Iranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231029Evaluation of urban development plans and explanation of content inefficiency factors and their procedures in IranEvaluation of urban development plans and explanation of content inefficiency factors and their procedures in Iran12118396310.22034/jsc.2022.292057.1496FAKyoumarsHabibiDepartment of urban planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0002-7093-9625AhmadSheikh AhmadiDepartment of urban planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0003-2951-8850Journal Article20230525 <strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Organizing and ordering the city and how it grows and transforms being fully aware of the various dimensions of its growth and development and controlling its future process requires detailed planning. In this regard, urban development plans have been prepared to better guide their process sustainably. They are considered the most fundamental means of shaping cities based on pre-planned order and plan. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. The present study examines and analyzes urban development plans in Iran using the concepts of planning perspectives and explaining the inefficiency factors of these plans. This research falls under the category of fundamental-developmental research and descriptive-analytical methods. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans have been compiled and evaluated step by step by experts. Based on the obtained results, the criterion of participation and community orientation has an unfavourable situation compared to other criteria. In the staged evaluation of urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation have a better status than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this diagnosis, applying these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of projects is necessary. Preparing the current plans not only does not respond to many dimensions of the cities, but continuing them in this way and ignoring the basic concepts, has not solved any problems and may cause many problems due to not keeping up with the changes of time.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Organizing the city and how it grows and develops and full awareness of the various dimensions of its growth and development and control of its future trend requires careful planning. In this regard, urban development plans in order to better guide their process have been prepared sustainably and are the most fundamental tools for shaping cities based on pre-planned order and program. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. One of the measures that can be considered during the correction of incorrect trends and problems of master plans is the pathology of urban development plans. Indeed, by looking critically at how to prepare, implement, and content plans, issues can be identified to provide solutions. This study aims to investigate the method governing the preparation of urban development plans. So, it seeks to answer these questions:
What are the concepts of urban planning theories in order to prepare urban development plans in Iran?
What is the status of each of the concepts of urban planning theories in urban development plans in Iran?
Which stages of the process of preparing urban development plans in Iran are weaker and inefficient?
What are the causes and roots of inefficiency of urban development plans in Iran?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This study is in the category of basic-developmental research and descriptive-analytical method. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans are collected and evaluated in stages by experts. In the present study, first, the basic and main concepts are extracted by examining theoretical approaches and perspectives. The method adopted in this section in order to achieve the goal is the method of chronological analysis of theoretical foundations that examines the evolution of content and procedure on the time axis. In order to achieve the research goal and evaluate urban development plans, because this section is based on the results of theoretical foundations studies, the method of directional content analysis has been selected as the research method of the studies in this section, qualitatively. In the data interpretation stage, quantitative methods are used to compare the differences between theoretical perspectives and the results of the analysis units to support the results of qualitative analyzes. Accordingly, in this study, to interpret the analysis findings, the rate of application of each indicator is determined based on the Likert scale. The highest frequency of each is determined based on the stages of the design process. The study's statistical population is urban development plans prepared and approved for the last fifteen years. The sample size was 70 people.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Among the six indicators of the research, based on the results of the Friedman test, the index of context attention and flexibility, with an average rank of 4.55, has the highest score and has gained the first rank. The index of being multifaceted and multi-level and compliance with the rules and capabilities with the scores of 4.3 and 4 have obtained the second and third ranks, respectively. In the second half of this table, the participation and community-based index with a score of 1.15 is in the last rank. Problem-solving indicators with a score of 3.5 and Schedule and Axial Process with a score of 3.5 have been ranked third and fourth. Accordingly, the criterion of participation and community-oriented have an unfavorable situation compared to other criteria. Other criteria also had shortcomings in different stages of preparation of the plan and were in an unfavorable situation. In evaluating urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation are better than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this pathology, it is necessary to apply these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of plans. By applying these criteria only in the first few stages, we cannot expect the situation to improve.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In this article, while examining the theoretical foundations and views of planning, urban development plans were analyzed and evaluated Also, the shortcomings and deficiencies in the basic concepts were identified in stages, which can be theoretically and practically applicable Based on the research results, this issue is an essential point that needs more attention. By increasing people's participation in preparing plans, we can make much better and different development plans. Let's witness. According to studies and evaluations, the preparation of current plans has not answered the problems of cities, and continuation in this way and ignoring the basic concepts has not solved any problems, and probably due to not keeping pace with the changes of time, which creates many issues. While the main element in the construction of a city should be the quality of life of its inhabitants, and as a result, urban development planning should recognize it and prevent people from becoming victims. Based on the results, the following shortcomings can be pointed out as the main weaknesses of Iran's urban development plans: Study and goal setting stage: Lack of attention to the context and laws and capabilities, ignoring people's participation, lack of attention Enough with realism and contextualization; Decision-making and decision-making stage: Lack of basic concepts in evaluating and preparing an executive plan, lack of monitoring and cooperation of citizens, body-centered and community-oriented vision, lack of serious determination in the framework of sustainable development, design, implementation and evaluation phase after implementation: Executive problems and lack of coordination between different construction sectors, unpredictability and lack of use of creative methods to reduce conflicts, inconsistency with the speed and dynamism of the city and time changes, lack of financial and structural grounds for the implementation of projects.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. <strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Organizing and ordering the city and how it grows and transforms being fully aware of the various dimensions of its growth and development and controlling its future process requires detailed planning. In this regard, urban development plans have been prepared to better guide their process sustainably. They are considered the most fundamental means of shaping cities based on pre-planned order and plan. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. The present study examines and analyzes urban development plans in Iran using the concepts of planning perspectives and explaining the inefficiency factors of these plans. This research falls under the category of fundamental-developmental research and descriptive-analytical methods. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans have been compiled and evaluated step by step by experts. Based on the obtained results, the criterion of participation and community orientation has an unfavourable situation compared to other criteria. In the staged evaluation of urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation have a better status than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this diagnosis, applying these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of projects is necessary. Preparing the current plans not only does not respond to many dimensions of the cities, but continuing them in this way and ignoring the basic concepts, has not solved any problems and may cause many problems due to not keeping up with the changes of time.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Organizing the city and how it grows and develops and full awareness of the various dimensions of its growth and development and control of its future trend requires careful planning. In this regard, urban development plans in order to better guide their process have been prepared sustainably and are the most fundamental tools for shaping cities based on pre-planned order and program. Conducting studies and preparing urban development plans are the beginning of improving the physical spatial condition of cities. One of the measures that can be considered during the correction of incorrect trends and problems of master plans is the pathology of urban development plans. Indeed, by looking critically at how to prepare, implement, and content plans, issues can be identified to provide solutions. This study aims to investigate the method governing the preparation of urban development plans. So, it seeks to answer these questions:
What are the concepts of urban planning theories in order to prepare urban development plans in Iran?
What is the status of each of the concepts of urban planning theories in urban development plans in Iran?
Which stages of the process of preparing urban development plans in Iran are weaker and inefficient?
What are the causes and roots of inefficiency of urban development plans in Iran?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This study is in the category of basic-developmental research and descriptive-analytical method. The research method includes library studies in which the basic concepts of planning theory related to development plans are collected and evaluated in stages by experts. In the present study, first, the basic and main concepts are extracted by examining theoretical approaches and perspectives. The method adopted in this section in order to achieve the goal is the method of chronological analysis of theoretical foundations that examines the evolution of content and procedure on the time axis. In order to achieve the research goal and evaluate urban development plans, because this section is based on the results of theoretical foundations studies, the method of directional content analysis has been selected as the research method of the studies in this section, qualitatively. In the data interpretation stage, quantitative methods are used to compare the differences between theoretical perspectives and the results of the analysis units to support the results of qualitative analyzes. Accordingly, in this study, to interpret the analysis findings, the rate of application of each indicator is determined based on the Likert scale. The highest frequency of each is determined based on the stages of the design process. The study's statistical population is urban development plans prepared and approved for the last fifteen years. The sample size was 70 people.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Among the six indicators of the research, based on the results of the Friedman test, the index of context attention and flexibility, with an average rank of 4.55, has the highest score and has gained the first rank. The index of being multifaceted and multi-level and compliance with the rules and capabilities with the scores of 4.3 and 4 have obtained the second and third ranks, respectively. In the second half of this table, the participation and community-based index with a score of 1.15 is in the last rank. Problem-solving indicators with a score of 3.5 and Schedule and Axial Process with a score of 3.5 have been ranked third and fourth. Accordingly, the criterion of participation and community-oriented have an unfavorable situation compared to other criteria. Other criteria also had shortcomings in different stages of preparation of the plan and were in an unfavorable situation. In evaluating urban development plans, the stages of formulating goals and assessing the current situation are better than the stages of decision-making and implementation and evaluation after implementation. Based on this pathology, it is necessary to apply these criteria in all stages of preparation and implementation of plans. By applying these criteria only in the first few stages, we cannot expect the situation to improve.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In this article, while examining the theoretical foundations and views of planning, urban development plans were analyzed and evaluated Also, the shortcomings and deficiencies in the basic concepts were identified in stages, which can be theoretically and practically applicable Based on the research results, this issue is an essential point that needs more attention. By increasing people's participation in preparing plans, we can make much better and different development plans. Let's witness. According to studies and evaluations, the preparation of current plans has not answered the problems of cities, and continuation in this way and ignoring the basic concepts has not solved any problems, and probably due to not keeping pace with the changes of time, which creates many issues. While the main element in the construction of a city should be the quality of life of its inhabitants, and as a result, urban development planning should recognize it and prevent people from becoming victims. Based on the results, the following shortcomings can be pointed out as the main weaknesses of Iran's urban development plans: Study and goal setting stage: Lack of attention to the context and laws and capabilities, ignoring people's participation, lack of attention Enough with realism and contextualization; Decision-making and decision-making stage: Lack of basic concepts in evaluating and preparing an executive plan, lack of monitoring and cooperation of citizens, body-centered and community-oriented vision, lack of serious determination in the framework of sustainable development, design, implementation and evaluation phase after implementation: Executive problems and lack of coordination between different construction sectors, unpredictability and lack of use of creative methods to reduce conflicts, inconsistency with the speed and dynamism of the city and time changes, lack of financial and structural grounds for the implementation of projects.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_183963_1d6e97e9fdd4555bf914899f28aa0e5b.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231029Investigating the Factors Affecting the Consumption Pattern of Urban Public Spaces (Case Study: Tehran city)Investigating the Factors Affecting the Consumption Pattern of Urban Public Spaces (Case Study: Tehran city)233918411510.22034/jsc.2020.245978.1304FAAliSamadiDepartment of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch, Tehran, IranYaghoubMousaviDepartment of Sociology, Alzahra University, Tehran, IranMostafaAzkiaDepartment of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230525<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
In recent decades, spatial and physical expansion along with population density at the city level and changes in the urban lifestyle have turned urban public spaces into a place to form daily urban life, different social, economic and local interactions and the emergence of inequalities. Urban spaces find meaning and meaning with their users' activities and behavioural patterns. Even though behavioural patterns follow users' culture, environmental factors' role in the correct use of urban spaces cannot be ignored. The current research also believes that the use of public spaces is affected by economic, social and contextual factors. The current research aims to investigate the factors affecting the consumption pattern of urban public spaces. The survey research method and research tool is a questionnaire and research platform of Tehran city. The statistical population of the population over 18 years of age in Tehran in 2015 and the sample size estimated using the cluster method and Cochran's formula is 384 people. Data analysis was done using Lisrel software. According to the investigations carried out and according to economic and social factors, five consumption patterns of urban public space, such as traditional and classic public space, commercial public space, entertainment and recreational public space, etc., consumer public space, a third type of public space It was distinguished and it was found that urban areas according to different economic and social levels tend to a certain pattern of urban space consumption. Also, the results obtained from Lisrel software about the influence of factors on the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces were found to be the most important factors influencing the pattern of economic factors with a coefficient of 0.54, social factors with a coefficient of 0.47 and contextual factors with a coefficient of 0.43. They are the use of public space.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Based on this, geographical, social and economic inequalities, image and urban landscape have influenced the type of pattern of consumption of urban public spaces and have undergone changes and made the consumption of public spaces class-based. Due to the arrival of modernity in Iran and its many effects on urban life, the places and the type of their consumption have also changed, due to such events, the use of space has become more class-based. In the meantime, the city of Tehran, having a historical context, is witnessing the prosperity of modern spaces in some of its areas. A metropolis like Tehran physically has different and diverse areas and regions, for this reason, increasing social and economic distance and unequal distribution of facilities and services have turned it into a heterogeneous city in the social environment and hence the urban society It is deeply polarized in this city. with the emergence of different spaces that are affected by economic and social factors, this city is at the top of the inconsistencies and injustices and challenges of physical development on the one hand and economic, social and political changes on the other hand. . This has influenced the type of consumption patterns of public spaces among the city's regions and has turned Tehran into an unequal city in the production, distribution and consumption of urban spaces. In some areas, the consumption of traditional spaces is more than modern spaces and vice versa. Based on this, people living in different areas of the city, based on social and economic differences, do not have the possibility of equal access and use of urban public spaces, and according to their social and economic base, each of them tends towards a certain type of public spaces. Therefore, one of the most important problems and issues of Tehran's metropolis is the lack of balance in the field of distribution, access and use of urban public spaces. Therefore, the current research seeks to examine and study the effects of effective factors on the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces in the regions of Tehran. In this regard, he tries to answer the following question. What are the factors affecting the consumption pattern of public spaces in Tehran? What is the consumption pattern of urban public spaces among the regions of Tehran?
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current research is a mixed (descriptive-analytical) research in terms of its practical purpose and according to its characteristics and nature. The statistical population of the research is the residents of Tehran. In this research, based on cluster sampling, Tehran is divided into 22 different urban areas and based on the geographical conditions of 5 regions: North (Region 1), South (Region 20), West (Region 5), East (Region 4) and The centre (area 12) was selected as a cluster and 2 areas from each area and 5 blocks from each area were selected randomly and residents who were over 18 years old and had lived in Tehran for 2 years were selected as the sample size. According to Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples is 384 people.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
According to Table 8, in the examination of the obtained paths and coefficients, the path of economic characteristics has the greatest effect on social characteristics with a coefficient of 0.30. After that, the path of background features on social features with a coefficient of 0.16 and then all three investigated factors have an effect on the consumption pattern of public spaces with different coefficients. Meanwhile, economic characteristics with a coefficient of 0.54, social characteristics with a coefficient of 0.47, and background characteristics with a coefficient of 0.43 have the most impact on the consumption pattern of urban public spaces, respectively. According to the investigations and based on the theoretical literature of the research, in response to the first question of the research, it was determined that the factors influencing the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces are the social, economic and contextual characteristics,
which were determined by the tests on the degree of the relationship of each factor to the other and Finally, on the pattern of public space consumption, it was determined that they have meaningful and positive internal relationships. Also, in response to the question of the type of use of public spaces among the selected areas of Tehran, according to Table 3, it can be said that the type of use of public spaces is not the same according to the identified factors mentioned above, and the use of spaces is more in the northern areas of Tehran. They are of the modern type and the third type, and the residents of these areas are less inclined to use classic and traditional spaces.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The residents of areas 1, 4 and 5 believe that there is a lack of space to express their beliefs, thoughts and opinions. These people are looking for spaces with political symbols that encourage the collective action of individuals and groups towards participation, trust and expanding the scope of the network of social relations and sociable spaces. to push, are Therefore, there are fundamental differences in the eastern and western areas of Tehran with the northern areas of Tehran. One of the most important differences is the process of capitalist development and the formation of the middle class in the city of Tehran. The findings of the research show the essential and influential role of economic characteristics on the pattern of consumption of public spaces in the city of Tehran.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
In recent decades, spatial and physical expansion along with population density at the city level and changes in the urban lifestyle have turned urban public spaces into a place to form daily urban life, different social, economic and local interactions and the emergence of inequalities. Urban spaces find meaning and meaning with their users' activities and behavioural patterns. Even though behavioural patterns follow users' culture, environmental factors' role in the correct use of urban spaces cannot be ignored. The current research also believes that the use of public spaces is affected by economic, social and contextual factors. The current research aims to investigate the factors affecting the consumption pattern of urban public spaces. The survey research method and research tool is a questionnaire and research platform of Tehran city. The statistical population of the population over 18 years of age in Tehran in 2015 and the sample size estimated using the cluster method and Cochran's formula is 384 people. Data analysis was done using Lisrel software. According to the investigations carried out and according to economic and social factors, five consumption patterns of urban public space, such as traditional and classic public space, commercial public space, entertainment and recreational public space, etc., consumer public space, a third type of public space It was distinguished and it was found that urban areas according to different economic and social levels tend to a certain pattern of urban space consumption. Also, the results obtained from Lisrel software about the influence of factors on the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces were found to be the most important factors influencing the pattern of economic factors with a coefficient of 0.54, social factors with a coefficient of 0.47 and contextual factors with a coefficient of 0.43. They are the use of public space.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Based on this, geographical, social and economic inequalities, image and urban landscape have influenced the type of pattern of consumption of urban public spaces and have undergone changes and made the consumption of public spaces class-based. Due to the arrival of modernity in Iran and its many effects on urban life, the places and the type of their consumption have also changed, due to such events, the use of space has become more class-based. In the meantime, the city of Tehran, having a historical context, is witnessing the prosperity of modern spaces in some of its areas. A metropolis like Tehran physically has different and diverse areas and regions, for this reason, increasing social and economic distance and unequal distribution of facilities and services have turned it into a heterogeneous city in the social environment and hence the urban society It is deeply polarized in this city. with the emergence of different spaces that are affected by economic and social factors, this city is at the top of the inconsistencies and injustices and challenges of physical development on the one hand and economic, social and political changes on the other hand. . This has influenced the type of consumption patterns of public spaces among the city's regions and has turned Tehran into an unequal city in the production, distribution and consumption of urban spaces. In some areas, the consumption of traditional spaces is more than modern spaces and vice versa. Based on this, people living in different areas of the city, based on social and economic differences, do not have the possibility of equal access and use of urban public spaces, and according to their social and economic base, each of them tends towards a certain type of public spaces. Therefore, one of the most important problems and issues of Tehran's metropolis is the lack of balance in the field of distribution, access and use of urban public spaces. Therefore, the current research seeks to examine and study the effects of effective factors on the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces in the regions of Tehran. In this regard, he tries to answer the following question. What are the factors affecting the consumption pattern of public spaces in Tehran? What is the consumption pattern of urban public spaces among the regions of Tehran?
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The current research is a mixed (descriptive-analytical) research in terms of its practical purpose and according to its characteristics and nature. The statistical population of the research is the residents of Tehran. In this research, based on cluster sampling, Tehran is divided into 22 different urban areas and based on the geographical conditions of 5 regions: North (Region 1), South (Region 20), West (Region 5), East (Region 4) and The centre (area 12) was selected as a cluster and 2 areas from each area and 5 blocks from each area were selected randomly and residents who were over 18 years old and had lived in Tehran for 2 years were selected as the sample size. According to Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples is 384 people.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
According to Table 8, in the examination of the obtained paths and coefficients, the path of economic characteristics has the greatest effect on social characteristics with a coefficient of 0.30. After that, the path of background features on social features with a coefficient of 0.16 and then all three investigated factors have an effect on the consumption pattern of public spaces with different coefficients. Meanwhile, economic characteristics with a coefficient of 0.54, social characteristics with a coefficient of 0.47, and background characteristics with a coefficient of 0.43 have the most impact on the consumption pattern of urban public spaces, respectively. According to the investigations and based on the theoretical literature of the research, in response to the first question of the research, it was determined that the factors influencing the pattern of consumption of urban public spaces are the social, economic and contextual characteristics,
which were determined by the tests on the degree of the relationship of each factor to the other and Finally, on the pattern of public space consumption, it was determined that they have meaningful and positive internal relationships. Also, in response to the question of the type of use of public spaces among the selected areas of Tehran, according to Table 3, it can be said that the type of use of public spaces is not the same according to the identified factors mentioned above, and the use of spaces is more in the northern areas of Tehran. They are of the modern type and the third type, and the residents of these areas are less inclined to use classic and traditional spaces.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The residents of areas 1, 4 and 5 believe that there is a lack of space to express their beliefs, thoughts and opinions. These people are looking for spaces with political symbols that encourage the collective action of individuals and groups towards participation, trust and expanding the scope of the network of social relations and sociable spaces. to push, are Therefore, there are fundamental differences in the eastern and western areas of Tehran with the northern areas of Tehran. One of the most important differences is the process of capitalist development and the formation of the middle class in the city of Tehran. The findings of the research show the essential and influential role of economic characteristics on the pattern of consumption of public spaces in the city of Tehran.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_184115_08de4aec0d6daf698be24bb7002f034d.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231023The impacts of Urban Form in production of Automobile-based travels with emphasis on Low Carbon City Development The Case Study of Zanjan Traffic ZonesThe impacts of Urban Form in production of Automobile-based travels with emphasis on Low Carbon City Development The Case Study of Zanjan Traffic Zones415918525810.22034/jsc.2020.198216.1102FAMehdiAzariDepartment of Geography and urban planning, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranMohsenAhadnejad-RoshtiDepartment of Geography and urban planning, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranIsaPiriDepartment of Geography and urban planning, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, IranJournal Article20190816 <strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Automobile-based travel is one of the most important factors in the air pollution of Iranian cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are without spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning as changes in the urban form to achieve low automobile-based travels. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan, is changed greenhouses gasses emission to a huge problem. The problem that will adjust by changes in spatial planning and urban forms. In this paper, influence of urban form in the automobile-based travels are assigned by Spatial statics methods. To achieve the aim of this paper is hypothesized urban forms measures –as land use mix- has the most influence in the automobile-based travels. The type of this paper is Applicable and the used methods are Analytical and regression. The results of the application of the Moran method shows that the criteria are in clustered pattern and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and using location-based regression methods such as geographical weight regression is very useful. The results of the geographical weight regression show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the minimum importance in the urban travel pattern and the criteria of mix land use and street density with the coefficient of 0.46 and 0.49 have the highest importance in the urban travels pattern. So, as a result, urban form criteria are more important in forming the urban travel patterns and it should be given more attention in urban management
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Automobile-based travels are the most important factors in the air pollution of Iran cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are devoid of any spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning such as change in the urban form to reduce automobile-based travels. So, from a theoretical perspective, low carbon city offers principles and criteria based on urban forms to achieve sustainable behaviors of travel (such as decreasing automobile-based travels, using public transportation, pedestrian-oriented development and so on).
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The type of research in this article is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical and correlation. The important urban form criteria to achieve low carbon cities are land use mix (or land use diversity), increasing of density, design of roads, increasing of public transport services etc. Therefore, systematic management of automobile-based travels through urban form structures in Iran cities is very important. In this study, Zanjan is selected as a case study. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan have made greenhouse gasses as a major challenge that can be mitigated by spatial planning and emphasis on urban form structures. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of urban form on automobile-based travels production by using of spatial statistics methods. Also, in order to achieve the aim of the paper, it has been assumed that urban form elements, such as land uses, play the most important role in generating automobile-based travels. Since urban form criteria are considered as spatial-based ones, ignoring spatial effect leads to increase estimation error in modeling. Therefore, in this paper the geographical weight regression (GWR) and the Moran Index are main methods to investigate spatial autocorrelation and spatial correlations between variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Result and discussion</strong>
At first the criteria were extracted through library studies as well as environmental knowledge. Then the criteria are changed to GIS layers. Subsequently, these layers are transformed to zonal data by spatial statistics methods. And finally, Moran I and GWR were used to assess the spatial correlation of the criteria. The results of the methodology show that in spatial researches where the criteria have spatial-based changes, models such as the Moran I and the GWR are very useful to apply. Also, the results of applying the Moran method emphasize on the spatial autocorrelation of the criteria were used and the effectiveness of the utilization of geographical weighted regression to analyze the correlation of the variables. So it is suitable to use methods such as GWR. Model accuracy and performance statistics such as AICc (Akaike Information Criterion) in the GWR, increase the reliability of the model output. Furthermore, the standard residual values in the traffic zones of Zanjan show that the estimated quantities are different from observed ones. The outcomes of the GWR show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the least importance in the urban travel pattern. The highest population density of Zanjan is in the areas connected to the urban central texture that have the most population zones with advantages such as access to urban cores. Also, combined of land uses and street congestion with 0.46 and 0.49 coefficients are the most important in urban travel pattern, respectively. The peak of the streets congestion in the city center has attracted transportation systems in this part of the city. The focal statistics have been used to investigate the spatial composition of land uses. Accordingly, the city's core has the largest variety of urban land uses. This has resulted in the highest population absorption in these zones. So that, there is a correlation of 0.7 between land use composition and population density in the central texture. This illustrates the importance of urban form criteria in the urban travel patterns of Zanjan; Therefore, urban density is less important than urban form factors and urban form factors are the basis of urban travel patterns.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The most important measure of urban form that should be prioritized for Zanjan urban managers to achieve low carbon development is the combination of land uses. Based on this, the creation of urban neighborhoods with the suitable land uses composition, will reduce the number of urban travels to the city's central texture and it will possible the development of a low-carbon city. Findings of this paper can guide the urban managers in order to develop a sustainable urban form pattern with the lowest carbon production.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. <strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Automobile-based travel is one of the most important factors in the air pollution of Iranian cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are without spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning as changes in the urban form to achieve low automobile-based travels. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan, is changed greenhouses gasses emission to a huge problem. The problem that will adjust by changes in spatial planning and urban forms. In this paper, influence of urban form in the automobile-based travels are assigned by Spatial statics methods. To achieve the aim of this paper is hypothesized urban forms measures –as land use mix- has the most influence in the automobile-based travels. The type of this paper is Applicable and the used methods are Analytical and regression. The results of the application of the Moran method shows that the criteria are in clustered pattern and therefore have spatial autocorrelation and using location-based regression methods such as geographical weight regression is very useful. The results of the geographical weight regression show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the minimum importance in the urban travel pattern and the criteria of mix land use and street density with the coefficient of 0.46 and 0.49 have the highest importance in the urban travels pattern. So, as a result, urban form criteria are more important in forming the urban travel patterns and it should be given more attention in urban management
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Automobile-based travels are the most important factors in the air pollution of Iran cities. So, variety policies have been adopted to reduce the urban air pollution that are devoid of any spatial planning. In low-carbon cities, reduction of air pollution is noticed through spatial planning such as change in the urban form to reduce automobile-based travels. So, from a theoretical perspective, low carbon city offers principles and criteria based on urban forms to achieve sustainable behaviors of travel (such as decreasing automobile-based travels, using public transportation, pedestrian-oriented development and so on).
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The type of research in this article is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical and correlation. The important urban form criteria to achieve low carbon cities are land use mix (or land use diversity), increasing of density, design of roads, increasing of public transport services etc. Therefore, systematic management of automobile-based travels through urban form structures in Iran cities is very important. In this study, Zanjan is selected as a case study. The automobile-based travels in Zanjan have made greenhouse gasses as a major challenge that can be mitigated by spatial planning and emphasis on urban form structures. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of urban form on automobile-based travels production by using of spatial statistics methods. Also, in order to achieve the aim of the paper, it has been assumed that urban form elements, such as land uses, play the most important role in generating automobile-based travels. Since urban form criteria are considered as spatial-based ones, ignoring spatial effect leads to increase estimation error in modeling. Therefore, in this paper the geographical weight regression (GWR) and the Moran Index are main methods to investigate spatial autocorrelation and spatial correlations between variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Result and discussion</strong>
At first the criteria were extracted through library studies as well as environmental knowledge. Then the criteria are changed to GIS layers. Subsequently, these layers are transformed to zonal data by spatial statistics methods. And finally, Moran I and GWR were used to assess the spatial correlation of the criteria. The results of the methodology show that in spatial researches where the criteria have spatial-based changes, models such as the Moran I and the GWR are very useful to apply. Also, the results of applying the Moran method emphasize on the spatial autocorrelation of the criteria were used and the effectiveness of the utilization of geographical weighted regression to analyze the correlation of the variables. So it is suitable to use methods such as GWR. Model accuracy and performance statistics such as AICc (Akaike Information Criterion) in the GWR, increase the reliability of the model output. Furthermore, the standard residual values in the traffic zones of Zanjan show that the estimated quantities are different from observed ones. The outcomes of the GWR show that the population density with significance coefficient of 0.31 has the least importance in the urban travel pattern. The highest population density of Zanjan is in the areas connected to the urban central texture that have the most population zones with advantages such as access to urban cores. Also, combined of land uses and street congestion with 0.46 and 0.49 coefficients are the most important in urban travel pattern, respectively. The peak of the streets congestion in the city center has attracted transportation systems in this part of the city. The focal statistics have been used to investigate the spatial composition of land uses. Accordingly, the city's core has the largest variety of urban land uses. This has resulted in the highest population absorption in these zones. So that, there is a correlation of 0.7 between land use composition and population density in the central texture. This illustrates the importance of urban form criteria in the urban travel patterns of Zanjan; Therefore, urban density is less important than urban form factors and urban form factors are the basis of urban travel patterns.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The most important measure of urban form that should be prioritized for Zanjan urban managers to achieve low carbon development is the combination of land uses. Based on this, the creation of urban neighborhoods with the suitable land uses composition, will reduce the number of urban travels to the city's central texture and it will possible the development of a low-carbon city. Findings of this paper can guide the urban managers in order to develop a sustainable urban form pattern with the lowest carbon production.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_185258_28a67b2aa9e9c91718248ba61acec3e3.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231030Measuring the Capacity of Physical and Social Sustainability of Cities
The Case Study of Urmia CityMeasuring the Capacity of Physical and Social Sustainability of Cities
The Case Study of Urmia City617818509810.22034/jsc.2021.285427.1469FAAliMosayyebzadehDepartment of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, IranAramKhezerlouDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, IranJournal Article20230526<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Urban environment is a space where human needs are met and therefore it should be suitable for human life. Failure to pay attention to the social and physical dimensions of cities in sustainable development puts various development programs and projects at risk, because physical and social sustainability depends on justice in the physical distribution of services in an adequate manner. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure the sustainability capacity of Urmia city based on social and physical indicators and using quantitative models. According to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. Information has been collected through library studies, available articles, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying and reviewing the documents and sources related to sustainable development, effective social and physical indicators from the perspective of sustainability were extracted and then according to the availability of GIS data, 12 indicators were selected from among the various influential factors to reach the research output. The weight of the indicators was calculated using the best-worst method in Gamez software, and finally, by multiplying the weights in the standardized indicators based on fuzzy functions, the sustainability capacity in Urmia city was measured. The results show that 8% of the city area is in the very low stability zone, 16% in the low stability zone, 4% in the medium stability zone, 36% in the high stability zone and 36% in the very high stability zone.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The urban environment is a space in which human needs are met and therefore must be suitable for human life. Achieving the quality of a suitable and sustainable urban environment and consequently, human values and human growth are considered as the most important goals of urban sustainable planning and development. Therefore, the design pattern of urban spaces can be effective in achieving physical and social sustainability. Lack of attention to the social and physical dimensions of cities in sustainable development endangers various development programs and projects because physical and social sustainability depends on justice in the sufficient physical distribution of services. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to measure the sustainability of Urmia city based on social and physical indicators and using quantitative models.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data collection was done through library studies, existing articles, field studies, and census information of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016. Thus, after studying the documents and resources related to sustainable development, effective social and physical indicators from the perspective of sustainability are extracted, and then, according to the availability of GIS information, 12 indicators from different factors to achieve the research output have been chosen. These indicators include the number of employees, number of literate people, number of young population, access to recreation centers, number of immigrants, access to educational centers, access to main thoroughfares, building strength, access to medical centers, building density, access to religious and cultural centers and the age of buildings. Considering that each effective indicator in measuring physical and social sustainability has different coefficients of importance, so in this article, the opinions of the elites have been used to determine the weight (coefficient of importance) of the indicators. To weight the indicators according to the BWM method, 15 questionnaires have been compiled based on the pairwise comparison of indicators, which is based on the preference of the best indicator over other indicators and also the preference of other indicators over the worst index. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were calculated and analyzed by GAMS software. The weights calculated with the value of lε obtained for 15 questionnaires were 0.07, which due to its proximity to the number zero indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights. In order to perform spatial analysis, first, the information layers of the indicators are digitized and edited in the GIS software, and by converting the information layers into raster graphics and standardizing them based on fuzzy functions, the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method is multiplied in each indicator and by using weighted sum, the indicators are combined to measure the degree of social and physical stability in the city of Urmia<strong>.</strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
After determining the weight of the indicators with the best-worst model, in the next step, in order to perform spatial analysis, digitization, and creation of a database, each indicator has been done in the GIS software. This information was obtained from the development plans of Urmia city, including the comprehensive plan, detailed plan, and field surveys of the researcher so that this stage has taken up the most research time. In the next step, the operation of geo-referencing the information layers based on the location of Urmia city in zone 38, has been carried out, and finally, the construction of standard maps has been done. After preparing the information layers, all the above indicators have been converted to raster maps using the format conversion tool. In the next step, the indicators have been standardized based on large fuzzy functions and GIS software. The combination of 12 fuzzy indicators to measure social and physical stability in the city of Urmia indicates that 8% of the city is in the zone of very low sustainability, 16% is in the zone of low sustainability, 4% is in the zone of medium sustainability, 36% is in the zone of high sustainability, and 36% is in the zone of very high sustainability.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In general, it can be said that the level of sustainability is more in the inner parts of the city, so that the more we move from the central part to the outskirts of the city, due to the accommodation of immigrants, distance from various urban facilities and equipment, etc. sustainability decreases. Finally, suggestions for improving the sustainability indicators of Urmia, are presented as follows:
- Creating the necessary platform for the participation of all sectors in urban planning;
- Observing justice in the spatial distribution of urban facilities and equipment;
- Modeling different dimensions of sustainable development in decisions related to the city and away from a purely physical and economic perspective;
- Improvement, renovation, and rehabilitation of worn-out textures in the central part of the city as well as suburban settlements;
- Paying attention to physical and social capacities in future urban development;
- And so on.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Urban environment is a space where human needs are met and therefore it should be suitable for human life. Failure to pay attention to the social and physical dimensions of cities in sustainable development puts various development programs and projects at risk, because physical and social sustainability depends on justice in the physical distribution of services in an adequate manner. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to measure the sustainability capacity of Urmia city based on social and physical indicators and using quantitative models. According to its purpose, this research is an applied research and according to the method of doing the work, it has a descriptive-analytical nature. Information has been collected through library studies, available articles, field studies and census data of Iran Statistics Center in 2015. Thus, after studying and reviewing the documents and sources related to sustainable development, effective social and physical indicators from the perspective of sustainability were extracted and then according to the availability of GIS data, 12 indicators were selected from among the various influential factors to reach the research output. The weight of the indicators was calculated using the best-worst method in Gamez software, and finally, by multiplying the weights in the standardized indicators based on fuzzy functions, the sustainability capacity in Urmia city was measured. The results show that 8% of the city area is in the very low stability zone, 16% in the low stability zone, 4% in the medium stability zone, 36% in the high stability zone and 36% in the very high stability zone.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The urban environment is a space in which human needs are met and therefore must be suitable for human life. Achieving the quality of a suitable and sustainable urban environment and consequently, human values and human growth are considered as the most important goals of urban sustainable planning and development. Therefore, the design pattern of urban spaces can be effective in achieving physical and social sustainability. Lack of attention to the social and physical dimensions of cities in sustainable development endangers various development programs and projects because physical and social sustainability depends on justice in the sufficient physical distribution of services. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to measure the sustainability of Urmia city based on social and physical indicators and using quantitative models.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data collection was done through library studies, existing articles, field studies, and census information of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016. Thus, after studying the documents and resources related to sustainable development, effective social and physical indicators from the perspective of sustainability are extracted, and then, according to the availability of GIS information, 12 indicators from different factors to achieve the research output have been chosen. These indicators include the number of employees, number of literate people, number of young population, access to recreation centers, number of immigrants, access to educational centers, access to main thoroughfares, building strength, access to medical centers, building density, access to religious and cultural centers and the age of buildings. Considering that each effective indicator in measuring physical and social sustainability has different coefficients of importance, so in this article, the opinions of the elites have been used to determine the weight (coefficient of importance) of the indicators. To weight the indicators according to the BWM method, 15 questionnaires have been compiled based on the pairwise comparison of indicators, which is based on the preference of the best indicator over other indicators and also the preference of other indicators over the worst index. In the next step, the data of the questionnaires were calculated and analyzed by GAMS software. The weights calculated with the value of lε obtained for 15 questionnaires were 0.07, which due to its proximity to the number zero indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights. In order to perform spatial analysis, first, the information layers of the indicators are digitized and edited in the GIS software, and by converting the information layers into raster graphics and standardizing them based on fuzzy functions, the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method is multiplied in each indicator and by using weighted sum, the indicators are combined to measure the degree of social and physical stability in the city of Urmia<strong>.</strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
After determining the weight of the indicators with the best-worst model, in the next step, in order to perform spatial analysis, digitization, and creation of a database, each indicator has been done in the GIS software. This information was obtained from the development plans of Urmia city, including the comprehensive plan, detailed plan, and field surveys of the researcher so that this stage has taken up the most research time. In the next step, the operation of geo-referencing the information layers based on the location of Urmia city in zone 38, has been carried out, and finally, the construction of standard maps has been done. After preparing the information layers, all the above indicators have been converted to raster maps using the format conversion tool. In the next step, the indicators have been standardized based on large fuzzy functions and GIS software. The combination of 12 fuzzy indicators to measure social and physical stability in the city of Urmia indicates that 8% of the city is in the zone of very low sustainability, 16% is in the zone of low sustainability, 4% is in the zone of medium sustainability, 36% is in the zone of high sustainability, and 36% is in the zone of very high sustainability.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In general, it can be said that the level of sustainability is more in the inner parts of the city, so that the more we move from the central part to the outskirts of the city, due to the accommodation of immigrants, distance from various urban facilities and equipment, etc. sustainability decreases. Finally, suggestions for improving the sustainability indicators of Urmia, are presented as follows:
- Creating the necessary platform for the participation of all sectors in urban planning;
- Observing justice in the spatial distribution of urban facilities and equipment;
- Modeling different dimensions of sustainable development in decisions related to the city and away from a purely physical and economic perspective;
- Improvement, renovation, and rehabilitation of worn-out textures in the central part of the city as well as suburban settlements;
- Paying attention to physical and social capacities in future urban development;
- And so on.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_185098_0b66a69baaf3a8d48da405d3455ae4d1.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231030Analysis of Land Use and Landscape Changes in Urban and Peripheral Regions ,Case Study: Shahroud CityAnalysis of Land Use and Landscape Changes in Urban and Peripheral Regions ,Case Study: Shahroud City799818674310.22034/jsc.2024.367302.1663FASaeedHossein AbadiDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Humanities , Bozrogmehr University of Qaenat, Qaen, Iran0000-0002-3900-8574EbrahimAkbariDepartment of RS & GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20220526<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
This research aims to investigate the changes in land use and landscape of Shahroud city from 2000 to 2021 and its forecast for 2031. A descriptive-analytical approach characterizes the present research. The data was obtained through Landsat satellite images - images of ETM+ for 2000 and 2010 and OLI for 2021-. After corrections and pre-processing operations, these images were classified in ENVI 5.3 software using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then, the produced maps were entered into the FRAGSTATS 4.2 software to measure landscape ecology metrics. The results of the research showed that in the period (2000 to 2031), the total area of rangelands was relatively stable; the area of the built environment increased by 2.48%, and croplands and orchards increased by 1.32% per year. At the same time, the area of vacant lands has decreased by 1.03% annually, which shows that a large part of these vacant lands has been changed in favor of built (urban and rural) croplands and orchards. Although, in the studied period, the metrics of Means Patch Size (MPS) and Largest Patch Index (LPI) for the rangelands, built environment croplands, and orchard lands have improved, the changes in the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI) show a tendency to interspersion of these land uses during the time. On the scale of the general landscape, the decrease in the metric of CONTAG and LPI and the increase in NP and SHDI indicate that the landscape of Shahroud has become more disintegrated and dispersed. The physical expansion of Shahroud city, which has happened mainly in a sprawl pattern, was one of the main factors in forming such a situation in the landscape.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
This research aims to investigate the changes in land use and landscape of Shahroud city from 2000 to 2021 and its forecast for 2031. Shahroud city, as the second population and economic center of Semnan province, has grown significantly in recent decades. The changes in the population of Shahroud city between 1956 and 2016 have shown this city's significant population and spatial growth in these 60 years. The physical expansion of the city has been accompanied by the dispersion of built-up elements such as roads, facilities, infrastructures, and buildings and the increase of distances between different places and the merge of nearby villages to the city boundaries and all of these processes change the land cover/use and landscape, which ultimately challenges the sustainable development of the region and the city. Therefore, this paper examines the past and future trends of land use and landscape changes in Shahroud using ecological metrics of landscape.
In this research, it is intended to answer the following questions:
- What has changed the land use pattern in Shahroud city based on the ecological metrics of landscape from 2000 to 2021?
- How has the landscape of the studied area changed between 2000 and 2021?
- How will be the pattern of land use and landscape of the studied area in 2031?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
A descriptive-analytical approach characterizes the present research. The data was obtained through Landsat satellite images - images of ETM+ for 2000 and 2010 and OLI for 2021-. After corrections and pre-processing operations, these images were classified in ENVI5.3 software using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then, the produced maps were entered into the FRAHSTATS 4.2 software to measure landscape ecology metrics. The metrics used in this research are Number of Patches(NP), Class Area(CA), Percentage of landscape(PLAND), Means of Patch Size (MPS), Largest patch index (LPI), Shannon's Diversity Index(SHDI) and Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI).
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion </strong>
The results of the research showed that in the period (2000 to 2031), the total area of rangelands was relatively stable; the area of the built environment increased by 2.48%, and croplands and orchards increased by 1.32% per year. The area of vacant lands has decreased by 1.03% annually, which shows that a large part of these vacant lands has been changed in favor of built (urban and rural) croplands and orchards. According to the PLAND index, which represents the share of each land use in the entire landscape, the largest area belongs to vacant lands. Although the share of this class has decreased from 66.5% in 2000 year to 55.49% in 2021, it is still the dominant land use in the landscape of Shahroud. At the beginning of the period, the share of the built environment was 13.04% of the total area, which reached 20.14% at the end of the period, and its rank was upgraded from third to second. The PLAND index of rangelands did not change significantly in this period, and its share in 2021 was about 6.68% of the total area. Even though the share of cropland and orchard class increased from 14.96 to 19.69 percent, its rank has degraded from second to third. Although, in the studied period, the metrics of Means Patch Size (MPS) and Largest Patch Index (LPI) for the rangeland, built environment, and agricultural and orchard lands have improved, the changes in the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI) show a tendency to interspersion of these land uses during the time. The highest amount of IJI belongs to vacant lands, followed by built-up lands; rangelands have the lowest amount. On the scale of the general landscape, the decrease in the metric of CONTAG and LPI and the increase in NP and SHDI indicate that the landscape of Shahroud has become more disintegrated and dispersed.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The most important points that can be obtained from the study of land use changes and the landscape of Shahroud city and its surroundings consist of the following:
1- The physical expansion of Shahroud city has mainly occurred in a sprawl pattern. It has led to the increasing dominance of built environments in the landscape, which has played an important role in the disintegration of the landscape.
2-Maintaining the area and share of rangelands is a positive point. However, this class's decreased integrity and increased fragmentation are considered negative points due to their effect on ecological unsustainability.
3- The area of orchards and croplands increased, and consequently, its share in the landscape has increased. A positive assessment can be made about the non-decrease of the area of this land use despite the city's physical growth. However, whether the increase in its area has negative ecological consequences depends on factors such as water and soil resources management, preservation of natural vegetation and rangeland, etc., which are not discussed in this research.
4- The vacant lands have been faced with a decrease in area and an increase in fragmentation due to the change of this land use to other uses, especially the built environment.
Finally, if land use changes continue until 2031, the region's landscape will be more fragmented and dispersed. Therefore, it is necessary to control urban sprawl by applying strategies such as infill development and focusing on the management and protection of rangelands and agricultural lands so that this process changes the direction of ecological sustainability.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
This article is extracted from a research project that was financially supported by Bozormehr University of Qaenat.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Bozorgmehr University of Qaenat for this research.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
This research aims to investigate the changes in land use and landscape of Shahroud city from 2000 to 2021 and its forecast for 2031. A descriptive-analytical approach characterizes the present research. The data was obtained through Landsat satellite images - images of ETM+ for 2000 and 2010 and OLI for 2021-. After corrections and pre-processing operations, these images were classified in ENVI 5.3 software using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then, the produced maps were entered into the FRAGSTATS 4.2 software to measure landscape ecology metrics. The results of the research showed that in the period (2000 to 2031), the total area of rangelands was relatively stable; the area of the built environment increased by 2.48%, and croplands and orchards increased by 1.32% per year. At the same time, the area of vacant lands has decreased by 1.03% annually, which shows that a large part of these vacant lands has been changed in favor of built (urban and rural) croplands and orchards. Although, in the studied period, the metrics of Means Patch Size (MPS) and Largest Patch Index (LPI) for the rangelands, built environment croplands, and orchard lands have improved, the changes in the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI) show a tendency to interspersion of these land uses during the time. On the scale of the general landscape, the decrease in the metric of CONTAG and LPI and the increase in NP and SHDI indicate that the landscape of Shahroud has become more disintegrated and dispersed. The physical expansion of Shahroud city, which has happened mainly in a sprawl pattern, was one of the main factors in forming such a situation in the landscape.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
This research aims to investigate the changes in land use and landscape of Shahroud city from 2000 to 2021 and its forecast for 2031. Shahroud city, as the second population and economic center of Semnan province, has grown significantly in recent decades. The changes in the population of Shahroud city between 1956 and 2016 have shown this city's significant population and spatial growth in these 60 years. The physical expansion of the city has been accompanied by the dispersion of built-up elements such as roads, facilities, infrastructures, and buildings and the increase of distances between different places and the merge of nearby villages to the city boundaries and all of these processes change the land cover/use and landscape, which ultimately challenges the sustainable development of the region and the city. Therefore, this paper examines the past and future trends of land use and landscape changes in Shahroud using ecological metrics of landscape.
In this research, it is intended to answer the following questions:
- What has changed the land use pattern in Shahroud city based on the ecological metrics of landscape from 2000 to 2021?
- How has the landscape of the studied area changed between 2000 and 2021?
- How will be the pattern of land use and landscape of the studied area in 2031?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
A descriptive-analytical approach characterizes the present research. The data was obtained through Landsat satellite images - images of ETM+ for 2000 and 2010 and OLI for 2021-. After corrections and pre-processing operations, these images were classified in ENVI5.3 software using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Then, the produced maps were entered into the FRAHSTATS 4.2 software to measure landscape ecology metrics. The metrics used in this research are Number of Patches(NP), Class Area(CA), Percentage of landscape(PLAND), Means of Patch Size (MPS), Largest patch index (LPI), Shannon's Diversity Index(SHDI) and Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI).
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion </strong>
The results of the research showed that in the period (2000 to 2031), the total area of rangelands was relatively stable; the area of the built environment increased by 2.48%, and croplands and orchards increased by 1.32% per year. The area of vacant lands has decreased by 1.03% annually, which shows that a large part of these vacant lands has been changed in favor of built (urban and rural) croplands and orchards. According to the PLAND index, which represents the share of each land use in the entire landscape, the largest area belongs to vacant lands. Although the share of this class has decreased from 66.5% in 2000 year to 55.49% in 2021, it is still the dominant land use in the landscape of Shahroud. At the beginning of the period, the share of the built environment was 13.04% of the total area, which reached 20.14% at the end of the period, and its rank was upgraded from third to second. The PLAND index of rangelands did not change significantly in this period, and its share in 2021 was about 6.68% of the total area. Even though the share of cropland and orchard class increased from 14.96 to 19.69 percent, its rank has degraded from second to third. Although, in the studied period, the metrics of Means Patch Size (MPS) and Largest Patch Index (LPI) for the rangeland, built environment, and agricultural and orchard lands have improved, the changes in the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index (IJI) show a tendency to interspersion of these land uses during the time. The highest amount of IJI belongs to vacant lands, followed by built-up lands; rangelands have the lowest amount. On the scale of the general landscape, the decrease in the metric of CONTAG and LPI and the increase in NP and SHDI indicate that the landscape of Shahroud has become more disintegrated and dispersed.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The most important points that can be obtained from the study of land use changes and the landscape of Shahroud city and its surroundings consist of the following:
1- The physical expansion of Shahroud city has mainly occurred in a sprawl pattern. It has led to the increasing dominance of built environments in the landscape, which has played an important role in the disintegration of the landscape.
2-Maintaining the area and share of rangelands is a positive point. However, this class's decreased integrity and increased fragmentation are considered negative points due to their effect on ecological unsustainability.
3- The area of orchards and croplands increased, and consequently, its share in the landscape has increased. A positive assessment can be made about the non-decrease of the area of this land use despite the city's physical growth. However, whether the increase in its area has negative ecological consequences depends on factors such as water and soil resources management, preservation of natural vegetation and rangeland, etc., which are not discussed in this research.
4- The vacant lands have been faced with a decrease in area and an increase in fragmentation due to the change of this land use to other uses, especially the built environment.
Finally, if land use changes continue until 2031, the region's landscape will be more fragmented and dispersed. Therefore, it is necessary to control urban sprawl by applying strategies such as infill development and focusing on the management and protection of rangelands and agricultural lands so that this process changes the direction of ecological sustainability.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
This article is extracted from a research project that was financially supported by Bozormehr University of Qaenat.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Bozorgmehr University of Qaenat for this research.https://www.jscity.ir/article_186743_db9860e8abd8adaf8fda7c3482711513.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231030Presenting Smart City Model using Startups
The Case Study of District 20 of the Tehran MetropolisPresenting Smart City Model using Startups
The Case Study of District 20 of the Tehran Metropolis9911518449110.22034/jsc.2023.409084.1728FAAbuzarElah KarmiDepartment of Geography, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, IranSaeedKamyabiDepartment of Geography, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran0000-0002-7307-9421Mohammad RezaZand MoghadamDepartment of Geography, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran0009-0006-7011-9121Journal Article20230526<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Due to the importance of the quality of life factor in the urban planning system, attention to the concept of intelligence and the expansion of its influence is brought up more and more, which has drawn the attention of many thinkers to the concept of a smart city, which results in the review and presentation of factors and indicators effective in the realization of a smart city. One of the effective factors is the emergence of startups. Therefore, the current research aims to present a smart city model using startups, which is mixed in terms of purpose, practicality and terms of data analysis. The statistical population in the qualitative phase was considered to include experts in the fields of urban planning and urban management, and 11 experts were selected using the sampling method. In the quantitative phase, the senior and middle managers of the municipalities of Tehran were selected as the statistical population and 350 people were selected as the statistical sample. To perform descriptive and inferential analyses, Spss and PLS Smart software were used. The research results led to a research model including nine comprehensive themes and twenty-one constructive themes. The analysis between these two variables with a significant number (17.809) and path coefficient (coefficient 0.945) showed that startups have a positive and relatively strong significant effect on the smart city. According to the research findings, it should be said that nowadays new organizational architectures, changing strategies and start-ups are used to realize the smart city. Because the smart city is managed based on data and the use of complex information technology systems to integrate services and urban infrastructure. The main axis of transformation and development in the smart city is information technology, startups and urban innovations in line with the implementation and realization of the smart city They have a special place.
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urban population growth has put wide issues in front of urban planners and managers, and it is obvious that if they are not controlled and managed, serious crises and instability will arise in urban spaces. The key to solving these problems in cities is developing and implementing advanced technologies to improve the quality of life. In such a situation, searching for new approaches relying on technology to reduce environmental, economic, physical, and social issues becomes more necessary. In this regard, a smart city is one of the new approaches to urban planning with a smart environment, smart citizens, smart government, smart life, smart economy, and smart transportation in order to achieve urban sustainability, development of network infrastructure, development Entrepreneurship is increasing residents' access to public services. Therefore, this research takes a special look at the discussion of the smart city, the position of startups in the country and Tehran, and specifically District 20 of Tehran. District 20 is the southernmost urban district of Tehran Municipality. Appropriate access coverage due to the Tehran (Azadegan) ring road crossing from the north of the district, the existence of an active metro station, and the possibility of quick communication with the center of Tehran and its other main points, the slope of the land is less than ten percent, the existence of transport companies in the district having a population of over 453,740 people and skilled, efficient and expert human capital, the existence of various universities with various disciplines, the presence of barren lands inside and within the district, the height difference of Tehran city from north to south, and flow sewage of urban areas to the southern districts and District 20; these items are among the desirable features of the district to create startups and achieve a smart city. This article tries to provide a model of a smart city with the help of startups by examining the smart city indicators and identifying startups in different fields. Moreover, it seeks to answer the following question:
- What is the role of urban startups in the smart city?
<strong> Methodology</strong>
This research is applied in terms of its purpose and has been carried out using a descriptive and analytical method. This research has been conducted in two general phases; qualitative approach as theme analysis and quantitative approach as structural equation modeling. In the qualitative phase of the research, a group of experts in urban planning was considered the statistical population. The snowball method was used in this research phase, and 11 interviews were conducted. In the quantitative phase of the research, senior, middle, and operational managers in the municipalities of all districts of Tehran, who were familiar with the topic of smart city, were considered the statistical population. Due to the appropriate access of the researcher to the statistical population, 350 statistical samples were involved in the quantitative phase data collection process in this research. In the qualitative phase of the research, the main data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts since the theme analysis method was exploited. In the quantitative phase, the main data collection tool was a closed and researcher-made questionnaire designed based on the initial conceptual model. In the quantitative phase of the research, SPSS and smart-PLS statistical software were exerted to analyze the data.
<strong> Results and discussion</strong>
The analysis carried out between the two variables of transportation startups on smart transportation showed that the significant number of this effect is equal to (14.044) and (coefficient 0.953) (positive effect on smart transportation). Also, startups related to waste recycling and the environment have a significant impact on the smart environment, and the analysis between these two variables showed that the significant number of this impact is equal to (6.691) and (0.894 coefficient). Smart management and urban planning also significantly impact smart governance and smart economy. The analysis between these two variables showed that the significant number of this effect is equal to (16.465) and (7.715), respectively. The intelligentization of the infrastructure network significantly affects the smart city, and the analysis between these two variables showed that the significant number of this effect is equal to (15.702) and (coefficient 0.686). Finally, based on the analysis, the two variables of startups (transportation, environment, management and planning, infrastructures) and the smart city have an equal effect (17.809) and (0.945 coefficient). According to the findings of the research, it should be said that today, to realize the smart city, new organizational architectures, changing strategies, and startups have been exerted. A smart city is managed through the use of data and complex information technology systems, which integrate various services and urban infrastructures. This makes technology the main focus of development and transformation in a smart city. As a result, startups and urban innovations play a crucial role in the implementation and realization of a smart city.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Increasing the level of well-being, preserving the environment, optimal use of urban resources, reducing pollution, etc., are among the most critical goals of cities to prevent problems arising from the development of the urban population. Implementing the smart city should be considered a requirement for the future to achieve this goal. The main aim of the smart city is technology and innovation and the implementation of startups. In the past few years, because the metropolis of Tehran has been the first destination for smart technologies and the creative class, it has witnessed profound changes in the provision of services such as transportation, health, housing, education, etc. Due to new requirements, we face a challenge of inadequate infrastructure, limited access to resources, weak laws, restrictive regulations, legal gaps, and a lack of recognition and understanding of startups. The absence of a startup culture among people, low reception among citizens and officials, and reluctance from city managers to implement smart city technologies pose significant obstacles to achieving a smart city. This is while the smart city is managed based on data and uses new technology in the digital field to ultimately lead to improving citizens' lives and improving people's lives and better living.
<strong> Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Due to the importance of the quality of life factor in the urban planning system, attention to the concept of intelligence and the expansion of its influence is brought up more and more, which has drawn the attention of many thinkers to the concept of a smart city, which results in the review and presentation of factors and indicators effective in the realization of a smart city. One of the effective factors is the emergence of startups. Therefore, the current research aims to present a smart city model using startups, which is mixed in terms of purpose, practicality and terms of data analysis. The statistical population in the qualitative phase was considered to include experts in the fields of urban planning and urban management, and 11 experts were selected using the sampling method. In the quantitative phase, the senior and middle managers of the municipalities of Tehran were selected as the statistical population and 350 people were selected as the statistical sample. To perform descriptive and inferential analyses, Spss and PLS Smart software were used. The research results led to a research model including nine comprehensive themes and twenty-one constructive themes. The analysis between these two variables with a significant number (17.809) and path coefficient (coefficient 0.945) showed that startups have a positive and relatively strong significant effect on the smart city. According to the research findings, it should be said that nowadays new organizational architectures, changing strategies and start-ups are used to realize the smart city. Because the smart city is managed based on data and the use of complex information technology systems to integrate services and urban infrastructure. The main axis of transformation and development in the smart city is information technology, startups and urban innovations in line with the implementation and realization of the smart city They have a special place.
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urban population growth has put wide issues in front of urban planners and managers, and it is obvious that if they are not controlled and managed, serious crises and instability will arise in urban spaces. The key to solving these problems in cities is developing and implementing advanced technologies to improve the quality of life. In such a situation, searching for new approaches relying on technology to reduce environmental, economic, physical, and social issues becomes more necessary. In this regard, a smart city is one of the new approaches to urban planning with a smart environment, smart citizens, smart government, smart life, smart economy, and smart transportation in order to achieve urban sustainability, development of network infrastructure, development Entrepreneurship is increasing residents' access to public services. Therefore, this research takes a special look at the discussion of the smart city, the position of startups in the country and Tehran, and specifically District 20 of Tehran. District 20 is the southernmost urban district of Tehran Municipality. Appropriate access coverage due to the Tehran (Azadegan) ring road crossing from the north of the district, the existence of an active metro station, and the possibility of quick communication with the center of Tehran and its other main points, the slope of the land is less than ten percent, the existence of transport companies in the district having a population of over 453,740 people and skilled, efficient and expert human capital, the existence of various universities with various disciplines, the presence of barren lands inside and within the district, the height difference of Tehran city from north to south, and flow sewage of urban areas to the southern districts and District 20; these items are among the desirable features of the district to create startups and achieve a smart city. This article tries to provide a model of a smart city with the help of startups by examining the smart city indicators and identifying startups in different fields. Moreover, it seeks to answer the following question:
- What is the role of urban startups in the smart city?
<strong> Methodology</strong>
This research is applied in terms of its purpose and has been carried out using a descriptive and analytical method. This research has been conducted in two general phases; qualitative approach as theme analysis and quantitative approach as structural equation modeling. In the qualitative phase of the research, a group of experts in urban planning was considered the statistical population. The snowball method was used in this research phase, and 11 interviews were conducted. In the quantitative phase of the research, senior, middle, and operational managers in the municipalities of all districts of Tehran, who were familiar with the topic of smart city, were considered the statistical population. Due to the appropriate access of the researcher to the statistical population, 350 statistical samples were involved in the quantitative phase data collection process in this research. In the qualitative phase of the research, the main data collection tool was in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts since the theme analysis method was exploited. In the quantitative phase, the main data collection tool was a closed and researcher-made questionnaire designed based on the initial conceptual model. In the quantitative phase of the research, SPSS and smart-PLS statistical software were exerted to analyze the data.
<strong> Results and discussion</strong>
The analysis carried out between the two variables of transportation startups on smart transportation showed that the significant number of this effect is equal to (14.044) and (coefficient 0.953) (positive effect on smart transportation). Also, startups related to waste recycling and the environment have a significant impact on the smart environment, and the analysis between these two variables showed that the significant number of this impact is equal to (6.691) and (0.894 coefficient). Smart management and urban planning also significantly impact smart governance and smart economy. The analysis between these two variables showed that the significant number of this effect is equal to (16.465) and (7.715), respectively. The intelligentization of the infrastructure network significantly affects the smart city, and the analysis between these two variables showed that the significant number of this effect is equal to (15.702) and (coefficient 0.686). Finally, based on the analysis, the two variables of startups (transportation, environment, management and planning, infrastructures) and the smart city have an equal effect (17.809) and (0.945 coefficient). According to the findings of the research, it should be said that today, to realize the smart city, new organizational architectures, changing strategies, and startups have been exerted. A smart city is managed through the use of data and complex information technology systems, which integrate various services and urban infrastructures. This makes technology the main focus of development and transformation in a smart city. As a result, startups and urban innovations play a crucial role in the implementation and realization of a smart city.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Increasing the level of well-being, preserving the environment, optimal use of urban resources, reducing pollution, etc., are among the most critical goals of cities to prevent problems arising from the development of the urban population. Implementing the smart city should be considered a requirement for the future to achieve this goal. The main aim of the smart city is technology and innovation and the implementation of startups. In the past few years, because the metropolis of Tehran has been the first destination for smart technologies and the creative class, it has witnessed profound changes in the provision of services such as transportation, health, housing, education, etc. Due to new requirements, we face a challenge of inadequate infrastructure, limited access to resources, weak laws, restrictive regulations, legal gaps, and a lack of recognition and understanding of startups. The absence of a startup culture among people, low reception among citizens and officials, and reluctance from city managers to implement smart city technologies pose significant obstacles to achieving a smart city. This is while the smart city is managed based on data and uses new technology in the digital field to ultimately lead to improving citizens' lives and improving people's lives and better living.
<strong> Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong>
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest</strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_184491_d9a9bef7a42e730077c2f08f517c3630.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316320231023The place of praxis in urban security studiesThe place of praxis in urban security studies11713018436710.22034/jsc.2022.346695.1635FASeyed YahyaSafaviFaculty member of Imam Hossein UniversityAmir HoseinElhamiعضو گروهMuhammad AminPourtaheriدانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20220611The place of praxis in urban security studies<br /><br /><br /><br />Seyed Yahya Safavi<br /><br />Professor of Political Geography, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran <br /><br />Amir Hossein Elhami (Ph.D)<br /><br />Member of Geography, Environment and Passive Defense of <br /><br />Research Institute of Internal Security <br /><br />Mohammad Amin Pourtaheri<br /><br />Master in Urban Design, <br /><br />Researcher of the Institute of Science and Education of Holy Defense<br /><br /><br /><br />Extended Abstract<br /><br />Introduction<br /><br />Many researchers believe that in order to achieve urban security and better understand the areas related to security, its two conceptual and interpretive aspects, including the field of security philosophy, ontology and epistemology should be examined. Obviously, it is not possible to define a phenomenon such as urban security without understanding the concepts, because it must be seen to what extent the phenomenon is consistent with our feelings. In this area, issues such as why, what, value, purpose and the issue of security in the general sense and urban security in the specific sense should be addressed. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the dimensions and elements of research in the field of urban security. Many researchers divide the dimensions and elements of research into three general categories: philosophical elements, praxis and ethics. Undoubtedly, along with the requirements of using philosophical elements as well as ethics in the process of urban security studies, a special role should be considered for praxis and its place in these studies. At the praxis level, four elements of research are mentioned, including theory, methodology, methods and genre. Many believes that the failure to achieve acceptable results in the field of urban security studies depends on the lack of attention to the basic concepts of praxis and its subsets. A review of the literature and research background in this field indicates a deep research gap in the field of concept and methodology, so that no specific source explicitly mentions the field and position of praxis independently. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explain the position of praxis in urban security studies in order to provide a reasoned answer to these key questions: what is the meaning of praxis? What are its elements? And how its implementation and operational practices can be achieved in urban security studies. <br /><br />Methodology<br /><br />Due to the nature of the research, the literature review method, including searching and evaluating the existing literature on the position of praxis in urban security studies has been used. In this regard, four main processes include reviewing the literature, combining and summarizing the existing literature, critical collection of resources in order to identify the existing knowledge gap by showing the limitations of theories and views; the formulation of areas for further research through organized critical review has also been emphasized. In the research process, various methods of literature review including argumentative, integrative, historical, methodological, systematic and theoretical review studied, but two methods of methodological and theoretical review used.<br /><br /><br /><br />Results and discussion<br /><br />The elements and dimensions of research, including philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, each have important differences that affect in the research process of urban security studies. Different situations of axiology, ontology, epistemology and methodology produce different methods that ultimately lead to the production of knowledge about social phenomena. It can simply be said that the axiological or ontological position of each person, affects his epistemological position. In each of the dimensions and elements of the research praxis in the field of urban security studies, several spectrums can be identified. For example, the ontology of urban security research takes meaning of objectivism and subjectivism, or a combination of both, or in the field of methodology, the quantitative (positivist), qualitative (interpretivism), or both quantitative and qualitative methods (pragmatism). Researchers in the field of urban security studies need to pay special attention to the functional differences of each under the element of praxis. <br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />According to each of the elements and dimensions of research in the field of urban security studies, while paying attention to the philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, it is possible to identify its most important subsets. In this regard, explaining the position of praxis and its constituent elements, including theory, methodology, method and genre or species, have a special place in urban security studies. Theory in urban security studies by providing a theoretical and conceptual framework of research provides a logical procedure and clear definitions of variables to provide a certain scope of research. In methodology, the urban researcher intends to provide a plan for combining theories and methods or an optimal combination of research elements in the field of urban security studies. Methods in the field of urban security studies are also a set of algorithms that the researcher uses during a research. These methods assist the researcher in selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and finding solutions. Genres are also classifications of different methods in terms of research approaches and strategies. For example, any approach to research in urban security studies depends specifically on the methods of data collection and analysis that must be carefully selected and implemented. Accordingly, the field of urban security studies, based on the idea of praxis requires the interaction of elements such as theory, methodology, method and genre and its connection with philosophical and ethics elements is inevitable.<br /><br />Keywords:<br /><br />Praxis, Theory, Methodology, Method, Genre, Urban securityThe place of praxis in urban security studies<br /><br /><br /><br />Seyed Yahya Safavi<br /><br />Professor of Political Geography, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran <br /><br />Amir Hossein Elhami (Ph.D)<br /><br />Member of Geography, Environment and Passive Defense of <br /><br />Research Institute of Internal Security <br /><br />Mohammad Amin Pourtaheri<br /><br />Master in Urban Design, <br /><br />Researcher of the Institute of Science and Education of Holy Defense<br /><br /><br /><br />Extended Abstract<br /><br />Introduction<br /><br />Many researchers believe that in order to achieve urban security and better understand the areas related to security, its two conceptual and interpretive aspects, including the field of security philosophy, ontology and epistemology should be examined. Obviously, it is not possible to define a phenomenon such as urban security without understanding the concepts, because it must be seen to what extent the phenomenon is consistent with our feelings. In this area, issues such as why, what, value, purpose and the issue of security in the general sense and urban security in the specific sense should be addressed. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the dimensions and elements of research in the field of urban security. Many researchers divide the dimensions and elements of research into three general categories: philosophical elements, praxis and ethics. Undoubtedly, along with the requirements of using philosophical elements as well as ethics in the process of urban security studies, a special role should be considered for praxis and its place in these studies. At the praxis level, four elements of research are mentioned, including theory, methodology, methods and genre. Many believes that the failure to achieve acceptable results in the field of urban security studies depends on the lack of attention to the basic concepts of praxis and its subsets. A review of the literature and research background in this field indicates a deep research gap in the field of concept and methodology, so that no specific source explicitly mentions the field and position of praxis independently. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explain the position of praxis in urban security studies in order to provide a reasoned answer to these key questions: what is the meaning of praxis? What are its elements? And how its implementation and operational practices can be achieved in urban security studies. <br /><br />Methodology<br /><br />Due to the nature of the research, the literature review method, including searching and evaluating the existing literature on the position of praxis in urban security studies has been used. In this regard, four main processes include reviewing the literature, combining and summarizing the existing literature, critical collection of resources in order to identify the existing knowledge gap by showing the limitations of theories and views; the formulation of areas for further research through organized critical review has also been emphasized. In the research process, various methods of literature review including argumentative, integrative, historical, methodological, systematic and theoretical review studied, but two methods of methodological and theoretical review used.<br /><br /><br /><br />Results and discussion<br /><br />The elements and dimensions of research, including philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, each have important differences that affect in the research process of urban security studies. Different situations of axiology, ontology, epistemology and methodology produce different methods that ultimately lead to the production of knowledge about social phenomena. It can simply be said that the axiological or ontological position of each person, affects his epistemological position. In each of the dimensions and elements of the research praxis in the field of urban security studies, several spectrums can be identified. For example, the ontology of urban security research takes meaning of objectivism and subjectivism, or a combination of both, or in the field of methodology, the quantitative (positivist), qualitative (interpretivism), or both quantitative and qualitative methods (pragmatism). Researchers in the field of urban security studies need to pay special attention to the functional differences of each under the element of praxis. <br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />According to each of the elements and dimensions of research in the field of urban security studies, while paying attention to the philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, it is possible to identify its most important subsets. In this regard, explaining the position of praxis and its constituent elements, including theory, methodology, method and genre or species, have a special place in urban security studies. Theory in urban security studies by providing a theoretical and conceptual framework of research provides a logical procedure and clear definitions of variables to provide a certain scope of research. In methodology, the urban researcher intends to provide a plan for combining theories and methods or an optimal combination of research elements in the field of urban security studies. Methods in the field of urban security studies are also a set of algorithms that the researcher uses during a research. These methods assist the researcher in selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and finding solutions. Genres are also classifications of different methods in terms of research approaches and strategies. For example, any approach to research in urban security studies depends specifically on the methods of data collection and analysis that must be carefully selected and implemented. Accordingly, the field of urban security studies, based on the idea of praxis requires the interaction of elements such as theory, methodology, method and genre and its connection with philosophical and ethics elements is inevitable.<br /><br />Keywords:<br /><br />Praxis, Theory, Methodology, Method, Genre, Urban securityhttps://www.jscity.ir/article_184367_69a73e9cc1cb0c019e5453a9ed60022b.pdf