Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 23 Urban Carrying Capacity (UCC) as a Benchmark for Sustainability Assessment Modeling and Policy Making of Urban Spatial Structure: Case study; Shiraz City Urban Carrying Capacity (UCC) as a Benchmark for Sustainability Assessment Modeling and Policy Making of Urban Spatial Structure: Case study; Shiraz City 1 20 179113 10.22034/jsc.2023.341573.1624 FA Seyyed Mehdi Moussakazemi Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-6605-9169 Esmaeil Aliakbari Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Hossein Zamani Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 05 11 Introduction Cities are occupying more and more surface area of the planet every year, and to survive, consume more natural resources, and the other hand their emissions of waste, sewage, and carbon and greenhouse gases are increasing. But can the geographical context of cities be able to load and accept this level of development? Today, Environmental problems are the most important issue in the cities of developing countries, especially in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to introduce sustainability assessment model and policy making of urban spatial structure based on urban carrying capacity. Is the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz as the largest metropolis of the southern half of the country is coincident with regional and extra-regional functions with the geographical carrying capacity and spatial carrying capacity and has led to the development of a sustainable spatial structure or not? It seems that Shiraz is far from the indicators of a sustainable city. Methodology This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and because the results can be used to improve models and provide solutions in the field of urban development programs, it is a type of applied research. By examining different methods of assessing carrying capacity and by examining and matching the methods of evaluating the concept (urban carrying capacity) with the features and characteristics of the geographical context of Shiraz and also considering this basic concept in geography that places have unique properties. In explaining and selecting indicators and constructive factors, urban carrying capacity was used, and the best evaluation method was selected and compiled in the form of an analysis model according to the conceptual model and the features and characteristics of the spatial structure of Shiraz. After this stage, by field study and perception of the spatial structure of Shiraz and also collecting the required data for each of the indicators and factors of the conceptual model, the Sustainability of the spatial structure of the city was analyzed using Vensim software. In the end, according to the obtained results and using the opinion of experts and experts in urban planning, as well as interventors in the field of services and urban management familiar to the metropolis of Shiraz (including 15 people, 10 of whom have Ph.D. in the fields of urban planning and urban development and urban management, 5 people are senior experts in the these fields; five people are working as university faculty members, and the other ten people are working in the municipality and of Roads and Urban Development administrations) to determine planning priorities and provide the best solution and the solution for the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz in relation to the urban bearing capacity was discussed Results and discussion The results of the model showed that the current development trend of Shiraz is completely out of urban carrying capacity and is contradict with the principles of sustainable development. To change the current trend, first, the economic policy of job creation was used. The results showed that this policy has the most impact on the model and has led to economic prosperity and increased GDP, but over time and with a delay, it leads to issues such as traffic, pollution, migration, water shortage, green space destruction, housing problems and so on. In order to mitigate these problems, simultaneous implementation of environmental policies will be inevitable. For this purpose, policies were adapted such as strengthening the culture of reducing per capita waste production and encourage the separation of waste from the source, car ownership reduction policies, and increase public transport capacity, increasing the rate of wastewater purification, with development of municipal wastewater collection infrastructure; reducing per capita water demand for green space, by increasing irrigation efficiency supply of water from purified water, reduce per capita household water consumption; completion of the water supply project from Dorodzan dam, in order to increase urban carrying capacity and contribute to the sustainable development of the spatial structure of Shiraz. Conclusion This research with an environmental approach and in order to achieve sustainable development in the urban planning process, provided a model to assess the carrying capacity of the urban environment, to be a basis for measuring the sustainable development of the spatial structure of the city. Since achieving an acceptable level of quality of life for citizens is the ultimate goal of urban planning, this quality can not be achieved except by using the resources and capacities of the environmental and the geographical context in which the city is located. If the process of using resources has a logical and principled course, achieving quality of life will be accompanied by sustainable development. On the other hand, if the use of resources and development load is more than the capacity of the environment, environmental sustainability is in danger. Knowing that the development process of the spatial structure of Iranian cities, especially Shiraz, is far from sustainable development patterns, this study tried to make the view of urban development more aware of the carrying capacity of the geographical context of Shiraz. The proposed model can be used as a basis for decision-making process of planning, development and management of Shiraz city, and in preparing development and development plans of the city, as well as strategic development plan of the city, decision-making institutions, including roads and urban planning, the municipality and the city council. Introduction Cities are occupying more and more surface area of the planet every year, and to survive, consume more natural resources, and the other hand their emissions of waste, sewage, and carbon and greenhouse gases are increasing. But can the geographical context of cities be able to load and accept this level of development? Today, Environmental problems are the most important issue in the cities of developing countries, especially in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to introduce sustainability assessment model and policy making of urban spatial structure based on urban carrying capacity. Is the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz as the largest metropolis of the southern half of the country is coincident with regional and extra-regional functions with the geographical carrying capacity and spatial carrying capacity and has led to the development of a sustainable spatial structure or not? It seems that Shiraz is far from the indicators of a sustainable city. Methodology This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and because the results can be used to improve models and provide solutions in the field of urban development programs, it is a type of applied research. By examining different methods of assessing carrying capacity and by examining and matching the methods of evaluating the concept (urban carrying capacity) with the features and characteristics of the geographical context of Shiraz and also considering this basic concept in geography that places have unique properties. In explaining and selecting indicators and constructive factors, urban carrying capacity was used, and the best evaluation method was selected and compiled in the form of an analysis model according to the conceptual model and the features and characteristics of the spatial structure of Shiraz. After this stage, by field study and perception of the spatial structure of Shiraz and also collecting the required data for each of the indicators and factors of the conceptual model, the Sustainability of the spatial structure of the city was analyzed using Vensim software. In the end, according to the obtained results and using the opinion of experts and experts in urban planning, as well as interventors in the field of services and urban management familiar to the metropolis of Shiraz (including 15 people, 10 of whom have Ph.D. in the fields of urban planning and urban development and urban management, 5 people are senior experts in the these fields; five people are working as university faculty members, and the other ten people are working in the municipality and of Roads and Urban Development administrations) to determine planning priorities and provide the best solution and the solution for the development of the spatial structure of Shiraz in relation to the urban bearing capacity was discussed Results and discussion The results of the model showed that the current development trend of Shiraz is completely out of urban carrying capacity and is contradict with the principles of sustainable development. To change the current trend, first, the economic policy of job creation was used. The results showed that this policy has the most impact on the model and has led to economic prosperity and increased GDP, but over time and with a delay, it leads to issues such as traffic, pollution, migration, water shortage, green space destruction, housing problems and so on. In order to mitigate these problems, simultaneous implementation of environmental policies will be inevitable. For this purpose, policies were adapted such as strengthening the culture of reducing per capita waste production and encourage the separation of waste from the source, car ownership reduction policies, and increase public transport capacity, increasing the rate of wastewater purification, with development of municipal wastewater collection infrastructure; reducing per capita water demand for green space, by increasing irrigation efficiency supply of water from purified water, reduce per capita household water consumption; completion of the water supply project from Dorodzan dam, in order to increase urban carrying capacity and contribute to the sustainable development of the spatial structure of Shiraz. Conclusion This research with an environmental approach and in order to achieve sustainable development in the urban planning process, provided a model to assess the carrying capacity of the urban environment, to be a basis for measuring the sustainable development of the spatial structure of the city. Since achieving an acceptable level of quality of life for citizens is the ultimate goal of urban planning, this quality can not be achieved except by using the resources and capacities of the environmental and the geographical context in which the city is located. If the process of using resources has a logical and principled course, achieving quality of life will be accompanied by sustainable development. On the other hand, if the use of resources and development load is more than the capacity of the environment, environmental sustainability is in danger. Knowing that the development process of the spatial structure of Iranian cities, especially Shiraz, is far from sustainable development patterns, this study tried to make the view of urban development more aware of the carrying capacity of the geographical context of Shiraz. The proposed model can be used as a basis for decision-making process of planning, development and management of Shiraz city, and in preparing development and development plans of the city, as well as strategic development plan of the city, decision-making institutions, including roads and urban planning, the municipality and the city council.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_179113_a5fff5d1e2da6c2491b1ee1e973ed8c2.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 23 Evaluating factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Happy City approach (Case example: Urmia metropolis) Evaluating factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Happy City approach (Case example: Urmia metropolis) 21 37 170409 10.22034/jsc.2023.375310.1672 FA Somayeh Zeynalabedinzadeh Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran 0000-0002-0385-1711 Bakhtyar Ezatpanah Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran 0000-0002-8186-8930 Karim Hosainzadeh Dalir Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 02 Introduction Today, having a happy city has become one of the main reasons for urban management systems, especially in developed countries. Hence, urban planners try to study the impact of urban spaces on residents in order to have a lively and happy city. Because urban environments can strengthen the positive feelings and mental health of citizens. It is as if happiness is a phenomenon that fades with the passage of time in Iran, and this requires attention to the discussion of social vitality and happiness. It seems that in addition to the social economic factors influencing the low vitality and happiness of Iran, today one of the factors that have the greatest impact on the vitality and happiness of cities and citizens compared to the past few decades, are physical factors (urban spaces). . Due to the rapid population growth and the expansion of cities as well as traffic, visual pollution, unavailability of services, lack of public spaces suitable for recreation, lack of social connections, lack of suitable sidewalks, and overall lack of population-attracting spaces and real functional urban spaces (Happy City ) have lost themselves. In such a way that the lack of vitality and feeling of happiness in urban places and spaces is considered as one of the basic challenges of contemporary urban planners and designers in Iran. The problem is that the metropolis of Urmia is not free from these problems and may face more challenges and problems. According to the studies conducted in this field in Urmia, this city has a lower level of vitality than other cities in Iran. Conducting this research can present the state of happiness and the factors affecting it in the city of Urmia and the extent of the effect and importance of each, the important factors and variables affecting happiness and the factors affecting the sense of place in the city of Urmia. Because this research is considered as part of applied-field research in terms of its purpose, it can be applied in urban management systems of Urmia. Research Methods In terms of its purpose, this research is considered a part of field-applied research; Because its results can be applied in urban management systems. To extract the data used in this section, the statistics and information of the Statistics Center as well as the reports of the Welfare Organization, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, the Management and Planning Organization of the Province and the Municipality of the author's calculations and studies were used. In this research, by designing a questionnaire and determining the sample size and other methodological factors, correlation and regression statistical methods were used in the SPSS software environment for data analysis. Discussion and findings The results obtained from the application of regression analysis have been used to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (sense of belonging to a place in Urmia city) and independent variables (factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Shad Shahr approach). The sense of belonging to an urban place in In order to realize a happy city, it depends a lot on the changes and economic development and the organization of living conditions, social relations and collective actions of citizens, as well as the organization of the landscape and body of the city. If we can pay attention and plan the indicators and facilities, economic-economic flows and limitations, social conditions as well as landscape and physical conditions of different areas of Urmia city, the realization of the happy city will not be far from the expectation. After determining the degree of correlation between citizens' sense of spatial belonging and physical-spatial, economic-living, environmental and bio-ecological, social-behavioral, security, administrative-political, religious-psychological factors or environment (dimensions) related to the realization of a happy city; Using the method of path analysis, the extent and manner of the impact of each of these factors on increasing the sense of belonging to the place of the citizens and the realization of the happy city in Urmia have been investigated. Conclusion According to the statements of the citizens of Urmia, the income status of the citizens, including their satisfaction with their income, the level of purchasing power and provision of the basic needs of the citizens, the degree of proportionality between the income status and living expenses (housing, food, etc.) and related concerns. By providing for citizens' health and treatment costs, having savings to meet the needs of life in the future, the balance in the distribution of wealth and the absence of class gaps between the members of the society and the place of residence, the degree of flexibility of the economy of the city of residence against economic crises and accidents, the unemployment situation and Inflation in the place of residence of citizens in the last few years, as well as factors related to the employment status of citizens, including the level of satisfaction with job stability, the level of job security, and the level of satisfaction with one's job have a significant impact on realizing a happy city and increasing their sense of place. The results of applying regression analysis to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (sense of belonging to a place in Urmia city) and independent variables (factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Shad Shahr approach) showed that the highest amount of factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place With the happy city approach, it was economic-economic (R2=0.662), social-behavioral (R2=0.659) and physical-spatial (R2=0.654) indicators. The results of the multivariate regression analysis model and the path analysis also showed that the sense of belonging to the place with the approach of realizing the happy city has a significant correlation with economic (R2=0.536) and social indicators (R2=0.502) and in other words, the sense of belonging to A place with the approach of realizing a happy city in Urmia; It has a high and significant dependence on the economic-economic status of the citizens as well as the developments and development of social relations. Introduction Today, having a happy city has become one of the main reasons for urban management systems, especially in developed countries. Hence, urban planners try to study the impact of urban spaces on residents in order to have a lively and happy city. Because urban environments can strengthen the positive feelings and mental health of citizens. It is as if happiness is a phenomenon that fades with the passage of time in Iran, and this requires attention to the discussion of social vitality and happiness. It seems that in addition to the social economic factors influencing the low vitality and happiness of Iran, today one of the factors that have the greatest impact on the vitality and happiness of cities and citizens compared to the past few decades, are physical factors (urban spaces). . Due to the rapid population growth and the expansion of cities as well as traffic, visual pollution, unavailability of services, lack of public spaces suitable for recreation, lack of social connections, lack of suitable sidewalks, and overall lack of population-attracting spaces and real functional urban spaces (Happy City ) have lost themselves. In such a way that the lack of vitality and feeling of happiness in urban places and spaces is considered as one of the basic challenges of contemporary urban planners and designers in Iran. The problem is that the metropolis of Urmia is not free from these problems and may face more challenges and problems. According to the studies conducted in this field in Urmia, this city has a lower level of vitality than other cities in Iran. Conducting this research can present the state of happiness and the factors affecting it in the city of Urmia and the extent of the effect and importance of each, the important factors and variables affecting happiness and the factors affecting the sense of place in the city of Urmia. Because this research is considered as part of applied-field research in terms of its purpose, it can be applied in urban management systems of Urmia. Research Methods In terms of its purpose, this research is considered a part of field-applied research; Because its results can be applied in urban management systems. To extract the data used in this section, the statistics and information of the Statistics Center as well as the reports of the Welfare Organization, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, the Management and Planning Organization of the Province and the Municipality of the author's calculations and studies were used. In this research, by designing a questionnaire and determining the sample size and other methodological factors, correlation and regression statistical methods were used in the SPSS software environment for data analysis. Discussion and findings The results obtained from the application of regression analysis have been used to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (sense of belonging to a place in Urmia city) and independent variables (factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Shad Shahr approach). The sense of belonging to an urban place in In order to realize a happy city, it depends a lot on the changes and economic development and the organization of living conditions, social relations and collective actions of citizens, as well as the organization of the landscape and body of the city. If we can pay attention and plan the indicators and facilities, economic-economic flows and limitations, social conditions as well as landscape and physical conditions of different areas of Urmia city, the realization of the happy city will not be far from the expectation. After determining the degree of correlation between citizens' sense of spatial belonging and physical-spatial, economic-living, environmental and bio-ecological, social-behavioral, security, administrative-political, religious-psychological factors or environment (dimensions) related to the realization of a happy city; Using the method of path analysis, the extent and manner of the impact of each of these factors on increasing the sense of belonging to the place of the citizens and the realization of the happy city in Urmia have been investigated. Conclusion According to the statements of the citizens of Urmia, the income status of the citizens, including their satisfaction with their income, the level of purchasing power and provision of the basic needs of the citizens, the degree of proportionality between the income status and living expenses (housing, food, etc.) and related concerns. By providing for citizens' health and treatment costs, having savings to meet the needs of life in the future, the balance in the distribution of wealth and the absence of class gaps between the members of the society and the place of residence, the degree of flexibility of the economy of the city of residence against economic crises and accidents, the unemployment situation and Inflation in the place of residence of citizens in the last few years, as well as factors related to the employment status of citizens, including the level of satisfaction with job stability, the level of job security, and the level of satisfaction with one's job have a significant impact on realizing a happy city and increasing their sense of place. The results of applying regression analysis to investigate the correlation between the dependent variable (sense of belonging to a place in Urmia city) and independent variables (factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place with the Shad Shahr approach) showed that the highest amount of factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place With the happy city approach, it was economic-economic (R2=0.662), social-behavioral (R2=0.659) and physical-spatial (R2=0.654) indicators. The results of the multivariate regression analysis model and the path analysis also showed that the sense of belonging to the place with the approach of realizing the happy city has a significant correlation with economic (R2=0.536) and social indicators (R2=0.502) and in other words, the sense of belonging to A place with the approach of realizing a happy city in Urmia; It has a high and significant dependence on the economic-economic status of the citizens as well as the developments and development of social relations.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_170409_c0e1cf1dad317dd93128938f86e74705.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 23 Evaluating the cultural and educational open public spaces in order to form cyberparks (Case study: Mashq Square, city of Tehran) Evaluating the cultural and educational open public spaces in order to form cyberparks (Case study: Mashq Square, city of Tehran) 39 5 180601 10.22034/jsc.2022.333731.1602 FA Leila Kowkabi Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3682-1911 Behnod Barmayehvar Department of Technology of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8805-0915 Journal Article 2022 03 12 Introduction: One of the emerging technologies in the formation of smart and sustainable cities is Cyberpark, which gives people the ability to enhance their quality of life, especially to improve the technological and social interactions in various fields (cultural, educational, etc.), through the sharing of knowledge and experiences, self-fulfilling and ultimately co-creating. In this way, considering the nascent concept and application of Cyberpark, recognizing and developing this type of project requires a deep scrutiny of its existential elements. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze cultural and educational open public spaces in order to form Cyberparks in the Mashq square of Tehran as a case study. The research framework has been developed in this research, using meticulous and systematic analysis of previous research in the form of libraries and documents about the features and dimensions of cyberparks. Then, through a quantitative method, while collecting data and analyzing them, the relationship and the impact of stakeholders' satisfaction with the quality of equipment and facilities of open spaces studied on the activities formed by users in these open spaces are investigated and according to the three dimensions of Cyberparks (public open spaces, stakeholders, and new information and communication technologies) have been studied. Methodology: For this purpose, Mashq Square, Tehran, has been selected as the case study and data is collected in the field through an online questionnaire survey that explored students’ views and behaviors towards university public open spaces. Then, using the quantitative analysis method and SPSS statistical software and also with the help of a case study strategy, data analysis was performed. In order to improve the validity of the research, first, a pilot study (30 questionnaires) is conducted, and then the main questionnaire is prepared. Results and discussion: During the research, various dimensions such as the quality of the university's public open spaces, the qualities and facilities available in the university's public open spaces of the university, student social life, and the social interactions taking place in relation to information and communication technologies, the degree of willingness to cooperate in the design and maintenance of public open spaces of the university, daily use of information and communication technologies and the kind of them in the public university spaces and the quality of information and communication technologies have been explored. In the statistical analysis, with the help of t-test and according to Pearson coefficient (correlation test), correlation levels, the forming dimensions of "Cyberpark" with each other and the indicators of each dimension have been tested separately. The findings emphasize the enthusiasm and high willingness of stakeholders (university student) to participate in matters related to the university public space. In addition, the quality of the public open space of Bagh-e Melli campus in the University of Art is strongly related to its facilities and has a strong correlation with the social life of students (related to the use of information and communication technologies). On the other hand, students' need for the development of information and communication technologies in the open space is positively assessed and reflects the preferences of stakeholders for the application of technologies, which is important in the formation of "Cyberpark" in the university public space. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that in planning for the development or improvement of communication infrastructures, taking into account the goals of users of information and communications technology and considering the age groups of users in this field will have the greatest impact on the realization of creating a specialized educational Cyberpark and promoting the participation of stakeholders. This research is one of the first scientific steps in the field of specialized Cyberparks and has focused more on examining the differences, and it is hoped that further research in this area will shed light on the reasons for these differences, which will certainly be of great help to planners and decision-makers of public open spaces within the city, especially university officials in expanding ICT infrastructure and facilities to create a specialized Cyberpark, especially in the educational field and university environments. Findings show that from the point of view of stakeholders, the quality of open public space studied, in terms of sports facilities and games and entertainment facilities, equipment and service space and comfort facilities, facilities for access to communication technologies and facilities and infrastructure of Internet and telecommunication network, is generally not very satisfactory. Therefore, to develop the dimensions of cyberpark in this area, it is necessary to develop the relevant facilities, equipment and infrastructure to be able to provide the necessary basis for the realization of cyberpark by upgrading related activities. Introduction: One of the emerging technologies in the formation of smart and sustainable cities is Cyberpark, which gives people the ability to enhance their quality of life, especially to improve the technological and social interactions in various fields (cultural, educational, etc.), through the sharing of knowledge and experiences, self-fulfilling and ultimately co-creating. In this way, considering the nascent concept and application of Cyberpark, recognizing and developing this type of project requires a deep scrutiny of its existential elements. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze cultural and educational open public spaces in order to form Cyberparks in the Mashq square of Tehran as a case study. The research framework has been developed in this research, using meticulous and systematic analysis of previous research in the form of libraries and documents about the features and dimensions of cyberparks. Then, through a quantitative method, while collecting data and analyzing them, the relationship and the impact of stakeholders' satisfaction with the quality of equipment and facilities of open spaces studied on the activities formed by users in these open spaces are investigated and according to the three dimensions of Cyberparks (public open spaces, stakeholders, and new information and communication technologies) have been studied. Methodology: For this purpose, Mashq Square, Tehran, has been selected as the case study and data is collected in the field through an online questionnaire survey that explored students’ views and behaviors towards university public open spaces. Then, using the quantitative analysis method and SPSS statistical software and also with the help of a case study strategy, data analysis was performed. In order to improve the validity of the research, first, a pilot study (30 questionnaires) is conducted, and then the main questionnaire is prepared. Results and discussion: During the research, various dimensions such as the quality of the university's public open spaces, the qualities and facilities available in the university's public open spaces of the university, student social life, and the social interactions taking place in relation to information and communication technologies, the degree of willingness to cooperate in the design and maintenance of public open spaces of the university, daily use of information and communication technologies and the kind of them in the public university spaces and the quality of information and communication technologies have been explored. In the statistical analysis, with the help of t-test and according to Pearson coefficient (correlation test), correlation levels, the forming dimensions of "Cyberpark" with each other and the indicators of each dimension have been tested separately. The findings emphasize the enthusiasm and high willingness of stakeholders (university student) to participate in matters related to the university public space. In addition, the quality of the public open space of Bagh-e Melli campus in the University of Art is strongly related to its facilities and has a strong correlation with the social life of students (related to the use of information and communication technologies). On the other hand, students' need for the development of information and communication technologies in the open space is positively assessed and reflects the preferences of stakeholders for the application of technologies, which is important in the formation of "Cyberpark" in the university public space. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that in planning for the development or improvement of communication infrastructures, taking into account the goals of users of information and communications technology and considering the age groups of users in this field will have the greatest impact on the realization of creating a specialized educational Cyberpark and promoting the participation of stakeholders. This research is one of the first scientific steps in the field of specialized Cyberparks and has focused more on examining the differences, and it is hoped that further research in this area will shed light on the reasons for these differences, which will certainly be of great help to planners and decision-makers of public open spaces within the city, especially university officials in expanding ICT infrastructure and facilities to create a specialized Cyberpark, especially in the educational field and university environments. Findings show that from the point of view of stakeholders, the quality of open public space studied, in terms of sports facilities and games and entertainment facilities, equipment and service space and comfort facilities, facilities for access to communication technologies and facilities and infrastructure of Internet and telecommunication network, is generally not very satisfactory. Therefore, to develop the dimensions of cyberpark in this area, it is necessary to develop the relevant facilities, equipment and infrastructure to be able to provide the necessary basis for the realization of cyberpark by upgrading related activities.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_180601_113d428f6e00d3c6420220df16c473c9.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 23 Explaining the Factors and Consequences of Rent on Urban Spaces (Case Study: Tabriz City) Explaining the Factors and Consequences of Rent on Urban Spaces (Case Study: Tabriz City) 59 77 178885 10.22034/jsc.2022.299273.1526 FA Akbar Asghari Zamani Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Hojjat Mohamadi Torkamani Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Shahrivar Roostaei Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2021 08 10 In its general sense, rent is a non-productive and competitive product that is achieved through natural or artificial scarcity. In urban issues, changing the objective function of urban management to make a profit that harms the public interest can be considered Rent. Capitalism targets the artificial environment and produces space to continue the cycle of capital accumulation. The result of the movement of capital in the artificial environment is a fundamental spatial constraint on scarce urban resources and facilities, which leads to the deprivation of some against the deprivation of another. The reckless circulation of capital in the second cycle and urban spaces is a factor for residential segregation, types of rents, the tendency to integrate the capitalist structure, unequal development of urban spaces and the classification of society. In the meantime, urban management, with its regulatory nature in this unequal competition, must consider the public interest and act in order to balance public and private goals. In countries based on oil economics, with the discovery of oil and the extraction of oil revenues since the early 20th century, a change in these countries' urban systems has emerged and led to a deeper connection between these countries and capitalist relations. In other words, in metropolises that are dependent on the oil economy, the discovery of oil is a turning point in their urban development, which links urbanization with the mechanisms of the capitalist and liberal schools. As a result, urban management becomes a model known as a rentier, which urban management does not act as a regulator but as an actor in the competition for urban space. In other words, urban management goes beyond its regulatory path and acts in the direction of the goals and interests of capitalism or, at the very least, specific individuals and groups. This is due to the fact that rentier urban management makes itself dependent on the construction market, by removing people from the management and participation cycle and thus eliminating toll and tax revenues, which in order to maintain this revenue must provide urban spaces to capital to make money from this. What is discussed as the main issue in this study is the behavior of this phenomenon and its process in the urban management organization and for more scrutinizing the research issue in the context of urban space, the phenomenon has been considered in the urban management system of Tabriz metropolis. Methodology The Current research approach is a qualitative type, which has been done by the method of grounded theory. According to this method, the data collected by in-depth interviews are analyzed in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and then the theory is discovered about the understudied phenomenon. The main data source in the data-driven method is an interview, which has been interviewed along with documentary sources in the Current study. These interviews are exploratory, and after each interview, the data obtained from them are encoded. After conducting the interviews and analyzing the responses, the categories were identified and placed under the causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, core phenomena, strategies and consequences. Results and discussion Based on the analysis performed and the results obtained, the causal conditions that cause the phenomenon of rentier in the Urban Management Organization of Iran include; 1- Centralized administrative structure 2- Oil economy 3- Legal grounds and context 4- Weakness in the traditions of collective action 5- Economic adjustment policy and 6- Government downsizing policy. The phenomenon of rent in urban management, according to its characteristics, causes the waste of city resources. Part of this waste has been in the shadow of the commodification of urban space, as a result, urban space is invaded and occupied like a commodity under the control of the capital, and is transformed. In this process, individuals and groups tend to rent based on their abilities and capabilities, such as business capital or personal and group relationships, which in the long run will become a culture. As a result, local city management, which is responsible for regulating the relationship between the use of the city and creating a balance between private and public goals, faces public dissatisfaction and the continuation of the local city management and inability to solve problems, leads to reducing trust and social capital at various levels. Based on the research results, the type of strategy adopted to deal with the rent phenomenon depends on 1- the sensitivity of regulatory bodies 2- public reaction and desire, and 3- organizational will, which can be described as the underlying conditions. Intervention conditions under the headings; 1- Superior rules 2- Administrative structure 3- External relations 4- Internal relations are labeled. Finally, the strategies extracted in five codes include; 1- Strengthening the institutionalization of urban management 2- Support-seeking 3- Transparency 4- Indifference and 5- Accompanying. Conclusion It seems that the experience of Iran's urban management, especially at the local level, has not been successful in practice because it has been implemented in a centralized legal and administrative context and even based on the preference and recognition of centralized bureaucracy and not the potential and attraction of society. And always due to the lack of effective participation of people based on historical backgrounds and other factors, has been a place for the phenomenon of rent. In this process, the element of urban management and the private sector encourages the commodification of the urban space and seeks to change it not in the public interest but the interest of some groups. The city management's assumption of the city leads to daily life in decision and action and the continuation of the fundamental issues and problems of the city. An example of this for the metropolis of Tabriz has been the continuation and even expansion of the phenomenon of Slums in recent decades. In its general sense, rent is a non-productive and competitive product that is achieved through natural or artificial scarcity. In urban issues, changing the objective function of urban management to make a profit that harms the public interest can be considered Rent. Capitalism targets the artificial environment and produces space to continue the cycle of capital accumulation. The result of the movement of capital in the artificial environment is a fundamental spatial constraint on scarce urban resources and facilities, which leads to the deprivation of some against the deprivation of another. The reckless circulation of capital in the second cycle and urban spaces is a factor for residential segregation, types of rents, the tendency to integrate the capitalist structure, unequal development of urban spaces and the classification of society. In the meantime, urban management, with its regulatory nature in this unequal competition, must consider the public interest and act in order to balance public and private goals. In countries based on oil economics, with the discovery of oil and the extraction of oil revenues since the early 20th century, a change in these countries' urban systems has emerged and led to a deeper connection between these countries and capitalist relations. In other words, in metropolises that are dependent on the oil economy, the discovery of oil is a turning point in their urban development, which links urbanization with the mechanisms of the capitalist and liberal schools. As a result, urban management becomes a model known as a rentier, which urban management does not act as a regulator but as an actor in the competition for urban space. In other words, urban management goes beyond its regulatory path and acts in the direction of the goals and interests of capitalism or, at the very least, specific individuals and groups. This is due to the fact that rentier urban management makes itself dependent on the construction market, by removing people from the management and participation cycle and thus eliminating toll and tax revenues, which in order to maintain this revenue must provide urban spaces to capital to make money from this. What is discussed as the main issue in this study is the behavior of this phenomenon and its process in the urban management organization and for more scrutinizing the research issue in the context of urban space, the phenomenon has been considered in the urban management system of Tabriz metropolis. Methodology The Current research approach is a qualitative type, which has been done by the method of grounded theory. According to this method, the data collected by in-depth interviews are analyzed in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and then the theory is discovered about the understudied phenomenon. The main data source in the data-driven method is an interview, which has been interviewed along with documentary sources in the Current study. These interviews are exploratory, and after each interview, the data obtained from them are encoded. After conducting the interviews and analyzing the responses, the categories were identified and placed under the causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, core phenomena, strategies and consequences. Results and discussion Based on the analysis performed and the results obtained, the causal conditions that cause the phenomenon of rentier in the Urban Management Organization of Iran include; 1- Centralized administrative structure 2- Oil economy 3- Legal grounds and context 4- Weakness in the traditions of collective action 5- Economic adjustment policy and 6- Government downsizing policy. The phenomenon of rent in urban management, according to its characteristics, causes the waste of city resources. Part of this waste has been in the shadow of the commodification of urban space, as a result, urban space is invaded and occupied like a commodity under the control of the capital, and is transformed. In this process, individuals and groups tend to rent based on their abilities and capabilities, such as business capital or personal and group relationships, which in the long run will become a culture. As a result, local city management, which is responsible for regulating the relationship between the use of the city and creating a balance between private and public goals, faces public dissatisfaction and the continuation of the local city management and inability to solve problems, leads to reducing trust and social capital at various levels. Based on the research results, the type of strategy adopted to deal with the rent phenomenon depends on 1- the sensitivity of regulatory bodies 2- public reaction and desire, and 3- organizational will, which can be described as the underlying conditions. Intervention conditions under the headings; 1- Superior rules 2- Administrative structure 3- External relations 4- Internal relations are labeled. Finally, the strategies extracted in five codes include; 1- Strengthening the institutionalization of urban management 2- Support-seeking 3- Transparency 4- Indifference and 5- Accompanying. Conclusion It seems that the experience of Iran's urban management, especially at the local level, has not been successful in practice because it has been implemented in a centralized legal and administrative context and even based on the preference and recognition of centralized bureaucracy and not the potential and attraction of society. And always due to the lack of effective participation of people based on historical backgrounds and other factors, has been a place for the phenomenon of rent. In this process, the element of urban management and the private sector encourages the commodification of the urban space and seeks to change it not in the public interest but the interest of some groups. The city management's assumption of the city leads to daily life in decision and action and the continuation of the fundamental issues and problems of the city. An example of this for the metropolis of Tabriz has been the continuation and even expansion of the phenomenon of Slums in recent decades.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_178885_a3706d23785c5f60a3379d43ddc938cd.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 28 Regeneration of Urban Riverside's Worn-Out Textures The Case Study of Urban Worn-out Textures of the Abshuran Riverside in Kermanshah Regeneration of Urban Riverside's Worn-Out Textures The Case Study of Urban Worn-out Textures of the Abshuran Riverside in Kermanshah 79 93 159595 10.22034/jsc.2021.261173.1376 FA Ghasem Motalebi Department of Architecture (Urban Design), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-6548-7911 Azita Balai Oskoui Department of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Yaser Shahbazi Department of Civil, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Mohamadreza Farahnaki Department of Islamic Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2023 04 04 A B S T R A C T Lack of paying attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplification of natural patterns in the urban context, including rivers, will cause changes in their development processes and serious damage to their natural systems. Some of the inter-city riverside spaces are spaces where the Worn-Out and old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces have capacities that can become a beautiful urban landscape. Kermanshah city is one of the cities that have these natural elements, but have been neglected. One of these rivers is the Abshuran River, which has caused many problems due to lack of paying attention to it. The present study was an attempt to answer the question of what should be considered in regenerating worn-out urban structures alongside the urban rivers. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is field and documentary study (library) methods. Factor analysis method in Spss software was used to analyze the data. In the present study, main indicators for functional, identity-meaning, social-cultural, etc. dimensions were obtained, which were loaded in the form of 4 significant factors. The results showed that ranking of the study area neighborhoods based on the factor scores obtained for each of them is Baq Ney, Feyz Azabad, Toopkhaneh and Chal Darvish, respectively. The main results of the study suggest that none of the study areas is in a favorable status in terms of regeneration components and integrated and comprehensive planning is required in this regard. Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, worn-out structures are one of the most critical challenges facing cities, and finding a way to improve their quality of life requires an integrated and comprehensive approach. Lack of attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplifying natural patterns in the urban context, including rivers, will cause changes in their development processes and serious damage to their natural systems. Some inter-city riverside spaces are ones where the old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces have capacities that can become a beautiful urban landscape. Finding a solution to improve the quality of life in urban issues requires an integrated and comprehensive approach to a balanced and comprehensive approach to deal with various socio-economic and physical problems in these urban areas. Advancing such an approach is not compatible with the current administrative structures in Iran and often faces serious challenges Another point that should be considered is that uncontrolled and unplanned physical development in recent decades has limited natural ecosystems' ecological capacity and capability and has imposed harmful impacts on the environment, such as air, water, soil, and natural environmental degradation. Naturalness around the city, etc. has been one of its consequences. Lack of paying attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplification of natural patterns in the urban context, such as valleys, rivers, forest edges, and shores, leads to changes in their development and shaping processes and, finally, causes serious damage to their natural systems. Due to the non-generality of such spaces in stabilizing the urban life system, it is necessary to pay a special attention to these areas and efforts should be made to develop different scientific principles and rules for them. Some of the spaces in inter-city riversides are spaces, where the old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces can become beautiful urban landscapes. Kermanshah city is one of the cities that have these natural decorative elements but have been neglected. One of these rivers is the Abshuran River, which lack of paying attention to it in recent decades has caused several social and environmental problems for residents. Methodology The present study was part of descriptive-analytical researches. Field and documentary (library) study methods were used to collect data. Data collection tools also included questionnaire, interview, observation and note taking, database, internet and satellite networks (Google Earth). A systematic random sampling method was used in this study. The factor analysis method in SPSS software was exerted to analyze the data. Results and discussion In the present study, four neighbourhoods alongside the Abshuran River were examined. They were classified into three levels of very weak, weak, and moderate in terms of regeneration of worn-out texture. Based on the factor analysis method, 13 indicators were reduced to 4, including management, identity-meaning, economic, and socio-cultural. Four factors, accounted for 70.118% of the aggregated variance, which is a good percentage for factor analysis and studied variables. In terms of management factor (Factor 1), every four neighbourhoods of Chal Darvishan, Topkhaneh, Feyz Abad and BaqNey are undesirable, but the situation is slightly different in terms of identity-meaning factor. Chal Darvishan and Feyz Abad neighbourhoods with a bit difference and Topkhaneh neighbourhood are undesirable, because they are part of the old and central neighbourhoods of Kermanshah. The study areas have a similar and somewhat unfavorable situation regarding the fourth factor (socio-cultural) and economic factors. Conclusion Lack of paying attention to rivers and weak management of riverside spaces have turned these vital and valuable elements and their surrounding areas into one of the most dysfunctional areas in cities, which usually face significant environmental and social challenges. Additionally, their role and economic opportunities for citizens, in general, have been neglected. In recent decades, serious and valuable efforts have been made to manage some cities of Iran to organize and rehabilitate urban rivers and these efforts have re-considered the river as a natural and constructive heritage of life of cities. They have resulted in avoiding measures such as covering rivers and removing them from the city's natural and public spaces. Examining the study area in the present study reflects that it has faced several problems due to the negligence of officials and people and under the influence of urban growth and development over the years. Its surrounding environment has also been affected and caused dissatisfaction among residents and citizens. The results show that the studied neighborhood's area rankings are Baq Ney, Feyz Aabad, Topkhaneh, and Chal Darvishan, respectively. However, the important point is that none of the neighbourhoods are in good status and integrated and comprehensive planning is required. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Lack of paying attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplification of natural patterns in the urban context, including rivers, will cause changes in their development processes and serious damage to their natural systems. Some of the inter-city riverside spaces are spaces where the Worn-Out and old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces have capacities that can become a beautiful urban landscape. Kermanshah city is one of the cities that have these natural elements, but have been neglected. One of these rivers is the Abshuran River, which has caused many problems due to lack of paying attention to it. The present study was an attempt to answer the question of what should be considered in regenerating worn-out urban structures alongside the urban rivers. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is field and documentary study (library) methods. Factor analysis method in Spss software was used to analyze the data. In the present study, main indicators for functional, identity-meaning, social-cultural, etc. dimensions were obtained, which were loaded in the form of 4 significant factors. The results showed that ranking of the study area neighborhoods based on the factor scores obtained for each of them is Baq Ney, Feyz Azabad, Toopkhaneh and Chal Darvish, respectively. The main results of the study suggest that none of the study areas is in a favorable status in terms of regeneration components and integrated and comprehensive planning is required in this regard. Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, worn-out structures are one of the most critical challenges facing cities, and finding a way to improve their quality of life requires an integrated and comprehensive approach. Lack of attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplifying natural patterns in the urban context, including rivers, will cause changes in their development processes and serious damage to their natural systems. Some inter-city riverside spaces are ones where the old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces have capacities that can become a beautiful urban landscape. Finding a solution to improve the quality of life in urban issues requires an integrated and comprehensive approach to a balanced and comprehensive approach to deal with various socio-economic and physical problems in these urban areas. Advancing such an approach is not compatible with the current administrative structures in Iran and often faces serious challenges Another point that should be considered is that uncontrolled and unplanned physical development in recent decades has limited natural ecosystems' ecological capacity and capability and has imposed harmful impacts on the environment, such as air, water, soil, and natural environmental degradation. Naturalness around the city, etc. has been one of its consequences. Lack of paying attention to environmental considerations and attitudes in urban planning and simplification of natural patterns in the urban context, such as valleys, rivers, forest edges, and shores, leads to changes in their development and shaping processes and, finally, causes serious damage to their natural systems. Due to the non-generality of such spaces in stabilizing the urban life system, it is necessary to pay a special attention to these areas and efforts should be made to develop different scientific principles and rules for them. Some of the spaces in inter-city riversides are spaces, where the old texture of cities is usually formed next to them. Such spaces can become beautiful urban landscapes. Kermanshah city is one of the cities that have these natural decorative elements but have been neglected. One of these rivers is the Abshuran River, which lack of paying attention to it in recent decades has caused several social and environmental problems for residents. Methodology The present study was part of descriptive-analytical researches. Field and documentary (library) study methods were used to collect data. Data collection tools also included questionnaire, interview, observation and note taking, database, internet and satellite networks (Google Earth). A systematic random sampling method was used in this study. The factor analysis method in SPSS software was exerted to analyze the data. Results and discussion In the present study, four neighbourhoods alongside the Abshuran River were examined. They were classified into three levels of very weak, weak, and moderate in terms of regeneration of worn-out texture. Based on the factor analysis method, 13 indicators were reduced to 4, including management, identity-meaning, economic, and socio-cultural. Four factors, accounted for 70.118% of the aggregated variance, which is a good percentage for factor analysis and studied variables. In terms of management factor (Factor 1), every four neighbourhoods of Chal Darvishan, Topkhaneh, Feyz Abad and BaqNey are undesirable, but the situation is slightly different in terms of identity-meaning factor. Chal Darvishan and Feyz Abad neighbourhoods with a bit difference and Topkhaneh neighbourhood are undesirable, because they are part of the old and central neighbourhoods of Kermanshah. The study areas have a similar and somewhat unfavorable situation regarding the fourth factor (socio-cultural) and economic factors. Conclusion Lack of paying attention to rivers and weak management of riverside spaces have turned these vital and valuable elements and their surrounding areas into one of the most dysfunctional areas in cities, which usually face significant environmental and social challenges. Additionally, their role and economic opportunities for citizens, in general, have been neglected. In recent decades, serious and valuable efforts have been made to manage some cities of Iran to organize and rehabilitate urban rivers and these efforts have re-considered the river as a natural and constructive heritage of life of cities. They have resulted in avoiding measures such as covering rivers and removing them from the city's natural and public spaces. Examining the study area in the present study reflects that it has faced several problems due to the negligence of officials and people and under the influence of urban growth and development over the years. Its surrounding environment has also been affected and caused dissatisfaction among residents and citizens. The results show that the studied neighborhood's area rankings are Baq Ney, Feyz Aabad, Topkhaneh, and Chal Darvishan, respectively. However, the important point is that none of the neighbourhoods are in good status and integrated and comprehensive planning is required. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_159595_a98a249463bdf072f23fc8b219e65d97.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 29 Evaluating the contribution of individual and spatial factors in the method of intra-city travel in the Case study of Rasht city Evaluating the contribution of individual and spatial factors in the method of intra-city travel in the Case study of Rasht city 95 109 182797 10.22034/jsc.2023.309752.1554 FA Saber Mohammadpour Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Art, Gilan University, Rasht, Iran 0000-0002-5496-2542 Mehrdad Mehrjou Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Art, Gilan University, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2023 04 05 A B S T R A C T Different ways of travelling are the basis of the economic and social activities of every city due to the costs of transportation and access, and the flow of people's travel in the city to access activities and services turns it into a living organism. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The present research method is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research consists of 21 urban planning and urban transportation experts. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire with 31 factors documented and presented from the background table of the research. The subjects of the research are coded and in the next step, internal relationships of the effective factors are identified and determined through the Dimel technique, finally, by forming a group decision matrix, a better understanding of the internal effective factors is created. Also, the results obtained from the Dimtel technique showed that the accessibility according to travel costs (1.695), the distance between stations (1.549), the accessibility according to the distance from the city centre (0.628), the accessibility according to traffic (0.254), willingness to use public transportation (0.166), the distance between home and important city service-commercial centres (0.123) were the most influential indicators in evaluating the ways of intra-city travel in Rasht city Extended Abstract Introduction In the cities of the third world, due to the characteristics and chaotic structure resulting from excessive population growth, it is more tangible and requires basic and infrastructure planning from the city managers. During the past three decades, the city of Rasht, as the largest urban center in the southern margin of the Caspian Sea, has witnessed significant changes in the urban structure and, as a result, changes in transportation and trip methods. Changes in communication networks by expanding and opening new axes in the central part and changing the disorderly and chaotic street network of the past into a semi-radial network, replacing single-unit buildings with multi-storey buildings, changing the architectural pattern of buildings, building residential complexes in Inside and around the city and the high growth of construction are considered to be important changes in the urban structure in Rasht. In addition, like some other cities in the country, Rasht has faced two categories of rapid population growth and an increase in the car ownership rate. Due to the inappropriate structure of the communication networks, the traffic tolerance capacity of this city has now reached the saturation stage, and the development measures of the communication networks are in no way equal to the rate of increase in automobiles. Therefore, today the city of Rasht is considered as one of the metropolises of the country, which is not separated from this issue due to the increasing trend of car production and use. In general, Rasht city has two types of textures that are completely different from each other in terms of spatial structure. On the one hand, it has a very compact and dense texture in the central core and old neighborhoods of the city, and on the other hand, it has a completely wide and heterogeneous texture outside this area. In each of these two types of urban texture, the time, cost, length and way of trip of citizens are different from each other under the influence of density and the way of replacing land uses. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city trip of Rasht. Thus, the main research question is as follows: -At what level is the contribution of spatial and individual factors in determining the way of intra-city trip of citizens? Methodology The method of the present research is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection. The statistical population of this research consists of 21 urban planning and urban transportation experts. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire with 31 factors that have been documented and proposed from the research background. The items in question of the research are coded and in the next step, internal relationships of the effective factors are identified and determined through the DEMATEL technique, and finally, by forming a group decision matrix, a better understanding of the internal effective factors is created. The DEMATEL technique is a comprehensive method for building and analyzing a structural model of relationships between complex and multiple factors on the research target variable. In the DEMATEL technique, quantitative relationships between multiple factors of a problem and the effect of each of them on the other are calculated. In order to determine the intensity of the direct and indirect influence of the factors on each other, it is measured. In order to determine the intensity of the influence of the elements on each other, it is necessary to determine how to score the determined indicators. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and experts' judgments regarding the severity of the effects of elements on each other were questioned. In this research, the intensity of the effects of the elements was ranked from 0 to 4. DEMATEL's method was first presented by two researchers named Fontela and Gabos in 1976. This technique is based on pairwise comparisons and is a decision-making tool based on graph theory. This method may confirm the relationships between variables or limit the relationships in a developmental and systematic process. In other words, this technique determines their influence and importance numerically by examining the mutual relationship between the criteria. The most important feature of DEMATEL's method is multi-criteria decision-making and its performance in creating relationships and structure between factors. This technique, in addition to converting causal and normal relationships into a structural-visual model, is also able to identify internal dependencies between factors and make them understandable. Results and discussion The results of the classification of individual and spatial factors in the way of intra-city trips have shown that factors C4, C6, C9, C10, C11, and C13 require a high level of concentration compared to factors C1, C2, C3, C5, C7, C8, C12, C14. The factors of the first group interact a lot with other factors and are more important. Also, in this group, which is also called the cause group, the factors of accessibility are the most important factors according to the travel costs and the distance between the stations, respectively. In the other group, the effect group, the least important factor compared to other factors is the accessibility according to the distance from the city center. Identifying and classifying these factors can be effective in making decisions and taking executive action to improve the process of intra-city trips by determining the impact of a decision on other parts. Also, with these categories, it is possible to recognize implementation measures with similar and overlapping results and use them for better decision-making. Also, according to the results obtained from the DEMATEL technique, accessibility according to travel costs (1.695), the distance between stations (1.549), accessibility according to distance from the city center (0.628), accessibility according to traffic (0.254), the degree of willingness to use public transportation (0.166), the distance between home and important urban service-commercial centers (0.123) have been the most influential indicators in the evaluation of intra-city trip methods in Rasht city. Conclusion The introduction of automobiles into urban communities, along with facilitating and increasing the speed of travel, has led to the development of urban spaces, the construction of various uses, and the construction of roads and communication networks as the main structure of the city. Willingly or not, this development has led to an increase in demand and the amount of travel. In cases where it is not accompanied by development control and management policies, it has intensified the superficial expansion of the city. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city trips of Rasht. The main results of the research show that, in general, individual and spatial factors play a role in various travel goals, each with a different but effective contribution. In the meantime, the accessibility is more pronounced according to the distance from the city center as an effective spatial index. However, in this regard, it is impossible to ignore the influence of public transportation system performance factors such as the distance between stations and the degree of willingness to use public transportation for other trip purposes. Based on the results of this research and consistent with the results of other ones, it is important to pay attention to the environmental characteristics effective in trip behavior, including the urban structure and form (compaction, dispersion, etc.) and the level of urbanization (city center, growth center, urban suburbs). The spatial structure of cities has a significant impact on the way of intra-city trips in such a way that dense structures with a more compact distribution of population and activity in the urban space and, as a result of the relative reduction of distances, provide grounds for the establishment of travel methods and pedestrian access, which is valid for dispersed structures. According to the results, the residents of the outer and middle areas were more inclined to use private cars in their trip methods. The high dependence on personal cars in intra-city trips significantly differs from urban areas in outer areas further away from the center of work and activity. As a result, the excessive use of private cars in Rasht city is caused by the weakness of the spatial organization of the city and its main functions at the neighborhood level. In addition to that, the sprawl shape of the city, along with the weakness of financial interests and technical facilities, has affected the behavior of citizens in a long-term process. Furthermore, it has changed the transportation culture and traffic behavior of the people. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Different ways of travelling are the basis of the economic and social activities of every city due to the costs of transportation and access, and the flow of people's travel in the city to access activities and services turns it into a living organism. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The present research method is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city travel in Rasht city. The statistical population of this research consists of 21 urban planning and urban transportation experts. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire with 31 factors documented and presented from the background table of the research. The subjects of the research are coded and in the next step, internal relationships of the effective factors are identified and determined through the Dimel technique, finally, by forming a group decision matrix, a better understanding of the internal effective factors is created. Also, the results obtained from the Dimtel technique showed that the accessibility according to travel costs (1.695), the distance between stations (1.549), the accessibility according to the distance from the city centre (0.628), the accessibility according to traffic (0.254), willingness to use public transportation (0.166), the distance between home and important city service-commercial centres (0.123) were the most influential indicators in evaluating the ways of intra-city travel in Rasht city Extended Abstract Introduction In the cities of the third world, due to the characteristics and chaotic structure resulting from excessive population growth, it is more tangible and requires basic and infrastructure planning from the city managers. During the past three decades, the city of Rasht, as the largest urban center in the southern margin of the Caspian Sea, has witnessed significant changes in the urban structure and, as a result, changes in transportation and trip methods. Changes in communication networks by expanding and opening new axes in the central part and changing the disorderly and chaotic street network of the past into a semi-radial network, replacing single-unit buildings with multi-storey buildings, changing the architectural pattern of buildings, building residential complexes in Inside and around the city and the high growth of construction are considered to be important changes in the urban structure in Rasht. In addition, like some other cities in the country, Rasht has faced two categories of rapid population growth and an increase in the car ownership rate. Due to the inappropriate structure of the communication networks, the traffic tolerance capacity of this city has now reached the saturation stage, and the development measures of the communication networks are in no way equal to the rate of increase in automobiles. Therefore, today the city of Rasht is considered as one of the metropolises of the country, which is not separated from this issue due to the increasing trend of car production and use. In general, Rasht city has two types of textures that are completely different from each other in terms of spatial structure. On the one hand, it has a very compact and dense texture in the central core and old neighborhoods of the city, and on the other hand, it has a completely wide and heterogeneous texture outside this area. In each of these two types of urban texture, the time, cost, length and way of trip of citizens are different from each other under the influence of density and the way of replacing land uses. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city trip of Rasht. Thus, the main research question is as follows: -At what level is the contribution of spatial and individual factors in determining the way of intra-city trip of citizens? Methodology The method of the present research is considered to be applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection. The statistical population of this research consists of 21 urban planning and urban transportation experts. The data collection tool is in the form of a questionnaire with 31 factors that have been documented and proposed from the research background. The items in question of the research are coded and in the next step, internal relationships of the effective factors are identified and determined through the DEMATEL technique, and finally, by forming a group decision matrix, a better understanding of the internal effective factors is created. The DEMATEL technique is a comprehensive method for building and analyzing a structural model of relationships between complex and multiple factors on the research target variable. In the DEMATEL technique, quantitative relationships between multiple factors of a problem and the effect of each of them on the other are calculated. In order to determine the intensity of the direct and indirect influence of the factors on each other, it is measured. In order to determine the intensity of the influence of the elements on each other, it is necessary to determine how to score the determined indicators. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and experts' judgments regarding the severity of the effects of elements on each other were questioned. In this research, the intensity of the effects of the elements was ranked from 0 to 4. DEMATEL's method was first presented by two researchers named Fontela and Gabos in 1976. This technique is based on pairwise comparisons and is a decision-making tool based on graph theory. This method may confirm the relationships between variables or limit the relationships in a developmental and systematic process. In other words, this technique determines their influence and importance numerically by examining the mutual relationship between the criteria. The most important feature of DEMATEL's method is multi-criteria decision-making and its performance in creating relationships and structure between factors. This technique, in addition to converting causal and normal relationships into a structural-visual model, is also able to identify internal dependencies between factors and make them understandable. Results and discussion The results of the classification of individual and spatial factors in the way of intra-city trips have shown that factors C4, C6, C9, C10, C11, and C13 require a high level of concentration compared to factors C1, C2, C3, C5, C7, C8, C12, C14. The factors of the first group interact a lot with other factors and are more important. Also, in this group, which is also called the cause group, the factors of accessibility are the most important factors according to the travel costs and the distance between the stations, respectively. In the other group, the effect group, the least important factor compared to other factors is the accessibility according to the distance from the city center. Identifying and classifying these factors can be effective in making decisions and taking executive action to improve the process of intra-city trips by determining the impact of a decision on other parts. Also, with these categories, it is possible to recognize implementation measures with similar and overlapping results and use them for better decision-making. Also, according to the results obtained from the DEMATEL technique, accessibility according to travel costs (1.695), the distance between stations (1.549), accessibility according to distance from the city center (0.628), accessibility according to traffic (0.254), the degree of willingness to use public transportation (0.166), the distance between home and important urban service-commercial centers (0.123) have been the most influential indicators in the evaluation of intra-city trip methods in Rasht city. Conclusion The introduction of automobiles into urban communities, along with facilitating and increasing the speed of travel, has led to the development of urban spaces, the construction of various uses, and the construction of roads and communication networks as the main structure of the city. Willingly or not, this development has led to an increase in demand and the amount of travel. In cases where it is not accompanied by development control and management policies, it has intensified the superficial expansion of the city. The current research aims to investigate the internal relationships affecting individual and spatial factors on the way of intra-city trips of Rasht. The main results of the research show that, in general, individual and spatial factors play a role in various travel goals, each with a different but effective contribution. In the meantime, the accessibility is more pronounced according to the distance from the city center as an effective spatial index. However, in this regard, it is impossible to ignore the influence of public transportation system performance factors such as the distance between stations and the degree of willingness to use public transportation for other trip purposes. Based on the results of this research and consistent with the results of other ones, it is important to pay attention to the environmental characteristics effective in trip behavior, including the urban structure and form (compaction, dispersion, etc.) and the level of urbanization (city center, growth center, urban suburbs). The spatial structure of cities has a significant impact on the way of intra-city trips in such a way that dense structures with a more compact distribution of population and activity in the urban space and, as a result of the relative reduction of distances, provide grounds for the establishment of travel methods and pedestrian access, which is valid for dispersed structures. According to the results, the residents of the outer and middle areas were more inclined to use private cars in their trip methods. The high dependence on personal cars in intra-city trips significantly differs from urban areas in outer areas further away from the center of work and activity. As a result, the excessive use of private cars in Rasht city is caused by the weakness of the spatial organization of the city and its main functions at the neighborhood level. In addition to that, the sprawl shape of the city, along with the weakness of financial interests and technical facilities, has affected the behavior of citizens in a long-term process. Furthermore, it has changed the transportation culture and traffic behavior of the people. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_182797_ed27e7e665b0167526e38e299632f973.pdf

Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association Sustainable city 2476-6631 6 2 2023 07 29 An analysis on the Challenges of Local Development based on the Regeneration of the Sustainable Urban Economy the Case study of Tehran An analysis on the Challenges of Local Development based on the Regeneration of the Sustainable Urban Economy the Case study of Tehran 111 132 166825 10.22034/jsc.2021.311842.1560 FA Zohreh Tajik Department of Sociology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sayyed Mousa Pourmousavi Department of Geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Rahim Sarvar Department of Geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 04 05 A B S T R A C T Local development is one of the new patterns of development that emphasizes the empowerment of the local community after the 1980s to organize their own affairs. In this regard, the model of regeneration with a sustainable economy approach can be a good alternative for the redevelopment of inefficient neighborhoods. However, the application of this approach in Tehran has not been implemented so far and there are many challenges in this field that have been addressed in the present study. The research method of this study is mixed. Research data were collected using interviews with experts and surveys of target neighborhoods. The study population consisted of 31 experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran and 473 residents of the target neighborhoods. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part by "qualitative content analysis" method and in the quantitative part by "structural equation modeling" method. Based on the results of the qualitative pathology model, local development challenges based on the sustainable urban economy approach can be classified into 36 concepts, 35 sub-categories and 4 main categories. The results of the quantitative model also showed that the variable "trust in urban management institutions" is an important mediating variable that strengthens the participation of residents to accompany urban management institutions in organizing neighborhoods. In the end, it was concluded that Local development requirements can be pursued with the approach of sustainable urban economy in the following three areas: 1- Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the institutional level (government and its affiliated institutions); 2- Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the local level (members of the local community and residents of urban neighborhoods); 3- Localization of approaches to recreation of sustainable urban economy in accordance with the conditions of neighborhoods in Tehran Extended Abstract Introduction Local development is one of the new patterns of development that emphasizes the empowerment of the local community after the 1980s to organize their affairs. In this regard, the regeneration model with a sustainable economic approach can be a good alternative for the redevelopment of inefficient neighborhoods. However, applying this approach to the development of dysfunctional urban neighborhoods has faced many challenges. In general, the results of existing studies show that most of the development interventions that have been carried out without considering the economic factors and economic empowerment of the residents of the target neighborhoods have been criticized and failed due to the non-participation of residents in the planning process. In fact, the poor financial capacity of the residents of these neighborhoods, on the one hand, reduces their financial participation in redevelopment projects and, on the other hand, deprives them of the possibility of living in those neighborhoods. Whereas, if the residents could somehow increase their economic power, they could play a more significant role in local development while living in their neighborhood. Considering this pathological perspective, in the present study, by conducting a case study of five neighborhoods of Tehran in the central and southern parts of the city, we seek to answer the following question: -What are the challenges facing the realization of local development based on the regeneration of a sustainable urban economy, and how can these challenges be explained? Methodology This study is in the category of explanatory research that has been done by the mixed method. Research data were collected from two main sources: 1- Interviews with experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran 2- Surveys of target neighborhoods. Accordingly, the study population consisted of 31 experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran and 473 residents of the target neighborhoods selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. A sampling of experts was also done by the targeted snowball method. Interviews with experts were conducted using semi-structured questions based on a conversational approach The survey of the target neighborhoods was performed using a 5-point Likert questionnaire with 23 variables and 69 questions. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part using the method of "qualitative content analysis" based on open and axial coding techniques and in the quantitative part using the method of "structural equation modeling." Results and discussion The survey results of the target neighborhoods indicated that the quality of life in these neighborhoods was undesirable because it turned out that the problems of these neighborhoods are beyond the realm of economic issues. Numerous social anomalies and crime, the weakness of the neighborhoods' infrastructure facilities, and physical deterioration make local development an unattainable category in these neighborhoods. Also, based on the results of the qualitative pathology model, local development challenges based on the sustainable urban economy approach were classified into 36 concepts, 37 sub-categories, and five main categories. In fact, the critical challenges of local development based on a sustainable urban economy include five main axes, which are: 1- Weak performance of urban management, 2- Weak participation, 3- Low trust in urban management institutions, 4- Low security, and 5 - Low sense of belonging to the neighborhood. As the main variables of the quantitative model, these five axes entered the structural equation model and were tested. The quantitative model results also showed that there are serious problems and obstacles in the field of relations between actors. The category of mutual trust between institutional actors and residents of target neighborhoods is an important issue. In this way, trust affects other dimensions of activism and, as a vital mediating variable, reduces or increases the participation and synergy of actions between different actors. Conclusion Based on the present study results, it can be said that Western models of sustainable urban economy approach cannot leak down the effects of development in a city like Tehran. Even if urban regeneration or any other ideal project is implemented with a western model in a city like Tehran, it will not be effective and in line with local development goals. And the output of this type of development is undoubtedly external development that firstly requires the injection of significant capital from outside. Secondly, the type of intervention in such models is very ambitious and lacks residents' social support as the main stakeholders of development. Therefore, based on the indigenous models of the creative economy and sustainable urban economy, local development with a sustainable urban economy approach can be sought in other areas within social units, including neighborhoods. These areas include minimal policies, micro-measures, and gradual but sustainable actions by institutions such as municipalities, whose area of responsibility is more closely linked to the quality of life in urban areas. Therefore, by accepting the assumption that the application of a sustainable urban economy approach is an undeniable necessity for the realization of local development in dysfunctional neighborhoods of Tehran, the requirements of this type of development can be pursued in the following three areas: Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the institutional level (government and its affiliated institutions); Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the local level (members of the local community and residents of urban neighborhoods); Localization of approaches to regeneration of sustainable urban economy in accordance with the conditions of neighborhoods in Tehran. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T Local development is one of the new patterns of development that emphasizes the empowerment of the local community after the 1980s to organize their own affairs. In this regard, the model of regeneration with a sustainable economy approach can be a good alternative for the redevelopment of inefficient neighborhoods. However, the application of this approach in Tehran has not been implemented so far and there are many challenges in this field that have been addressed in the present study. The research method of this study is mixed. Research data were collected using interviews with experts and surveys of target neighborhoods. The study population consisted of 31 experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran and 473 residents of the target neighborhoods. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part by "qualitative content analysis" method and in the quantitative part by "structural equation modeling" method. Based on the results of the qualitative pathology model, local development challenges based on the sustainable urban economy approach can be classified into 36 concepts, 35 sub-categories and 4 main categories. The results of the quantitative model also showed that the variable "trust in urban management institutions" is an important mediating variable that strengthens the participation of residents to accompany urban management institutions in organizing neighborhoods. In the end, it was concluded that Local development requirements can be pursued with the approach of sustainable urban economy in the following three areas: 1- Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the institutional level (government and its affiliated institutions); 2- Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the local level (members of the local community and residents of urban neighborhoods); 3- Localization of approaches to recreation of sustainable urban economy in accordance with the conditions of neighborhoods in Tehran Extended Abstract Introduction Local development is one of the new patterns of development that emphasizes the empowerment of the local community after the 1980s to organize their affairs. In this regard, the regeneration model with a sustainable economic approach can be a good alternative for the redevelopment of inefficient neighborhoods. However, applying this approach to the development of dysfunctional urban neighborhoods has faced many challenges. In general, the results of existing studies show that most of the development interventions that have been carried out without considering the economic factors and economic empowerment of the residents of the target neighborhoods have been criticized and failed due to the non-participation of residents in the planning process. In fact, the poor financial capacity of the residents of these neighborhoods, on the one hand, reduces their financial participation in redevelopment projects and, on the other hand, deprives them of the possibility of living in those neighborhoods. Whereas, if the residents could somehow increase their economic power, they could play a more significant role in local development while living in their neighborhood. Considering this pathological perspective, in the present study, by conducting a case study of five neighborhoods of Tehran in the central and southern parts of the city, we seek to answer the following question: -What are the challenges facing the realization of local development based on the regeneration of a sustainable urban economy, and how can these challenges be explained? Methodology This study is in the category of explanatory research that has been done by the mixed method. Research data were collected from two main sources: 1- Interviews with experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran 2- Surveys of target neighborhoods. Accordingly, the study population consisted of 31 experts familiar with the subject of research in Tehran and 473 residents of the target neighborhoods selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. A sampling of experts was also done by the targeted snowball method. Interviews with experts were conducted using semi-structured questions based on a conversational approach The survey of the target neighborhoods was performed using a 5-point Likert questionnaire with 23 variables and 69 questions. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part using the method of "qualitative content analysis" based on open and axial coding techniques and in the quantitative part using the method of "structural equation modeling." Results and discussion The survey results of the target neighborhoods indicated that the quality of life in these neighborhoods was undesirable because it turned out that the problems of these neighborhoods are beyond the realm of economic issues. Numerous social anomalies and crime, the weakness of the neighborhoods' infrastructure facilities, and physical deterioration make local development an unattainable category in these neighborhoods. Also, based on the results of the qualitative pathology model, local development challenges based on the sustainable urban economy approach were classified into 36 concepts, 37 sub-categories, and five main categories. In fact, the critical challenges of local development based on a sustainable urban economy include five main axes, which are: 1- Weak performance of urban management, 2- Weak participation, 3- Low trust in urban management institutions, 4- Low security, and 5 - Low sense of belonging to the neighborhood. As the main variables of the quantitative model, these five axes entered the structural equation model and were tested. The quantitative model results also showed that there are serious problems and obstacles in the field of relations between actors. The category of mutual trust between institutional actors and residents of target neighborhoods is an important issue. In this way, trust affects other dimensions of activism and, as a vital mediating variable, reduces or increases the participation and synergy of actions between different actors. Conclusion Based on the present study results, it can be said that Western models of sustainable urban economy approach cannot leak down the effects of development in a city like Tehran. Even if urban regeneration or any other ideal project is implemented with a western model in a city like Tehran, it will not be effective and in line with local development goals. And the output of this type of development is undoubtedly external development that firstly requires the injection of significant capital from outside. Secondly, the type of intervention in such models is very ambitious and lacks residents' social support as the main stakeholders of development. Therefore, based on the indigenous models of the creative economy and sustainable urban economy, local development with a sustainable urban economy approach can be sought in other areas within social units, including neighborhoods. These areas include minimal policies, micro-measures, and gradual but sustainable actions by institutions such as municipalities, whose area of responsibility is more closely linked to the quality of life in urban areas. Therefore, by accepting the assumption that the application of a sustainable urban economy approach is an undeniable necessity for the realization of local development in dysfunctional neighborhoods of Tehran, the requirements of this type of development can be pursued in the following three areas: Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the institutional level (government and its affiliated institutions); Strengthening the role and performance of development actors at the local level (members of the local community and residents of urban neighborhoods); Localization of approaches to regeneration of sustainable urban economy in accordance with the conditions of neighborhoods in Tehran. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://www.jscity.ir/article_166825_61447146636957f924f65773f6cda6dd.pdf