and the effects of dimensions on each other, is the key dimension of stress relief urban planning in the city of Tehran has been identified. First step: After reviewing research related to urban stress and analyzing its content, ten dimensions were extracted, each of which includes several indicators. Second step: Using the discussions and opinions of nine experts in the field of urban planning and urban stress, an interactive structural matrix (MDI) has been prepared. The dimensions identified from the previous step are placed in rows and columns in this matrix. The impact and effectiveness are specified as (0 no impact, one weak impact, two medium impacts, three strong impacts, and P potential impact). It should be noted that at this stage, the comprehensiveness of the dimensions was also discussed with experts. Third step: The matrix obtained from the previous step is entered into the software (MICMAC) and structural analysis is performed. Conclusion Findings indicate the classification of dimensions into three groups: effective, independent, and dependent. Environmental and economic dimensions as influential variables are the main dimensions, which have a much greater impact than their impact and are considered key dimensions. The next type is affective or dependent dimensions with a very low and high impact and include dimensions, housing, individual, physical and social characteristics. The last type of dimension identified is independent, which has a low impact and includes transportation, land use, cultural and political dimensions. Also, dimensions' direct relationships and effects are much stronger than their indirect effects. The direct impact of economic and environmental dimensions on other dimensions and the indirect impact of environmental dimensions on individual characteristics are the strongest effects in this analysis. The conclusion of the structural analysis shows that the environmental dimension is the most influential, and the individual characteristics dimension is the most influential. Based on the obtained ranking, environmental, economic, transportation, cultural, land use, social, political, physical, personal, and housing dimensions are important in the urban planning of stress therapists in Tehran, respectively. Also, environmental and economic dimensions are the most important and key dimensions of stress planning urban planning in this city. As a result, paying attention to all these dimensions with emphasis on the environmental dimension, which includes indicators such as temperature in the city, urban lighting, environmental pollution, environmental control and forecasting, sensory overload, spaces without vision, sky view, view to the environment city up to ten meters, privacy, safety, vulnerability to epidemics and natural hazards, resilience, and economic dimension, which include indicators such as economic support, economic deprivation, poverty, employment status, and income, can be urban stress in Tehran to a large extent. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Cities increase urban stress despite their many benefits. This issue is many times more important in Tehran, the sixth most stressful city in the world. However, given its importance, the impact of various aspects of the city on stress has yet to be well known. For this purpose, this study was conducted to identify and structurally analyze the dimensions of stress relief urban planning in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the applied research's purpose. In fact, after analyzing the content of previous studies, the structural analysis of the mentioned dimensions has been done based on the opinion of experts familiar with the subject, using software (MICMAC). The research findings indicate that the environmental dimension is the most influential, and the individual characteristics dimension is the most influential. In fact, environmental, economic, transportation, cultural, land use, social, political, physical, personal, and housing dimensions are important in the stress relief urban planning in Tehran, respectively. Also, environmental and economic dimensions are the most important and key ones of stress relief urban planning in this city. As a result, paying attention to all these dimensions by emphasizing the environmental and economic ones can reduce urban stress in Tehran to a great extent Extended Abstract Introduction The world's urban population is growing rapidly; by 2050, 64% of the world's population is expected to live in cities. The environment, and especially the built environment of the city, has a great impact on humans. Urban humans will suffer from stress if they need more space for housing, sufficient security, and sustainable economic conditions. Urban life, despite its many benefits, is widely considered to be stressful, and the stressors in the city are the cause of some stress-related mental disorders in urban settings. The impact of this issue is greater in urban low-income groups and youth and adolescents. In addition, urban stress imposes high costs on citizens and leads to the waste of urban capital. However, due to the importance of this issue, the impact of different aspects of the city on stress is not well known, and few studies have addressed this issue. Especially in developing countries where urbanization is growing very fast, this issue needs more attention. Tehran, in 2017 by the Global ZipJet Institute, has been introduced as the sixth most stressful city in the world. This issue clarifies the necessity of developing planned urbanization and identifying its key dimensions in Tehran. For this purpose, this study was conducted to identify and structural analysis of the dimensions of stress relief urban planning in this city. In this study, first, the concept of urban stress and the dimensions of urban planning of its therapist have been studied. The content analysis method has identified and discussed the relationships between these dimensions. Finally, due to the need for more comprehensiveness of the identified communications, from content analysis to the structural analysis of the dimensions of stress relief urban planning based on experts' opinions, the most important dimension of this planning has been identified in Tehran. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the applied research's purpose. According to the purpose of the study, first, by using the content analysis of the previous researches, the aspects of stress-relieving urban planning have been identified. Then their impact on each other was determined by a group of nine experts familiar with the city of Tehran and the topic of urban stress, and finally, using the software (MICMAC), the key dimension of stress relief urban planning has been analyzed. Results and discussion Given that previous studies have yet to examine the effects of dimensions on each other comprehensively. The importance of these effects needs to be clarified; this section, in the form of three steps using structural analysis and the effects of dimensions on each other, is the key dimension of stress relief urban planning in the city of Tehran has been identified. First step: After reviewing research related to urban stress and analyzing its content, ten dimensions were extracted, each of which includes several indicators. Second step: Using the discussions and opinions of nine experts in the field of urban planning and urban stress, an interactive structural matrix (MDI) has been prepared. The dimensions identified from the previous step are placed in rows and columns in this matrix. The impact and effectiveness are specified as (0 no impact, one weak impact, two medium impacts, three strong impacts, and P potential impact). It should be noted that at this stage, the comprehensiveness of the dimensions was also discussed with experts. Third step: The matrix obtained from the previous step is entered into the software (MICMAC) and structural analysis is performed. Conclusion Findings indicate the classification of dimensions into three groups: effective, independent, and dependent. Environmental and economic dimensions as influential variables are the main dimensions, which have a much greater impact than their impact and are considered key dimensions. The next type is affective or dependent dimensions with a very low and high impact and include dimensions, housing, individual, physical and social characteristics. The last type of dimension identified is independent, which has a low impact and includes transportation, land use, cultural and political dimensions. Also, dimensions' direct relationships and effects are much stronger than their indirect effects. The direct impact of economic and environmental dimensions on other dimensions and the indirect impact of environmental dimensions on individual characteristics are the strongest effects in this analysis. The conclusion of the structural analysis shows that the environmental dimension is the most influential, and the individual characteristics dimension is the most influential. Based on the obtained ranking, environmental, economic, transportation, cultural, land use, social, political, physical, personal, and housing dimensions are important in the urban planning of stress therapists in Tehran, respectively. Also, environmental and economic dimensions are the most important and key dimensions of stress planning urban planning in this city. As a result, paying attention to all these dimensions with emphasis on the environmental dimension, which includes indicators such as temperature in the city, urban lighting, environmental pollution, environmental control and forecasting, sensory overload, spaces without vision, sky view, view to the environment city up to ten meters, privacy, safety, vulnerability to epidemics and natural hazards, resilience, and economic dimension, which include indicators such as economic support, economic deprivation, poverty, employment status, and income, can be urban stress in Tehran to a large extent. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_179114_3f9ebee71b4657a870d9612f1299781c.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 22 Feasibility of Cycling Routes and its Influence on Creating of Bicycle-Friendly City the Case study of Health Road in Yazd City Feasibility of Cycling Routes and its Influence on Creating of Bicycle-Friendly City the Case study of Health Road in Yazd City 39 56 178887 10.22034/jsc.2022.328466.1595 FA Shahabadin Hajforoush Department of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 0000-0001-9881-7155 Mohammad Hosin Saraei Department of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 0000-0003-3449-3969 Journal Article 2023 11 25 A B S T R A C T The city of Yazd, one of the cities of Iran, has suffered the most damage from the accelerated and scattered growth, which, with cohesion and compression in the stage of emergence, its natural growth today is plagued by a pathological structure, because the city of Yazd, as an intermediate city, is more and faster than the big centres. It has progressed towards spiral growth. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the feasibility of cycling routes and their effect on creating a bicycle-friendly city in the city under study. This research is a descriptive survey in terms of its applied-developmental purpose and terms of its nature and method. The information collection in this research was done through library, document and survey methods. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Yazd city. To estimate the sample size, the personal estimation method was used, and 120 people were considered as the sample size. In this research, targeted methods (snowball and theoretical sequence) have been used to collect information. AHP (Gaussian preference function), Prometheus and regression (ANOVA) statistical methods have been used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the AHP test (Gaussian preference function) revealed that the indicators of the slope of the movement path and sufficient lighting and visibility on the path should be given priority, and also the indicator of the use of the combined travel method of bicycle and public transportation should be given the last priority. In the following, using the Prometheus method, the criteria and indicators of the research were prioritized, it was found that the security criterion with a final rating of 0.382 is in the first rank and the continuity criterion is in the last rank with a final rating of 0.081. Finally, using the regression test (ANOVA), it was found that there is a significant correlation between the strengthening of the bicycle path of Salamat Road and the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in Yazd. Therefore, strengthening the bicycle path of Salamat Road can lead to the creation of a bike-friendly city in Yazd Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the expansion of urbanization and the uncontrolled increase of the urban population have caused many city problems. Transportation has become one of the most important factors affecting the existence and development of cities and almost all cities are under heavy traffic pressure, which has led to urban challenges. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of the Yazd Health Road cycling route, evaluate the capacity of cycling revitalization on the Yazd Health Road and determine the effect of cycling route capability of Health Road on the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in Yazd city. Thus, the question of this research is: - Which criteria and indicators should be given priority in the implementation of Yazd Health Road cycling route? -Can strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route lead to the creation of a bicycle friendly city in Yazd city? Methodology The present study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, and also, it is a descriptive survey type in terms of nature and method. Data collection in this study was library, documentary, and survey. The statistical population of this study was urban experts, professors of urban geography and cyclists who had passed on the cycling route of Yazd city health road. Based on the personal estimation method, 120 people (20 urban experts and professors of urban geography and 100 cyclists who have passed along the health road route of Yazd city) were selected. In this research, purposeful methods (snowball and theoretical sequence) have been exerted to gather information. Results and discussion AHP Prometheus and regression (ANOVA) were exploited to analyze the data. The results of the AHP (Gaussian preferred function) test showed that the indicators of the slope of the path and brightness and sufficient visibility on the route should be the priority and also the indicators of using the combined travel method of bicycle and public transportation should be the last priority. Then, using the Prometheus method, the criteria and indicators of the research were prioritized. It was found that the security criterion with the final ranking of 0/382 is in the first rank and the continuity criterion with the final ranking of 0/081 is in the last rank. Finally, using regression test (ANOVA), it was found that there is a significant correlation between strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route with the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in Yazd city. In general, the results of this study with the results of McLeod et al. (2020), Nazarpour and Saedi (2020), Dolatkhah et al. (2018), and Rezaei et al. (2013) concluded that in order to pay attention to cycling in cities, urban infrastructure and appropriate rules and standards for cyclists, a clearer understanding of cyclists’ perceptions, more attention to cycling planning, the use of green marketing mixes and the construction of special cycling trails need special attention. According to the present research, there is a direct relationship because it is necessary to observe national standards, rules, and regulations in the health road cycling route for cyclists. And in this way, it is consistent with the research of Podgórniak-Krzykacza & Trippner-Hrabi (2021), Marquart et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2019), and Saraei and Shamsi (2011), who concluded that the use of bicycles would lead to increase access to transportation, prevent congestion and inefficient public transportation, promote sustainable urban development, healthy and environmentally friendly, reduce traffic and accidents, increase comfort, safety, and security, prevent environmental pollution, and create sustainable urban transportation. Because in this study, it has been concluded that strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route can lead to the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in the city of Yazd. Conclusion The results of Test methods of AHP (Gaussian preferential function) and Prometheus showed that for the greater comfort of cyclists, the rules, regulations, bylaws, and propulsion of the cycling route in Iran such as length slope, width slope, open viewing distance and stopping distance, the minimum radius of curvature bicycle paths, horizontal signs, special bicycle traffic lights, etc. should be examined and used. In a general analysis, it can be stated that the observance of bicycle path standards in Iran is mandatory in designing urban paths, and the respondents' answers show the necessity of this observance. In order to investigate the correlation between strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route and creating a bicycle-friendly city of Yazd, the regression model (ANOVA) has been used; Therefore, it can be analyzed that strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route according to national rules and standards, such as the existence of shared bicycles, bicycle trash, special bicycle traffic lights, the existence of diversity in the environment, etc., can create a bicycle- friendly city in the surface Yazd city. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The city of Yazd, one of the cities of Iran, has suffered the most damage from the accelerated and scattered growth, which, with cohesion and compression in the stage of emergence, its natural growth today is plagued by a pathological structure, because the city of Yazd, as an intermediate city, is more and faster than the big centres. It has progressed towards spiral growth. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the feasibility of cycling routes and their effect on creating a bicycle-friendly city in the city under study. This research is a descriptive survey in terms of its applied-developmental purpose and terms of its nature and method. The information collection in this research was done through library, document and survey methods. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Yazd city. To estimate the sample size, the personal estimation method was used, and 120 people were considered as the sample size. In this research, targeted methods (snowball and theoretical sequence) have been used to collect information. AHP (Gaussian preference function), Prometheus and regression (ANOVA) statistical methods have been used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the AHP test (Gaussian preference function) revealed that the indicators of the slope of the movement path and sufficient lighting and visibility on the path should be given priority, and also the indicator of the use of the combined travel method of bicycle and public transportation should be given the last priority. In the following, using the Prometheus method, the criteria and indicators of the research were prioritized, it was found that the security criterion with a final rating of 0.382 is in the first rank and the continuity criterion is in the last rank with a final rating of 0.081. Finally, using the regression test (ANOVA), it was found that there is a significant correlation between the strengthening of the bicycle path of Salamat Road and the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in Yazd. Therefore, strengthening the bicycle path of Salamat Road can lead to the creation of a bike-friendly city in Yazd Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the expansion of urbanization and the uncontrolled increase of the urban population have caused many city problems. Transportation has become one of the most important factors affecting the existence and development of cities and almost all cities are under heavy traffic pressure, which has led to urban challenges. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of the Yazd Health Road cycling route, evaluate the capacity of cycling revitalization on the Yazd Health Road and determine the effect of cycling route capability of Health Road on the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in Yazd city. Thus, the question of this research is: - Which criteria and indicators should be given priority in the implementation of Yazd Health Road cycling route? -Can strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route lead to the creation of a bicycle friendly city in Yazd city? Methodology The present study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, and also, it is a descriptive survey type in terms of nature and method. Data collection in this study was library, documentary, and survey. The statistical population of this study was urban experts, professors of urban geography and cyclists who had passed on the cycling route of Yazd city health road. Based on the personal estimation method, 120 people (20 urban experts and professors of urban geography and 100 cyclists who have passed along the health road route of Yazd city) were selected. In this research, purposeful methods (snowball and theoretical sequence) have been exerted to gather information. Results and discussion AHP Prometheus and regression (ANOVA) were exploited to analyze the data. The results of the AHP (Gaussian preferred function) test showed that the indicators of the slope of the path and brightness and sufficient visibility on the route should be the priority and also the indicators of using the combined travel method of bicycle and public transportation should be the last priority. Then, using the Prometheus method, the criteria and indicators of the research were prioritized. It was found that the security criterion with the final ranking of 0/382 is in the first rank and the continuity criterion with the final ranking of 0/081 is in the last rank. Finally, using regression test (ANOVA), it was found that there is a significant correlation between strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route with the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in Yazd city. In general, the results of this study with the results of McLeod et al. (2020), Nazarpour and Saedi (2020), Dolatkhah et al. (2018), and Rezaei et al. (2013) concluded that in order to pay attention to cycling in cities, urban infrastructure and appropriate rules and standards for cyclists, a clearer understanding of cyclists’ perceptions, more attention to cycling planning, the use of green marketing mixes and the construction of special cycling trails need special attention. According to the present research, there is a direct relationship because it is necessary to observe national standards, rules, and regulations in the health road cycling route for cyclists. And in this way, it is consistent with the research of Podgórniak-Krzykacza & Trippner-Hrabi (2021), Marquart et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2019), and Saraei and Shamsi (2011), who concluded that the use of bicycles would lead to increase access to transportation, prevent congestion and inefficient public transportation, promote sustainable urban development, healthy and environmentally friendly, reduce traffic and accidents, increase comfort, safety, and security, prevent environmental pollution, and create sustainable urban transportation. Because in this study, it has been concluded that strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route can lead to the creation of a bicycle-friendly city in the city of Yazd. Conclusion The results of Test methods of AHP (Gaussian preferential function) and Prometheus showed that for the greater comfort of cyclists, the rules, regulations, bylaws, and propulsion of the cycling route in Iran such as length slope, width slope, open viewing distance and stopping distance, the minimum radius of curvature bicycle paths, horizontal signs, special bicycle traffic lights, etc. should be examined and used. In a general analysis, it can be stated that the observance of bicycle path standards in Iran is mandatory in designing urban paths, and the respondents' answers show the necessity of this observance. In order to investigate the correlation between strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route and creating a bicycle-friendly city of Yazd, the regression model (ANOVA) has been used; Therefore, it can be analyzed that strengthening the ability of the health road cycling route according to national rules and standards, such as the existence of shared bicycles, bicycle trash, special bicycle traffic lights, the existence of diversity in the environment, etc., can create a bicycle- friendly city in the surface Yazd city. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_178887_1a62a77b00ef41237259e2fb416349ec.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 22 Investigating Dimensions and Classification of Urban Neighbourhoods' Flood Resilience Indicators The Case study of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do Neighbourhoods Investigating Dimensions and Classification of Urban Neighbourhoods' Flood Resilience Indicators The Case study of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do Neighbourhoods 57 78 190182 10.22034/jsc.2024.388939.1689 FA Zahra Soltani Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-5876-0473 Majid Goodarzi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-7982-8027 Afsaneh Alibakhshi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0009-0005-0202-3171 Journal Article 2023 11 25 A B S T R A C T The present study investigates the dimensions and classification of flood resilience indicators of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods. It employed an applied-theoretical research design and descriptive-analytical research method. A One-sample t-test, independent t-test, and Friedman test were used to classify the indicators. Via a purposive sampling method, 380 heads of households living in these selected neighbourhoods were selected as participants. Regression analysis was performed on the healthcare, hospital, arterial roads, fire stations, construction type, neighbourhood texture type indicators to investigate the effects of flood resilience in the study areas. The spatial autocorrelation of the Weights Manager instrument in Geoda software and the ArcGis software were used to weigh the indicators and spatial data. The research results show a difference between the studied areas in terms of flood resilience indicators. The institutional resilience mean of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood was 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood was 84.22, indicating that the institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood was higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results and based on the significance level (Sig.) less than 0.05, there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods regarding the economic-institutional resilience indicator Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, the increase in world population, especially in urban areas as an essential phenomenon, has created many complexities and problems in various fields. The city is significant as a breeding ground for accidents. In the last few years, the world has witnessed unforeseen natural disasters such as the Asian tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Dealing with these natural hazards is one of the main challenges for most countries. Today, cities and residential communities have been built in places exposed to natural hazards in terms of natural hazards or due to technological advances due to various human-made accidents. Not only does it cause death and their emotional suffering, but it has also damaged their local economy. In some cases, these hazards, sometimes as catastrophes, may affect the vulnerable urban population. The hazards are considered as challenges for developing countries. The vulnerability caused by these hazards is increasing globally. The impacts on the cities are severe and widespread in the physical, economic, and social development, loss of life, property, resources, and overall destruction indicators. The present study investigates the dimensions and classification of flood resilience indicators of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighborhoods. Methodology The present research employed an applied-theoretical research design and descriptive-analytical research method. It also used survey research to collect and analyze the data. To achieve research objectives, the two institutional and economic indicators and their eight sub-indicators, i.e., knowledge of organizational performance, institutional context, institutional relations, institutional performance, the number of damages, ability to compensate damages, ability to return to normal conditions, and disaster risk insurance, were extracted. Via a purposive sampling method, 380 heads of households living in these neighbourhoods were selected, and copies of a standard questionnaire were distributed among them to be completed. A one-sample t-test, independent t-test, and the Friedman test were employed to explore the resilience pattern trend for classifying flood resilience indicators. To evaluate the effects of flood resilience in the study areas, regression analysis, and to weigh the healthcare, hospital, arterial roads, fire stations, construction type, neighbourhood texture type indicators, and spatial data from the spatial autocorrelation method of the Weights Manager instrument in Geoda software and Arc GIS software were used. Results and discussion The research results show a difference between the studied areas in terms of flood resilience indicators. The institutional resilience mean of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood was 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood was 84.22, indicating that the institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood was higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results and based on the significance level (Sig.) less than 0.05, there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods regarding the economic-institutional resilience indicator. Conclusion The study of spatial comparisons of resilience and priorities shows that significant parts of the two neighborhoods' textures are in very poor and poor resilience conditions. The main parts of the two flood-prone neighbourhoods' texture are in very poor and poor flood resilience conditions. Analytical results of the study areas show access to fire stations, crisis management centers, medical centers, and hospitals. Ahvaz's location, especially Eyn-e Do and Sayyahi neighborhoods, necessitates the revision of urban prioritization. Accordingly, these areas should be the priority of resilience planning. The difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods in terms of the flood resilience indicator shows that the mean of economic resilience for Eyn-e Do neighbourhood is 66.67, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood is 74.56. In other words, in this study, the economic resilience rate of Sayyahi neighbourhood is higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. The mean of institutional resilience of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood is 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood is 84.22, indicating that institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood is higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results (Sig. less than 0.05), there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods in terms of economic-institutional resilience. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The present study investigates the dimensions and classification of flood resilience indicators of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods. It employed an applied-theoretical research design and descriptive-analytical research method. A One-sample t-test, independent t-test, and Friedman test were used to classify the indicators. Via a purposive sampling method, 380 heads of households living in these selected neighbourhoods were selected as participants. Regression analysis was performed on the healthcare, hospital, arterial roads, fire stations, construction type, neighbourhood texture type indicators to investigate the effects of flood resilience in the study areas. The spatial autocorrelation of the Weights Manager instrument in Geoda software and the ArcGis software were used to weigh the indicators and spatial data. The research results show a difference between the studied areas in terms of flood resilience indicators. The institutional resilience mean of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood was 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood was 84.22, indicating that the institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood was higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results and based on the significance level (Sig.) less than 0.05, there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods regarding the economic-institutional resilience indicator Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, the increase in world population, especially in urban areas as an essential phenomenon, has created many complexities and problems in various fields. The city is significant as a breeding ground for accidents. In the last few years, the world has witnessed unforeseen natural disasters such as the Asian tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, and the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Dealing with these natural hazards is one of the main challenges for most countries. Today, cities and residential communities have been built in places exposed to natural hazards in terms of natural hazards or due to technological advances due to various human-made accidents. Not only does it cause death and their emotional suffering, but it has also damaged their local economy. In some cases, these hazards, sometimes as catastrophes, may affect the vulnerable urban population. The hazards are considered as challenges for developing countries. The vulnerability caused by these hazards is increasing globally. The impacts on the cities are severe and widespread in the physical, economic, and social development, loss of life, property, resources, and overall destruction indicators. The present study investigates the dimensions and classification of flood resilience indicators of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighborhoods. Methodology The present research employed an applied-theoretical research design and descriptive-analytical research method. It also used survey research to collect and analyze the data. To achieve research objectives, the two institutional and economic indicators and their eight sub-indicators, i.e., knowledge of organizational performance, institutional context, institutional relations, institutional performance, the number of damages, ability to compensate damages, ability to return to normal conditions, and disaster risk insurance, were extracted. Via a purposive sampling method, 380 heads of households living in these neighbourhoods were selected, and copies of a standard questionnaire were distributed among them to be completed. A one-sample t-test, independent t-test, and the Friedman test were employed to explore the resilience pattern trend for classifying flood resilience indicators. To evaluate the effects of flood resilience in the study areas, regression analysis, and to weigh the healthcare, hospital, arterial roads, fire stations, construction type, neighbourhood texture type indicators, and spatial data from the spatial autocorrelation method of the Weights Manager instrument in Geoda software and Arc GIS software were used. Results and discussion The research results show a difference between the studied areas in terms of flood resilience indicators. The institutional resilience mean of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood was 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood was 84.22, indicating that the institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood was higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results and based on the significance level (Sig.) less than 0.05, there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods regarding the economic-institutional resilience indicator. Conclusion The study of spatial comparisons of resilience and priorities shows that significant parts of the two neighborhoods' textures are in very poor and poor resilience conditions. The main parts of the two flood-prone neighbourhoods' texture are in very poor and poor flood resilience conditions. Analytical results of the study areas show access to fire stations, crisis management centers, medical centers, and hospitals. Ahvaz's location, especially Eyn-e Do and Sayyahi neighborhoods, necessitates the revision of urban prioritization. Accordingly, these areas should be the priority of resilience planning. The difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods in terms of the flood resilience indicator shows that the mean of economic resilience for Eyn-e Do neighbourhood is 66.67, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood is 74.56. In other words, in this study, the economic resilience rate of Sayyahi neighbourhood is higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. The mean of institutional resilience of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood is 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood is 84.22, indicating that institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood is higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results (Sig. less than 0.05), there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods in terms of economic-institutional resilience. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_190182_8440e859b42300a291de7f60a7bd2e90.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 22 Spatial analysis of the realization of the idea of the right to the city in small cities in the case study of Western cities of Mazandaran province Spatial analysis of the realization of the idea of the right to the city in small cities in the case study of Western cities of Mazandaran province 79 96 177435 10.22034/jsc.2023.375853.1671 FA Reza Sultan Maleki Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Massoud Elahi , Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Zohre Dauvdpour , Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Email: zdavoudpour@gmail.com 0000-0002-3422-7823 Journal Article 2023 11 25 A B S T R A C T The present research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of the realization of the idea of the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province. In terms of its purpose, this research is among applied research and the method of collecting information includes library and survey methods including questionnaires. The statistical population in this research consists of citizens of the three studied cities and urban experts. Considering the size of the population of three cities, which according to the census of 2015 is equal to 7240 people (including 970 people in Balade, 3120 people in Kajur and 3150 people in Pul), based on Cochran's formula, 365 samples have been chosen and by sample method Classified random sampling has been distributed and collected among citizens. Data analysis was done in the form of Friedman and one-sample t tests in SPSS software, and Arc GIS was used to draw the map. The results of the ranking showed that considering that the significance level of the test is less than 0.05 (equal to 0.001), that in the socio-cultural dimension, Balde city has the highest rank with an average rank of 2.14, and in the economic dimension, the city of Kejur has the highest rank with an average rank of 2.34. among the cities in the west of Mazandaran province and also in the physical-biological dimension, considering that the significance level of the test is more than 0.05 (equal to 0.302), the cities of Kejur, Belde and Pol, although they have different average ranks, but because this The difference is not significant, they have equal rank Extended Abstract Introduction In recent years, along with the loss of efficiency of the city's economic, political, cultural and social structures, urban crises have appeared with citizens' demands, and there is talk of "the right to the city". The right to the city provides a suitable conceptual tool for criticizing the current state of cities. The right to the city is both the issue of the existing city, the city that is and the issue of the desired city, the city that should be. In fact, in recent decades, the increasing growth and expansion of cities, on the one hand, and the importance of studying urban life and the methods of achieving citizenship rights, on the other hand, have led to the necessary grounds for discussing the concept of the right to the city, a concept that Henry Lefebvre first expressed. Methodology The present research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method, respectively. Library and field methods were used, and the tool of information collection in this research was a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been checked and confirmed according to the opinion of 30 experts (Cronbach's alpha value for the reliability of the questionnaire was equal to 0.89, which indicated the acceptability of the questionnaire). The statistical population in this research consists of citizens of the three studied cities and urban experts. Considering the size of the population of three cities, which according to the 2016 census was equal to 7240 people (including 970 people in Baladeh, 3120 people in Kojour and 3150 people in Pul), 365 samples were chosen based on Cochran's formula, which has been distributed and collected among the citizens by stratified probability sampling method. The sample size for Baladeh is equal to 49 people, Kojour is equal to 157 people, and Pul is equal to 159 people. Data processing and database construction were done in Arc GIS software, and the final results were prepared for comparison and analysis in SPSS software. Results and discussion In evaluating the status of socio-cultural dimensions in order to realize the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province, i.e. the cities of Baladeh, Kojour and Pul, it was found that the value of the t statistic at the significance level is equal to 0.00, which is less than 0.05. It was equal to -36,890 in Kojour city, -28,179 in Baladeh city and -38,490 in Pol city, which showed that the socio-cultural dimension situation in order to realize the right to the city in the small cities of western Mazandaran province is in an unfavorable situation. Also, according to the value of t concerning the economic dimension in the cities of Kojour, Baladeh and Pul, which were equal to -55.039, -47.492 and -59.790, respectively, it was found that the status of these cities in terms of the economic dimension is also at the unacceptable level. In relation to the environmental dimension, it is also said that the value of t-statistic was calculated as -11.315 in Kojour city, -11.958 in Baladeh city and -11.812 in Pul city, which means that these cities are also weak in terms of environmental dimension. Conclusion The present study was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of the realization of the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province. Moreover, survey studies show that the level of citizens' participation in urban affairs, which is one of the basic foundations of the right to the city and the builder of a sustainable city, needs to be stronger. Furthermore, there is no serious effort towards empowering the people (especially women) to organize the existing situation from the city managers, and the level of accountability of city managers to the citizens is also low. This issue is more acute in another dimension that covers citizens' access to urban facilities and services. In such a way that as homogeneous conditions for all three cities, the degree of access to various urban land-uses and services, including health and medical services, green space and leisure, education, variety of service centers, etc., with restrictions for citizens, has caused dissatisfaction. This issue is far more complicated in the economic aspect; despite the urbanization of these settlements, they see many gaps in the field of economic issues. In such a way, the status of work and employment, access to secondary financial resources (bank credits, resources) to increase livelihood opportunities, land prices, and economic integration with the regional economy all have had an undesirable situation. In addition, city managers have not been able to improve the conditions in this field, and even their satisfaction is low due to the lack of financial transparency in the preparation and implementation of city projects and the lack of public and private investment. Moreover, no specific innovation in improving the situation involves planning and business continuity for these cities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The present research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of the realization of the idea of the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province. In terms of its purpose, this research is among applied research and the method of collecting information includes library and survey methods including questionnaires. The statistical population in this research consists of citizens of the three studied cities and urban experts. Considering the size of the population of three cities, which according to the census of 2015 is equal to 7240 people (including 970 people in Balade, 3120 people in Kajur and 3150 people in Pul), based on Cochran's formula, 365 samples have been chosen and by sample method Classified random sampling has been distributed and collected among citizens. Data analysis was done in the form of Friedman and one-sample t tests in SPSS software, and Arc GIS was used to draw the map. The results of the ranking showed that considering that the significance level of the test is less than 0.05 (equal to 0.001), that in the socio-cultural dimension, Balde city has the highest rank with an average rank of 2.14, and in the economic dimension, the city of Kejur has the highest rank with an average rank of 2.34. among the cities in the west of Mazandaran province and also in the physical-biological dimension, considering that the significance level of the test is more than 0.05 (equal to 0.302), the cities of Kejur, Belde and Pol, although they have different average ranks, but because this The difference is not significant, they have equal rank Extended Abstract Introduction In recent years, along with the loss of efficiency of the city's economic, political, cultural and social structures, urban crises have appeared with citizens' demands, and there is talk of "the right to the city". The right to the city provides a suitable conceptual tool for criticizing the current state of cities. The right to the city is both the issue of the existing city, the city that is and the issue of the desired city, the city that should be. In fact, in recent decades, the increasing growth and expansion of cities, on the one hand, and the importance of studying urban life and the methods of achieving citizenship rights, on the other hand, have led to the necessary grounds for discussing the concept of the right to the city, a concept that Henry Lefebvre first expressed. Methodology The present research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method, respectively. Library and field methods were used, and the tool of information collection in this research was a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been checked and confirmed according to the opinion of 30 experts (Cronbach's alpha value for the reliability of the questionnaire was equal to 0.89, which indicated the acceptability of the questionnaire). The statistical population in this research consists of citizens of the three studied cities and urban experts. Considering the size of the population of three cities, which according to the 2016 census was equal to 7240 people (including 970 people in Baladeh, 3120 people in Kojour and 3150 people in Pul), 365 samples were chosen based on Cochran's formula, which has been distributed and collected among the citizens by stratified probability sampling method. The sample size for Baladeh is equal to 49 people, Kojour is equal to 157 people, and Pul is equal to 159 people. Data processing and database construction were done in Arc GIS software, and the final results were prepared for comparison and analysis in SPSS software. Results and discussion In evaluating the status of socio-cultural dimensions in order to realize the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province, i.e. the cities of Baladeh, Kojour and Pul, it was found that the value of the t statistic at the significance level is equal to 0.00, which is less than 0.05. It was equal to -36,890 in Kojour city, -28,179 in Baladeh city and -38,490 in Pol city, which showed that the socio-cultural dimension situation in order to realize the right to the city in the small cities of western Mazandaran province is in an unfavorable situation. Also, according to the value of t concerning the economic dimension in the cities of Kojour, Baladeh and Pul, which were equal to -55.039, -47.492 and -59.790, respectively, it was found that the status of these cities in terms of the economic dimension is also at the unacceptable level. In relation to the environmental dimension, it is also said that the value of t-statistic was calculated as -11.315 in Kojour city, -11.958 in Baladeh city and -11.812 in Pul city, which means that these cities are also weak in terms of environmental dimension. Conclusion The present study was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of the realization of the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province. Moreover, survey studies show that the level of citizens' participation in urban affairs, which is one of the basic foundations of the right to the city and the builder of a sustainable city, needs to be stronger. Furthermore, there is no serious effort towards empowering the people (especially women) to organize the existing situation from the city managers, and the level of accountability of city managers to the citizens is also low. This issue is more acute in another dimension that covers citizens' access to urban facilities and services. In such a way that as homogeneous conditions for all three cities, the degree of access to various urban land-uses and services, including health and medical services, green space and leisure, education, variety of service centers, etc., with restrictions for citizens, has caused dissatisfaction. This issue is far more complicated in the economic aspect; despite the urbanization of these settlements, they see many gaps in the field of economic issues. In such a way, the status of work and employment, access to secondary financial resources (bank credits, resources) to increase livelihood opportunities, land prices, and economic integration with the regional economy all have had an undesirable situation. In addition, city managers have not been able to improve the conditions in this field, and even their satisfaction is low due to the lack of financial transparency in the preparation and implementation of city projects and the lack of public and private investment. Moreover, no specific innovation in improving the situation involves planning and business continuity for these cities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_177435_75f52425bac4203ca0aae78193748847.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 23 The Functional Effect of Public Spaces in the Stability of the Sense of Place Belonging the Case Study: Public Spaces in the Central Texture of Zanjan City The Functional Effect of Public Spaces in the Stability of the Sense of Place Belonging the Case Study: Public Spaces in the Central Texture of Zanjan City 97 115 191359 10.22034/jsc.2024.432435.1756 FA Esmaeil Daviran Department of Education Geography, Farhangian University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 11 26 A B S T R A C T The sense of place manifests a person's sense of space with which he has established emotional relationships and feels alive with attachment and dependence from being in it. This research method is based on a combination (qualitative and quantitative) based on interpretative and statistical methods. The data collection method is library-field (interview, observation, and questionnaire). The studied community includes the users of public spaces in central Zanjan city, which was studied in a sample of 380 subjects. The research indicators include four main components as place identity, place attachment, place dependence, and social connection. Data analysis is based on inductive and quantitative interpretation based on multivariate regression according to the structure of path analysis and a posteriori model. The results show that the public spaces with different functions in the central context of Zanjan city function differently despite the tendency towards desirability. The sense of belonging to a place is formed in two aspects as the sense of the main place and the sense of the surrounding place, the intensity of which decreases according to the social stratification from the center to the periphery, but it does not reach destruction. Multivariate regression at the confidence level of 95% with 96% effectiveness explains the path of indicators of the sense of place belonging, and the posterior model shows the significant difference of the variables of sense of place belonging in different functions of the space with an acceptable level of significance. The findings state that the structure of activity and the sense of place are different according to the type of function of the space. Therefore, places in spaces with similar functions have the same sense of belonging with a minimal significant difference. Thus, the diversity of the functions of the space affects the sense of local belonging, and it becomes stronger and weaker according to the functional type of the space Extended Abstract Introduction The distinction of a place for the citizens and the feeling of attachment, vitality, and dependence forms a sense in which the social bond is established and creates a sense of belonging to a place. In public spaces with diverse functions, the amount of this feeling affects the citizens' vitality and social vitality. The variety of activities combined with the factors of space design are the factors of attraction and permanence of the population in the desired space. As a result, it reduces the social effects caused by building density, leading to social density. By examining the various functions of the public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (as the attracting pole of the urban population), this research has investigated the effect of space diversity on citizens' sense of place belonging. The innovation of this research is to deal with the functional diversity of public spaces on a spatial scale in order to find out: -What is the role and effect of the functional diversity of spaces on different scales in the sense of spatial belonging? - How is the difference in the sense of place belonging in the various functions of the central texture spaces of the city and how is the relationship between them? Methodology The current research structure was formed based on the combined qualitative method based on interpretative inference and quantitative method based on descriptive-inferential statistical methods, which are practical in terms of nature and purpose. The studied statistical population includes consumers (citizens) of public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (Imam pedestrian walkway, Sabzeh Maidan complex, cultural and historical places, market, and business). The data collection method was a document and survey based on observation, case interviews, and questionnaires. Due to the unknown size of the studied population, an unstructured sampling method based on saturation was used, the number of which was 380 for the questionnaire method and 70 for the interview method. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS27.1 software with a multivariate regression model based on path effect and posterior model. The research variables include the four main components of identity, attachment, dependence, and social connection of the place, with 41 indicators, part of which corresponds to the research model of Low and Altman, and the researcher creates the other part. In order to localize the narrative validity, the studied variables were sent to about 25 experts in different fields (geography, psychology, urban planning, sociology, urban design, and other urban field experts). They requested coefficients from 1 to 9 for the variables and items. (number 1 is the lowest value, and number 9 is the highest). The results show an average coefficient of 7.48, which shows the appropriate validity of the variables. The reliability of the research was obtained based on Cohen's kappa coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The obtained value of Cohen's kappa for qualitative analysis is equal to 0.68, and Cronbach's alpha for quantitative analysis is equal to 0.81, showing the good reliability of the tools and variables. The figure shows a conceptual model of the research. Results and discussion Despite their functional diversity, the public spaces of the city center have an above-average sense of place belonging with a tendency towards desirability. There is a sense of belonging to a place in the center of the place and the space around it, which has decreased in intensity by moving from the center of focus to the surrounding area, but it has not disappeared and is not completely removed. The variety of functions in public spaces in the city's center leads to a difference in the sense of belonging to a place. In contrast, public spaces with collectivist functions have created a greater sense of belonging. The radar of changes in the spatial sense of belonging in the public spaces of the city center with a tendency towards the periphery has shown the relative desirability of the sense of belonging indicators. In contrast, the radar curve in collective, cultural, and historical spaces tends more toward the periphery (maximum desirability). 95% confidence coefficient and acceptable level of significance (less than p-value: 0.05) show the difference and the significant difference of various functional spaces in the central texture of the city. It is between collective (collectivist and cultural) and linear and point spaces (pedestrian and commercial). On the other hand, the sense of place belonging in the functional spaces of the central tissue indicates a significant difference between spaces with similar functions. There is a significant internal difference between the spaces with the function of pause and stop. Short standing, the restriction of sitting and resting, little discourse (linear pedestrian space and business points), and the spaces with the function of long-term stopping and standing, the design of sitting and talking and resting (discourse-oriented) (Green Square) and the Grand Mosque) in terms of the sense of belonging to a place is at the minimum level (0.04). Conclusion The two-way issue of activity and sense of place are different according to the type of function of the space, so it is possible that places located in spaces with similar functions have the same sense of belonging with a minimal significant difference, while the adjacent places do not have similarity and connection, or have a minimal connection. In general, the diversity of the functions of the space affects the sense of local belonging, and it becomes stronger and weaker according to the functional type of the space. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction The distinction of a place for the citizens and the feeling of attachment, vitality, and dependence forms a sense in which the social bond is established and creates a sense of belonging to a place. In public spaces with diverse functions, the amount of this feeling affects the citizens' vitality and social vitality. The variety of activities combined with the factors of space design are the factors of attraction and permanence of the population in the desired space. As a result, it reduces the social effects caused by building density, leading to social density. By examining the various functions of the public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (as the attracting pole of the urban population), this research has investigated the effect of space diversity on citizens' sense of place belonging. The innovation of this research is to deal with the functional diversity of public spaces on a spatial scale in order to find out: -What is the role and effect of the functional diversity of spaces on different scales in the sense of spatial belonging? - How is the difference in the sense of place belonging in the various functions of the central texture spaces of the city and how is the relationship between them? Methodology The current research structure was formed based on the combined qualitative method based on interpretative inference and quantitative method based on descriptive-inferential statistical methods, which are practical in terms of nature and purpose. The studied statistical population includes consumers (citizens) of public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (Imam pedestrian walkway, Sabzeh Maidan complex, cultural and historical places, market, and business). The data collection method was a document and survey based on observation, case interviews, and questionnaires. Due to the unknown size of the studied population, an unstructured sampling method based on saturation was used, the number of which was 380 for the questionnaire method and 70 for the interview method. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS27.1 software with a multivariate regression model based on path effect and posterior model. The research variables include the four main components of identity, attachment, dependence, and social connection of the place, with 41 indicators, part of which corresponds to the research model of Low and Altman, and the researcher creates the other part. In order to localize the narrative validity, the studied variables were sent to about 25 experts in different fields (geography, psychology, urban planning, sociology, urban design, and other urban field experts). They requested coefficients from 1 to 9 for the variables and items. (number 1 is the lowest value, and number 9 is the highest). The results show an average coefficient of 7.48, which shows the appropriate validity of the variables. The reliability of the research was obtained based on Cohen's kappa coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The obtained value of Cohen's kappa for qualitative analysis is equal to 0.68, and Cronbach's alpha for quantitative analysis is equal to 0.81, showing the good reliability of the tools and variables. The figure shows a conceptual model of the research. Results and discussion Despite their functional diversity, the public spaces of the city center have an above-average sense of place belonging with a tendency towards desirability. There is a sense of belonging to a place in the center of the place and the space around it, which has decreased in intensity by moving from the center of focus to the surrounding area, but it has not disappeared and is not completely removed. The variety of functions in public spaces in the city's center leads to a difference in the sense of belonging to a place. In contrast, public spaces with collectivist functions have created a greater sense of belonging. The radar of changes in the spatial sense of belonging in the public spaces of the city center with a tendency towards the periphery has shown the relative desirability of the sense of belonging indicators. In contrast, the radar curve in collective, cultural, and historical spaces tends more toward the periphery (maximum desirability). 95% confidence coefficient and acceptable level of significance (less than p-value: 0.05) show the difference and the significant difference of various functional spaces in the central texture of the city. It is between collective (collectivist and cultural) and linear and point spaces (pedestrian and commercial). On the other hand, the sense of place belonging in the functional spaces of the central tissue indicates a significant difference between spaces with similar functions. There is a significant internal difference between the spaces with the function of pause and stop. Short standing, the restriction of sitting and resting, little discourse (linear pedestrian space and business points), and the spaces with the function of long-term stopping and standing, the design of sitting and talking and resting (discourse-oriented) (Green Square) and the Grand Mosque) in terms of the sense of belonging to a place is at the minimum level (0.04). Conclusion The two-way issue of activity and sense of place are different according to the type of function of the space, so it is possible that places located in spaces with similar functions have the same sense of belonging with a minimal significant difference, while the adjacent places do not have similarity and connection, or have a minimal connection. In general, the diversity of the functions of the space affects the sense of local belonging, and it becomes stronger and weaker according to the functional type of the space. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T The sense of place manifests a person's sense of space with which he has established emotional relationships and feels alive with attachment and dependence from being in it. This research method is based on a combination (qualitative and quantitative) based on interpretative and statistical methods. The data collection method is library-field (interview, observation, and questionnaire). The studied community includes the users of public spaces in central Zanjan city, which was studied in a sample of 380 subjects. The research indicators include four main components as place identity, place attachment, place dependence, and social connection. Data analysis is based on inductive and quantitative interpretation based on multivariate regression according to the structure of path analysis and a posteriori model. The results show that the public spaces with different functions in the central context of Zanjan city function differently despite the tendency towards desirability. The sense of belonging to a place is formed in two aspects as the sense of the main place and the sense of the surrounding place, the intensity of which decreases according to the social stratification from the center to the periphery, but it does not reach destruction. Multivariate regression at the confidence level of 95% with 96% effectiveness explains the path of indicators of the sense of place belonging, and the posterior model shows the significant difference of the variables of sense of place belonging in different functions of the space with an acceptable level of significance. The findings state that the structure of activity and the sense of place are different according to the type of function of the space. Therefore, places in spaces with similar functions have the same sense of belonging with a minimal significant difference. Thus, the diversity of the functions of the space affects the sense of local belonging, and it becomes stronger and weaker according to the functional type of the space Extended Abstract Introduction The distinction of a place for the citizens and the feeling of attachment, vitality, and dependence forms a sense in which the social bond is established and creates a sense of belonging to a place. In public spaces with diverse functions, the amount of this feeling affects the citizens' vitality and social vitality. The variety of activities combined with the factors of space design are the factors of attraction and permanence of the population in the desired space. As a result, it reduces the social effects caused by building density, leading to social density. By examining the various functions of the public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (as the attracting pole of the urban population), this research has investigated the effect of space diversity on citizens' sense of place belonging. The innovation of this research is to deal with the functional diversity of public spaces on a spatial scale in order to find out: -What is the role and effect of the functional diversity of spaces on different scales in the sense of spatial belonging? - How is the difference in the sense of place belonging in the various functions of the central texture spaces of the city and how is the relationship between them? Methodology The current research structure was formed based on the combined qualitative method based on interpretative inference and quantitative method based on descriptive-inferential statistical methods, which are practical in terms of nature and purpose. The studied statistical population includes consumers (citizens) of public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (Imam pedestrian walkway, Sabzeh Maidan complex, cultural and historical places, market, and business). The data collection method was a document and survey based on observation, case interviews, and questionnaires. Due to the unknown size of the studied population, an unstructured sampling method based on saturation was used, the number of which was 380 for the questionnaire method and 70 for the interview method. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS27.1 software with a multivariate regression model based on path effect and posterior model. The research variables include the four main components of identity, attachment, dependence, and social connection of the place, with 41 indicators, part of which corresponds to the research model of Low and Altman, and the researcher creates the other part. In order to localize the narrative validity, the studied variables were sent to about 25 experts in different fields (geography, psychology, urban planning, sociology, urban design, and other urban field experts). They requested coefficients from 1 to 9 for the variables and items. (number 1 is the lowest value, and number 9 is the highest). The results show an average coefficient of 7.48, which shows the appropriate validity of the variables. The reliability of the research was obtained based on Cohen's kappa coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The obtained value of Cohen's kappa for qualitative analysis is equal to 0.68, and Cronbach's alpha for quantitative analysis is equal to 0.81, showing the good reliability of the tools and variables. The figure shows a conceptual model of the research. Results and discussion Despite their functional diversity, the public spaces of the city center have an above-average sense of place belonging with a tendency towards desirability. There is a sense of belonging to a place in the center of the place and the space around it, which has decreased in intensity by moving from the center of focus to the surrounding area, but it has not disappeared and is not completely removed. The variety of functions in public spaces in the city's center leads to a difference in the sense of belonging to a place. In contrast, public spaces with collectivist functions have created a greater sense of belonging. The radar of changes in the spatial sense of belonging in the public spaces of the city center with a tendency towards the periphery has shown the relative desirability of the sense of belonging indicators. In contrast, the radar curve in collective, cultural, and historical spaces tends more toward the periphery (maximum desirability). 95% confidence coefficient and acceptable level of significance (less than p-value: 0.05) show the difference and the significant difference of various functional spaces in the central texture of the city. It is between collective (collectivist and cultural) and linear and point spaces (pedestrian and commercial). On the other hand, the sense of place belonging in the functional spaces of the central tissue indicates a significant difference between spaces with similar functions. There is a significant internal difference between the spaces with the function of pause and stop. Short standing, the restriction of sitting and resting, little discourse (linear pedestrian space and business points), and the spaces with the function of long-term stopping and standing, the design of sitting and talking and resting (discourse-oriented) (Green Square) and the Grand Mosque) in terms of the sense of belonging to a place is at the minimum level (0.04). Conclusion The two-way issue of activity and sense of place are different according to the type of function of the space, so it is possible that places located in spaces with similar functions have the same sense of belonging with a minimal significant difference, while the adjacent places do not have similarity and connection, or have a minimal connection. In general, the diversity of the functions of the space affects the sense of local belonging, and it becomes stronger and weaker according to the functional type of the space. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction The distinction of a place for the citizens and the feeling of attachment, vitality, and dependence forms a sense in which the social bond is established and creates a sense of belonging to a place. In public spaces with diverse functions, the amount of this feeling affects the citizens' vitality and social vitality. The variety of activities combined with the factors of space design are the factors of attraction and permanence of the population in the desired space. As a result, it reduces the social effects caused by building density, leading to social density. By examining the various functions of the public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (as the attracting pole of the urban population), this research has investigated the effect of space diversity on citizens' sense of place belonging. The innovation of this research is to deal with the functional diversity of public spaces on a spatial scale in order to find out: -What is the role and effect of the functional diversity of spaces on different scales in the sense of spatial belonging? - How is the difference in the sense of place belonging in the various functions of the central texture spaces of the city and how is the relationship between them? Methodology The current research structure was formed based on the combined qualitative method based on interpretative inference and quantitative method based on descriptive-inferential statistical methods, which are practical in terms of nature and purpose. The studied statistical population includes consumers (citizens) of public spaces in the central texture of Zanjan city (Imam pedestrian walkway, Sabzeh Maidan complex, cultural and historical places, market, and business). The data collection method was a document and survey based on observation, case interviews, and questionnaires. Due to the unknown size of the studied population, an unstructured sampling method based on saturation was used, the number of which was 380 for the questionnaire method and 70 for the interview method. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS27.1 software with a multivariate regression model based on path effect and posterior model. The research variables include the four main components of identity, attachment, dependence, and social connection of the place, with 41 indicators, part of which corresponds to the research model of Low and Altman, and the researcher creates the other part. In order to localize the narrative validity, the studied variables were sent to about 25 experts in different fields (geography, psychology, urban planning, sociology, urban design, and other urban field experts). They requested coefficients from 1 to 9 for the variables and items. (number 1 is the lowest value, and number 9 is the highest). The results show an average coefficient of 7.48, which shows the appropriate validity of the variables. The reliability of the research was obtained based on Cohen's kappa coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. The obtained value of Cohen's kappa for qualitative analysis is equal to 0.68, and Cronbach's alpha for quantitative analysis is equal to 0.81, showing the good reliability of the tools and variables. The figure shows a conceptual model of the research. Results and discussion Despite their functional diversity, the public spaces of the city center have an above-average sense of place belonging with a tendency towards desirability. There is a sense of belonging to a place in the center of the place and the space around it, which has decreased in intensity by moving from the center of focus to the surrounding area, but it has not disappeared and is not completely removed. The variety of functions in public spaces in the city's center leads to a difference in the sense of belonging to a place. In contrast, public spaces with collectivist functions have created a greater sense of belonging. The radar of changes in the spatial sense of belonging in the public spaces of the city center with a tendency towards the periphery has shown the relative desirability of the sense of belonging indicators. In contrast, the radar curve in collective, cultural, and historical spaces tends more toward the periphery (maximum desirability). 95% confidence coefficient and acceptable level of significance (less than p-value: 0.05) show the difference and the significant difference of various functional spaces in the central texture of the city. It is between collective (collectivist and cultural) and linear and point spaces (pedestrian and commercial). On the other hand, the sense of place belonging in the functional spaces of the central tissue indicates a significant difference between spaces with similar functions. There is a significant internal difference between the spaces with the function of pause and stop. Short standing, the restriction of sitting and resting, little discourse (linear pedestrian space and business points), and the spaces with the function of long-term stopping and standing, the design of sitting and talking and resting (discourse-oriented) (Green Square) and the Grand Mosque) in terms of the sense of belonging to a place is at the minimum level (0.04). Conclusion The two-way issue of activity and sense of place are different according to the type of function of the space, so it is possible that places located in spaces with similar functions have the same sense of belonging with a minimal significant difference, while the adjacent places do not have similarity and connection, or have a minimal connection. In general, the diversity of the functions of the space affects the sense of local belonging, and it becomes stronger and weaker according to the functional type of the space. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_191359_971f543bd7c5aacee24afc1f86b058c5.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 7 1 2024 04 23 Usefulness of Emile Durkheim's Social Solidarity Approach on Improving the Ritual Functions of Urban Spaces the Case Study of Zeynabieh and Hosseinie Azam Axis till Imamzadeh Seyed Ebrahim of Zanjan City Usefulness of Emile Durkheim's Social Solidarity Approach on Improving the Ritual Functions of Urban Spaces the Case Study of Zeynabieh and Hosseinie Azam Axis till Imamzadeh Seyed Ebrahim of Zanjan City 117 133 192496 10.22034/jsc.2024.406791.1724 FA Seyede Sara Mortazavi Department of Urban Planning, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0006-3326-1866 Alireza Andalib Department of Urban Planning, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3127-3506 Reza Ahmadian Department of Urban Planning, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran 0000-0002-2930-8856 Morteza Talachian Department of Urban Planning, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-3487-5214 Journal Article 2023 11 26 A B S T R A C T Emile Durkheim's approach is based on finding something that keeps people together in a society. We believe that ritual functions can be considered as a stimulus for collective formation. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a field survey (questionnaire). The statistics of the present research are citizens and business people. Their number is unknown. According to Cochran's formula method, 350 people were questioned as a sample. In order to recognize the impact and significant relationship of social solidarity indicators with ritual codes of study, the sample t-tech statistical test and Pearson's correlation were used using SPSS software. The results showed that among the indicators of social solidarity, the variables of belonging to historical and traditional contexts, promoting identity, recalling collective memories, feeling happy and alive, accessibility, social communication and interactions, and sense of security, respectively, with an average of 4.09, 3.80, 3.73, 3.57, 3.46, 3.39, 3.35 had had the most significant impact in promoting ritual functions. The drivers of the ritual functions of space are more affected than we mentioned, while lack of furniture reinforcement, reducing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring, none participating in the reconstruction and preservation of identity buildings, lack of cleanliness, lack of installation of guide signs as a problem must have considered. Findings showed that the more the quality of the visual and physical signs of the space improves in terms of symmetry and physical unity, the more significant the impact will be on the continuation of the formation and promotion of the study-oriented ritual functions and vice versa Extended Abstract Introduction Cohesion refers to the linking or integrating individual duality into a cohesive group or collective. This emergent feature facilitates social order and coordination in groups and is a prerequisite for all non-spontaneous collective activities. Emile Durkheim's approach is based on finding something that keeps people together in a society. Therefore, ritual functions can stimulate collective formation and maintenance in urban spaces. Hosseiniyeh and Zainabiyeh Azam Zanjan are among the religious places of Shia located in the center of Zanjan city. Ritual ceremonies start from Hosseinieh and Zainabieh Azam mosques and then end from the pedestrian axis to Seyyed Ibrahim (AS) Imamzadeh in Zanjan city. This axis is known as the place of gathering and forming local communities in religious ceremonies. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a field survey (questionnaire). The statistics of the present research are citizens and business people. Their number is unknown. According to Cochran's formula method, 350 people were questioned as a sample. In order to recognize the impact and significant relationship of social solidarity indicators with ritual codes of study, the sample t-test statistical test and Pearson's correlation were exerted using SPSS software. Results and discussion Out of 350 statistical samples, 45.3% were women and 54.7% were men. 66.4% of people are married and 33.6% are single. The largest age group was 30 to 45 years old, with 40.5%. Most people had a high school education, and the predominant occupation of the questioned people was freelance. People's motivations for attending the study axis are shopping, sitting, and visiting historical monuments. Also, 60 percent of people attended national events such as Nowruz and religious events such as the movement of Hosseinieh and Zainabieh Azam Zanjan mourners. This research has tried to adapt Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity in promoting the ritual functions of urban spaces. The pedestrian axis of Sabzeh Maidan to Imamzadeh Seyyed Ibrahim (AS) has been chosen as the center of manifestation of the ritual functions of Zainabiyah and Hosseinieh Azam in Zanjan city as a case study. Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity was based on the division of labor and the participation of people in collective affairs mechanically and organically. In other words, he believed that keeping people in society requires common stimuli and norms. Therefore, based on the present research results, it can be said that ritual functions are considered as common stimuli and values that society members bring to urban spaces through national and religious ceremonies and rituals. On the other hand, according to their physical and functional content, ritual axes significantly strengthen and promote social solidarity. If the results of this research are consistent with studies such as Lotfi's studies (2013) regarding the continuity of the historical context with the combination of content and function in the space as an effective measure of ritual axes, Rastbin et al. (2014) regarding the correlation of environmental quality and the continuity of urban life, et al.(2013) the effect of social solidarity on increasing the sense of place, Shakur et al.(2017) about the role of physical structure on the formation of social solidarity in urban spaces, Afshar and Shirkhani (2014) about the influence of social components such as identity, Vitality, security and sociability in urban spaces, Lak and Hakimian (2019) continuity and reproduction of ritual axes depends on strengthening the characteristics of collective memory in urban spaces and Mishra (2020) based on the effect of social solidarity in creating collective consciousness. However, it is not in line with the results of Naderi et al.'s studies (2014) that people do not connect with space, and the findings show that the focus of the study is the promotion of ritual functions in the group, the continuation of collective interactions and the dynamics of space. The findings showed that the more the quality of the visual and physical signs of the space is improved in terms of symmetry and physical unity, the more it will significantly impact the continuation of the formation and promotion of the studied ritual functions and vice versa. Conclusion We conclude that Durkheim's theory of social solidarity should be discussed in all topics related to the relationship between the individual and the environment and others. Beyond Durkheim's perspective, we have shown the relevance of social solidarity in society and its effects on ritual functions. The idea of this classical sociologist can be reflected in urban planning issues to produce collective spaces and interactions of cultural-religious events. The findings showed that among the indicators of social solidarity, the variables of belonging to historical and traditional contexts, promoting identity, recalling collective memories, feeling happy and alive, accessibility, social communication, and interactions, and feeling safe, respectively. The averages of 4.09, 3.80, 3.73, 3.57, 3.46, 3.39, and 3.35 have significantly impacted the promotion of ritual functions. The drivers of the ritual functions of the space to increase social solidarity also include highly influential variables such as the lack of strengthening urban furniture, reducing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring, lack of participation in the reconstruction and preservation of identity buildings, lack of cleanliness and cleanliness, lack of installation Direction signs etc. will have a negative effect on the ritual function. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Emile Durkheim's approach is based on finding something that keeps people together in a society. We believe that ritual functions can be considered as a stimulus for collective formation. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a field survey (questionnaire). The statistics of the present research are citizens and business people. Their number is unknown. According to Cochran's formula method, 350 people were questioned as a sample. In order to recognize the impact and significant relationship of social solidarity indicators with ritual codes of study, the sample t-tech statistical test and Pearson's correlation were used using SPSS software. The results showed that among the indicators of social solidarity, the variables of belonging to historical and traditional contexts, promoting identity, recalling collective memories, feeling happy and alive, accessibility, social communication and interactions, and sense of security, respectively, with an average of 4.09, 3.80, 3.73, 3.57, 3.46, 3.39, 3.35 had had the most significant impact in promoting ritual functions. The drivers of the ritual functions of space are more affected than we mentioned, while lack of furniture reinforcement, reducing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring, none participating in the reconstruction and preservation of identity buildings, lack of cleanliness, lack of installation of guide signs as a problem must have considered. Findings showed that the more the quality of the visual and physical signs of the space improves in terms of symmetry and physical unity, the more significant the impact will be on the continuation of the formation and promotion of the study-oriented ritual functions and vice versa Extended Abstract Introduction Cohesion refers to the linking or integrating individual duality into a cohesive group or collective. This emergent feature facilitates social order and coordination in groups and is a prerequisite for all non-spontaneous collective activities. Emile Durkheim's approach is based on finding something that keeps people together in a society. Therefore, ritual functions can stimulate collective formation and maintenance in urban spaces. Hosseiniyeh and Zainabiyeh Azam Zanjan are among the religious places of Shia located in the center of Zanjan city. Ritual ceremonies start from Hosseinieh and Zainabieh Azam mosques and then end from the pedestrian axis to Seyyed Ibrahim (AS) Imamzadeh in Zanjan city. This axis is known as the place of gathering and forming local communities in religious ceremonies. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical based on a field survey (questionnaire). The statistics of the present research are citizens and business people. Their number is unknown. According to Cochran's formula method, 350 people were questioned as a sample. In order to recognize the impact and significant relationship of social solidarity indicators with ritual codes of study, the sample t-test statistical test and Pearson's correlation were exerted using SPSS software. Results and discussion Out of 350 statistical samples, 45.3% were women and 54.7% were men. 66.4% of people are married and 33.6% are single. The largest age group was 30 to 45 years old, with 40.5%. Most people had a high school education, and the predominant occupation of the questioned people was freelance. People's motivations for attending the study axis are shopping, sitting, and visiting historical monuments. Also, 60 percent of people attended national events such as Nowruz and religious events such as the movement of Hosseinieh and Zainabieh Azam Zanjan mourners. This research has tried to adapt Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity in promoting the ritual functions of urban spaces. The pedestrian axis of Sabzeh Maidan to Imamzadeh Seyyed Ibrahim (AS) has been chosen as the center of manifestation of the ritual functions of Zainabiyah and Hosseinieh Azam in Zanjan city as a case study. Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity was based on the division of labor and the participation of people in collective affairs mechanically and organically. In other words, he believed that keeping people in society requires common stimuli and norms. Therefore, based on the present research results, it can be said that ritual functions are considered as common stimuli and values that society members bring to urban spaces through national and religious ceremonies and rituals. On the other hand, according to their physical and functional content, ritual axes significantly strengthen and promote social solidarity. If the results of this research are consistent with studies such as Lotfi's studies (2013) regarding the continuity of the historical context with the combination of content and function in the space as an effective measure of ritual axes, Rastbin et al. (2014) regarding the correlation of environmental quality and the continuity of urban life, et al.(2013) the effect of social solidarity on increasing the sense of place, Shakur et al.(2017) about the role of physical structure on the formation of social solidarity in urban spaces, Afshar and Shirkhani (2014) about the influence of social components such as identity, Vitality, security and sociability in urban spaces, Lak and Hakimian (2019) continuity and reproduction of ritual axes depends on strengthening the characteristics of collective memory in urban spaces and Mishra (2020) based on the effect of social solidarity in creating collective consciousness. However, it is not in line with the results of Naderi et al.'s studies (2014) that people do not connect with space, and the findings show that the focus of the study is the promotion of ritual functions in the group, the continuation of collective interactions and the dynamics of space. The findings showed that the more the quality of the visual and physical signs of the space is improved in terms of symmetry and physical unity, the more it will significantly impact the continuation of the formation and promotion of the studied ritual functions and vice versa. Conclusion We conclude that Durkheim's theory of social solidarity should be discussed in all topics related to the relationship between the individual and the environment and others. Beyond Durkheim's perspective, we have shown the relevance of social solidarity in society and its effects on ritual functions. The idea of this classical sociologist can be reflected in urban planning issues to produce collective spaces and interactions of cultural-religious events. The findings showed that among the indicators of social solidarity, the variables of belonging to historical and traditional contexts, promoting identity, recalling collective memories, feeling happy and alive, accessibility, social communication, and interactions, and feeling safe, respectively. The averages of 4.09, 3.80, 3.73, 3.57, 3.46, 3.39, and 3.35 have significantly impacted the promotion of ritual functions. The drivers of the ritual functions of the space to increase social solidarity also include highly influential variables such as the lack of strengthening urban furniture, reducing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring, lack of participation in the reconstruction and preservation of identity buildings, lack of cleanliness and cleanliness, lack of installation Direction signs etc. will have a negative effect on the ritual function. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

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