Iranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230421Evaluating Urban SDI of Ahvaz using Readiness Index ModelEvaluating Urban SDI of Ahvaz using Readiness Index Model11817659610.22034/jsc.2022.297692.1519FASedighehLotfiDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, IranAَliShojaianDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, IranJournal Article20221226 A B S T R A C T
Collecting, managing and analyzing the required data is a basic precondition in the field of macro and integrated urban management. Today, this operation is feasible in the form of SDI, the evaluation and identification of its implementation platforms is one of its key issues. The purpose of this study is to identify the limiting factors for the creation and establishment of urban spatial information infrastructure in Ahvaz, based on the basic fuzzy model of the readiness index. The research data was collected in a survey and then analyzed in a spatial information infrastructure readiness model. Therefore, Ahwaz urban spatial information infrastructure has been evaluated in five organizational factors, human resources, information, technology and finance, and in the form of 16 decision criteria. In the first step of the research, the required data were extracted from questionnaires completed by experts and specialists familiar with SDI and GIS, from government centers and the private sector in Ahvaz. In the next step and after data collection, the values of general indicators and five factors were calculated based on the model used in the research. The general findings of the study showed that the readiness index of Ahwaz urban spatial information infrastructure is equal to 0.47. Evaluation of the studied factors of the model showed that the organizational factor is the most important limiting factor in the development of SDI infrastructure in Ahvaz and among the criteria, the highest and lowest scores have access to location-based software and individual leadership, respectively. In total, according to the results of this study, 44% of the 16 decision-making criteria (including 7 criteria) were below the average (50%), which acted as the main limiting factor in the development of Ahwaz urban location information infrastructure. Also, based on the results of this study, it seems that in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz, non-technical factors can be more effective as a limiting factor than technical issues.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Today, cities have a variety of aspects, each of which carries a large amount of data and information. The aggregation, organization, and management of this vast amount of data, most of which is geometrically and geographically structured, will not be possible with the past traditional methods. Therefore, to increase efficiency and optimization in this category, the need to use spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is obvious. In fact, SDI is seen as a stable mechanism for connecting users 'and data producers' spatial information. In this regard, today, the concept of spatial data infrastructure is considered an effective and useful tool for sharing data related to different sources and decisions in urban management. Access to many of the goals and requirements of different organizations depends on access to up-to-date and integrated spatial data. This is especially important at the macro level. Thus, SDI is considered as a platform for empowerment in communities in the field of location-based information. The nature of the data required in urban management is such that it must be collected and integrated through various data sources and used in the relevant analyzes. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the existing infrastructure of Ahvaz in terms of readiness for acceptance and implementation of urban SDI based on the index evaluation model of readiness index. The results of this evaluation by identifying and reflecting the limiting factors of urban location-based data infrastructure development can provide the necessary information for decision-makers and managers of Ahvaz SDI, fill the existing information gap related to the development of Ahvaz urban location-based data infrastructure, and finally, improve the knowledge of the SDI community and determine the national status of the urban SDI of Ahvaz.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The methodology of the research is based on descriptive-analytical approaches. The data and information have been collected by surveying the city's experts. A questionnaire
containing 16 questions was prepared through a survey to measure the 16 decision criteria of the readiness index and then based on a range of seven options. The organizational factor is an indicator calculated based on three criteria of politicians' views on SDI, organizational leadership, and legal protections. Politicians’ views on SDI are applied to gauge their awareness of the importance of SDI development. Because many of the evaluation criteria are qualitative, the SDI readiness index model is based on compensatory fuzzy logic. A small SDI readiness index is obtained by calculating the geometric mean of the five organizational factors, information, human resources, financial resources, and technology. Similarly, the values of the factors are calculated according to the values obtained for the criteria. The values of the criteria were determined based on a survey of qualified experts in the field of SDI in the form of quality measurement scales from very high, high, medium, weak to very poor, and then with the help of a weighting system (between zero and one) are converted into small values. It is best to set these weights based on expert expertise to minimize the impact of personal and tasteful misconduct. In total, the numerical values calculated for the combined index, factors and related criteria are in the range of zero and one (1-0). The number one indicates complete readiness, and the number zero indicates the unpreparedness to accept the urban SDI of Ahvaz.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
In the survey data collection stage, the first attempt was made to use as many experts as possible in the field of spatial information infrastructure. Due to the lack of experts in the field of spatial information infrastructure, the survey was conducted with the participation of 14 experts, who mainly worked in GIS or IT units. At the end of the survey, the data and information recorded in each questionnaire were entered into Excel software and then the qualitative values of the options were converted into small values. In the next step, using these values, first for each questionnaire, the score of each of the five factors and the overall index of the model were calculated and then by geometric averaging, the final scores of the factors and the overall index of the model were determined.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results showed that the SDI readiness index of Ahvaz is equal to 0.47. This value is lower than the average (0.50), which indicates the weakness of the existing infrastructure in Ahvaz to accept and launch an SDI, so improving the status of limiting factors to facilitate and accelerate the creation of SDI seems a necessity. Moreover, organizational factors, human resources, and information were recognized as the most important limiting factors in developing SDI in Ahvaz, respectively. Also, the review of decision-making criteria related to the five factors studied showed that the criteria of individual leadership, politicians' views, organizational leadership, legal protections, private sector investment and access to metadata, with scores lower than the average, are not satisfactory and can be one of the key limiters. On the other hand, the study of limiting factors and criteria showed that most of the limiting factors and criteria are non-technical in nature and the role of technical issues in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz seems less than non-technical issues. Of course, this conclusion does not mean less technical issues in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz because among the limiting criteria, access to metadata, as an example of technical issues, scored about 0.39 and upgraded its current status to the conditions. It is essential to support the Ahvaz urban location-based information infrastructure. Despite these barriers, the favorable situation of access to location-based software, web access, government investment, human capital and progress in the field of geographic map and data has been the most critical strengths identified in the research.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. A B S T R A C T
Collecting, managing and analyzing the required data is a basic precondition in the field of macro and integrated urban management. Today, this operation is feasible in the form of SDI, the evaluation and identification of its implementation platforms is one of its key issues. The purpose of this study is to identify the limiting factors for the creation and establishment of urban spatial information infrastructure in Ahvaz, based on the basic fuzzy model of the readiness index. The research data was collected in a survey and then analyzed in a spatial information infrastructure readiness model. Therefore, Ahwaz urban spatial information infrastructure has been evaluated in five organizational factors, human resources, information, technology and finance, and in the form of 16 decision criteria. In the first step of the research, the required data were extracted from questionnaires completed by experts and specialists familiar with SDI and GIS, from government centers and the private sector in Ahvaz. In the next step and after data collection, the values of general indicators and five factors were calculated based on the model used in the research. The general findings of the study showed that the readiness index of Ahwaz urban spatial information infrastructure is equal to 0.47. Evaluation of the studied factors of the model showed that the organizational factor is the most important limiting factor in the development of SDI infrastructure in Ahvaz and among the criteria, the highest and lowest scores have access to location-based software and individual leadership, respectively. In total, according to the results of this study, 44% of the 16 decision-making criteria (including 7 criteria) were below the average (50%), which acted as the main limiting factor in the development of Ahwaz urban location information infrastructure. Also, based on the results of this study, it seems that in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz, non-technical factors can be more effective as a limiting factor than technical issues.
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Today, cities have a variety of aspects, each of which carries a large amount of data and information. The aggregation, organization, and management of this vast amount of data, most of which is geometrically and geographically structured, will not be possible with the past traditional methods. Therefore, to increase efficiency and optimization in this category, the need to use spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is obvious. In fact, SDI is seen as a stable mechanism for connecting users 'and data producers' spatial information. In this regard, today, the concept of spatial data infrastructure is considered an effective and useful tool for sharing data related to different sources and decisions in urban management. Access to many of the goals and requirements of different organizations depends on access to up-to-date and integrated spatial data. This is especially important at the macro level. Thus, SDI is considered as a platform for empowerment in communities in the field of location-based information. The nature of the data required in urban management is such that it must be collected and integrated through various data sources and used in the relevant analyzes. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the existing infrastructure of Ahvaz in terms of readiness for acceptance and implementation of urban SDI based on the index evaluation model of readiness index. The results of this evaluation by identifying and reflecting the limiting factors of urban location-based data infrastructure development can provide the necessary information for decision-makers and managers of Ahvaz SDI, fill the existing information gap related to the development of Ahvaz urban location-based data infrastructure, and finally, improve the knowledge of the SDI community and determine the national status of the urban SDI of Ahvaz.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The methodology of the research is based on descriptive-analytical approaches. The data and information have been collected by surveying the city's experts. A questionnaire
containing 16 questions was prepared through a survey to measure the 16 decision criteria of the readiness index and then based on a range of seven options. The organizational factor is an indicator calculated based on three criteria of politicians' views on SDI, organizational leadership, and legal protections. Politicians’ views on SDI are applied to gauge their awareness of the importance of SDI development. Because many of the evaluation criteria are qualitative, the SDI readiness index model is based on compensatory fuzzy logic. A small SDI readiness index is obtained by calculating the geometric mean of the five organizational factors, information, human resources, financial resources, and technology. Similarly, the values of the factors are calculated according to the values obtained for the criteria. The values of the criteria were determined based on a survey of qualified experts in the field of SDI in the form of quality measurement scales from very high, high, medium, weak to very poor, and then with the help of a weighting system (between zero and one) are converted into small values. It is best to set these weights based on expert expertise to minimize the impact of personal and tasteful misconduct. In total, the numerical values calculated for the combined index, factors and related criteria are in the range of zero and one (1-0). The number one indicates complete readiness, and the number zero indicates the unpreparedness to accept the urban SDI of Ahvaz.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
In the survey data collection stage, the first attempt was made to use as many experts as possible in the field of spatial information infrastructure. Due to the lack of experts in the field of spatial information infrastructure, the survey was conducted with the participation of 14 experts, who mainly worked in GIS or IT units. At the end of the survey, the data and information recorded in each questionnaire were entered into Excel software and then the qualitative values of the options were converted into small values. In the next step, using these values, first for each questionnaire, the score of each of the five factors and the overall index of the model were calculated and then by geometric averaging, the final scores of the factors and the overall index of the model were determined.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results showed that the SDI readiness index of Ahvaz is equal to 0.47. This value is lower than the average (0.50), which indicates the weakness of the existing infrastructure in Ahvaz to accept and launch an SDI, so improving the status of limiting factors to facilitate and accelerate the creation of SDI seems a necessity. Moreover, organizational factors, human resources, and information were recognized as the most important limiting factors in developing SDI in Ahvaz, respectively. Also, the review of decision-making criteria related to the five factors studied showed that the criteria of individual leadership, politicians' views, organizational leadership, legal protections, private sector investment and access to metadata, with scores lower than the average, are not satisfactory and can be one of the key limiters. On the other hand, the study of limiting factors and criteria showed that most of the limiting factors and criteria are non-technical in nature and the role of technical issues in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz seems less than non-technical issues. Of course, this conclusion does not mean less technical issues in the development of urban SDI in Ahvaz because among the limiting criteria, access to metadata, as an example of technical issues, scored about 0.39 and upgraded its current status to the conditions. It is essential to support the Ahvaz urban location-based information infrastructure. Despite these barriers, the favorable situation of access to location-based software, web access, government investment, human capital and progress in the field of geographic map and data has been the most critical strengths identified in the research.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_176596_990e114b44f4e41cb1acc5636ab710a8.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230520Assessing the Relationship between the Effective Cultural Indices on the Sustainable Urban Landscape of Urmia CityAssessing the Relationship between the Effective Cultural Indices on the Sustainable Urban Landscape of Urmia City193717659710.22034/jsc.2021.283676.1460FANarminRaziDepartment of Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranAkbarAbdollahzadeh TarfDepartment of Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranArashSaghafi AslDepartment of Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranDariushSattarzadehDepartment of Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20221226 A B S T R A C T
The urban landscape is the surface of contact between a man and the phenomenon of the city, and therefore a significant part of the knowledge and environmental emotions of the citizens is formed under its influence. One of the things that has a significant impact on the sustainability of the urban landscape is culture. In addition to the components of the public arena and the cultural body, urban culture emphasizes the component of performance (social and cultural interactions and the relationship between the individual and the space) and the component of meaning (the prevailing atmosphere in the sense of the dominant values and concepts hidden in the cultural space of the city). Therefore, this research aims to measure the relationship and influence of cultural indicators on the urban landscape of Urmia. The current research is of applied type and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population cited in this research includes experts who were selected with the guidance of professors and the scope of the research topic and includes more than 35 people, all of them available in the field of research. The statistical population of citizens based on the population and housing census of 1395 of Urmia city, which is equivalent to 750,805 people, which is calculated by Cochran's method, is 384 people, which is distributed according to the population of all 5 regions. Then the resulting data were analyzed through SPSS software. The results showed that cultural indicators have different effects on Urmia's urban landscape. Using the multivariate regression method and according to the weighted average of each of the cultural hands; In general, it can be said that regions 4, 1, 5, 2 and 3 have the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia with the numerical values of "2.86 - 2.73 - 2.47 - 2.32 and 2.29". Have had. In general, it can be acknowledged that cultural, historical, economic and religious indicators have had the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia
<strong>Extended abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The city of Urmia, despite having a historical background, the location of the city garden, rich natural context, and diversity of ethnicities and religions, due to the lack of appropriate rules and patterns, creating irregular buildings and adequate supervision, incompatibility of buildings with the geography and customs of society; it has departed from its originality and non-native architectures such as Roman architecture have been formed it. Sometimes, a view unrelated to the culture and climate of this region is accepted by the citizens, which leads to confusion in the urban landscape; these materials are several causes of visual disturbance and confusion of the urban landscape in the city of Urmia. Therefore, it is essential to measure the relationship between cultural indices and components of the urban landscape of Urmia. The purpose of this study is to investigate and assess the relationship between the effective cultural indices on the urban landscape of Urmia. Therefore, this study seeks to answer the following question:
-What is the position of the five regions of Urmia city based on the components of the urban landscape and the extent to which cultural indices are realized?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The study is a type of applied researches and the approach to the research is descriptive-analytical. The research method has been done based on library studies and collection of relevant thematic sources concerning books, scientific research articles, dissertations, and citations of world-renowned scientific sites in two dimensions including "cultural components and indicators" and "urban landscape components and carriers" as theoretical foundations and extraction of theoretical framework. Also, in this research, library studies, documents and urban upstream plans, urban documented maps and satellite images, zoning of Urmia city area, comparative survey of zones have been used to analyze the correlation of variables
in each of urban landscape zones. In addition, "inferential tests" using SPSS software were exerted to analyze the data. The statistical population based on the population and housing census of 2016 in the city of Urmia, is equal to 750805 people, which has been calculated by Cochran's method 384 people and has been distributed according to the population of each region (5 regions).
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The results showed that in the field of urban culture, the component of the "historical body" in region 4 has affected the urban landscape more than other ones due to the vastness of the historical texture and the number of historical buildings. Regions 2, 5, 1, and 3 are in the next categories. Also, in terms of the "traditions and historical background" component, region 4 is in the first rank and regions 2, 5, 1, and 3 are in the next ranks. In general, it has been very influential in the historical culture of Region 4. In terms of literary and artistic culture, the component of "literary-artistic places" in region 4 due to the number and size of cultural centers and also the number of libraries has a higher impact on the urban landscape of Urmia than other ones. In this regard, regions 3, 2, 1, and 5 are in the next categories. Regions 4 and 5 are more influential than other ones in terms of the "people and literature-art" component. In terms of economic culture, the component of "production capital" in regions 4 and 5 due to the abundance of the net and gross production and domestic investment than other ones have a higher impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. In the "economic interactions" component, regions 1 and 2 have more impact on the city landscape due to foreign investment and the amount of foreign exchange, and finally, in the "civil" component, regions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 4 have been more successful, respectively. In terms of political culture and diplomacy, in the "national" component of regions 4 and 1, due to security and transparency in implementation and monitoring, they have been more successful and have shown their impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. Also, in the "international" component, region 2 has performed better and more successfully due to wider overseas transactions and bilateral urban diplomacy between cities and some surrounding (neighbouring) countries, and its impact on the urban landscape of Urmia is more evident than other regions. In the dimension of religious culture and the subset of "buildings and places", regions 4 and 1, respectively, due to the number, size, and quality of religious buildings and the place of religious ceremonies have shown their impact on the urban landscape of Urmia.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The purpose of this study is to investigate and assess the relationship between the effective cultural indices on the urban landscape of Urmia. In this regard, the present study has tried to examine all these dimensions and indicators simultaneously. The results of this study showed that each cultural indicator has a different impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. This shows a different quality in each area of Urmia. Therefore, according to the analysis and the average weight of each cultural indicator; it can be said that regions 4, 1, 5, 2, and 3, respectively, with a numerical value of "2.86, 2.73, 2.47, 2.32, and 2.29 had the greatest impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. Also from the point of view of urban experts and according to the evaluation and average weight of each component; cultural indices related to regions 4, 5, 1, 3, and 2 with a numerical value of 0.862, 0.813, 0.722, 0.603, and 0.535”, respectively, had the greatest impact on the urban landscape of Urmia.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
A B S T R A C T
The urban landscape is the surface of contact between a man and the phenomenon of the city, and therefore a significant part of the knowledge and environmental emotions of the citizens is formed under its influence. One of the things that has a significant impact on the sustainability of the urban landscape is culture. In addition to the components of the public arena and the cultural body, urban culture emphasizes the component of performance (social and cultural interactions and the relationship between the individual and the space) and the component of meaning (the prevailing atmosphere in the sense of the dominant values and concepts hidden in the cultural space of the city). Therefore, this research aims to measure the relationship and influence of cultural indicators on the urban landscape of Urmia. The current research is of applied type and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population cited in this research includes experts who were selected with the guidance of professors and the scope of the research topic and includes more than 35 people, all of them available in the field of research. The statistical population of citizens based on the population and housing census of 1395 of Urmia city, which is equivalent to 750,805 people, which is calculated by Cochran's method, is 384 people, which is distributed according to the population of all 5 regions. Then the resulting data were analyzed through SPSS software. The results showed that cultural indicators have different effects on Urmia's urban landscape. Using the multivariate regression method and according to the weighted average of each of the cultural hands; In general, it can be said that regions 4, 1, 5, 2 and 3 have the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia with the numerical values of "2.86 - 2.73 - 2.47 - 2.32 and 2.29". Have had. In general, it can be acknowledged that cultural, historical, economic and religious indicators have had the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia
<strong>Extended abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The city of Urmia, despite having a historical background, the location of the city garden, rich natural context, and diversity of ethnicities and religions, due to the lack of appropriate rules and patterns, creating irregular buildings and adequate supervision, incompatibility of buildings with the geography and customs of society; it has departed from its originality and non-native architectures such as Roman architecture have been formed it. Sometimes, a view unrelated to the culture and climate of this region is accepted by the citizens, which leads to confusion in the urban landscape; these materials are several causes of visual disturbance and confusion of the urban landscape in the city of Urmia. Therefore, it is essential to measure the relationship between cultural indices and components of the urban landscape of Urmia. The purpose of this study is to investigate and assess the relationship between the effective cultural indices on the urban landscape of Urmia. Therefore, this study seeks to answer the following question:
-What is the position of the five regions of Urmia city based on the components of the urban landscape and the extent to which cultural indices are realized?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The study is a type of applied researches and the approach to the research is descriptive-analytical. The research method has been done based on library studies and collection of relevant thematic sources concerning books, scientific research articles, dissertations, and citations of world-renowned scientific sites in two dimensions including "cultural components and indicators" and "urban landscape components and carriers" as theoretical foundations and extraction of theoretical framework. Also, in this research, library studies, documents and urban upstream plans, urban documented maps and satellite images, zoning of Urmia city area, comparative survey of zones have been used to analyze the correlation of variables
in each of urban landscape zones. In addition, "inferential tests" using SPSS software were exerted to analyze the data. The statistical population based on the population and housing census of 2016 in the city of Urmia, is equal to 750805 people, which has been calculated by Cochran's method 384 people and has been distributed according to the population of each region (5 regions).
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The results showed that in the field of urban culture, the component of the "historical body" in region 4 has affected the urban landscape more than other ones due to the vastness of the historical texture and the number of historical buildings. Regions 2, 5, 1, and 3 are in the next categories. Also, in terms of the "traditions and historical background" component, region 4 is in the first rank and regions 2, 5, 1, and 3 are in the next ranks. In general, it has been very influential in the historical culture of Region 4. In terms of literary and artistic culture, the component of "literary-artistic places" in region 4 due to the number and size of cultural centers and also the number of libraries has a higher impact on the urban landscape of Urmia than other ones. In this regard, regions 3, 2, 1, and 5 are in the next categories. Regions 4 and 5 are more influential than other ones in terms of the "people and literature-art" component. In terms of economic culture, the component of "production capital" in regions 4 and 5 due to the abundance of the net and gross production and domestic investment than other ones have a higher impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. In the "economic interactions" component, regions 1 and 2 have more impact on the city landscape due to foreign investment and the amount of foreign exchange, and finally, in the "civil" component, regions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 4 have been more successful, respectively. In terms of political culture and diplomacy, in the "national" component of regions 4 and 1, due to security and transparency in implementation and monitoring, they have been more successful and have shown their impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. Also, in the "international" component, region 2 has performed better and more successfully due to wider overseas transactions and bilateral urban diplomacy between cities and some surrounding (neighbouring) countries, and its impact on the urban landscape of Urmia is more evident than other regions. In the dimension of religious culture and the subset of "buildings and places", regions 4 and 1, respectively, due to the number, size, and quality of religious buildings and the place of religious ceremonies have shown their impact on the urban landscape of Urmia.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The purpose of this study is to investigate and assess the relationship between the effective cultural indices on the urban landscape of Urmia. In this regard, the present study has tried to examine all these dimensions and indicators simultaneously. The results of this study showed that each cultural indicator has a different impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. This shows a different quality in each area of Urmia. Therefore, according to the analysis and the average weight of each cultural indicator; it can be said that regions 4, 1, 5, 2, and 3, respectively, with a numerical value of "2.86, 2.73, 2.47, 2.32, and 2.29 had the greatest impact on the urban landscape of Urmia. Also from the point of view of urban experts and according to the evaluation and average weight of each component; cultural indices related to regions 4, 5, 1, 3, and 2 with a numerical value of 0.862, 0.813, 0.722, 0.603, and 0.535”, respectively, had the greatest impact on the urban landscape of Urmia.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
https://www.jscity.ir/article_176597_3e30af83de061b13fe1d87471b979d0b.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230428Assessing Citizens' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Health Socialization During the Covid-19 Pandemic The Case Study of Citizens of Tehran and KarajAssessing Citizens' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Health Socialization During the Covid-19 Pandemic The Case Study of Citizens of Tehran and Karaj395417837410.22034/jsc.2022.282272.1451FAFaezehBehnamifardSchool of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, IranMostafaBehzadfarSchool of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2882-694XMehranAlalhesabiSchool of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-0908-0516Journal Article20221227<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Health socialization and the practical adherence of citizens to the norms and values of the collective health system is one of the most important types of socialization, which is more important and necessary to pay attention to, especially in times of collective challenges and crises, such as the recent conditions that have emerged in the world due to the spread of the Coronavirus. Finds. For this reason, the current research, with a practical goal, positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach, seeks to measure the health behaviour and socialization of citizens during the Corona epidemic and identify the factors affecting it. In this regard, the literature and the theoretical framework of the research have been compiled using library studies and based on the integration of the KAP model with the theories of Keyes, Bourdieu and Schwarzer. Data collection has also been done through a survey method (using a questionnaire). While confirming the validity and reliability of the tool, the sample size was determined cross-sectionally and online with the help of Cochran's formula and the sampling process in the statistical population (residents of Tehran and Karaj cities). Finally, the sufficiency of the number of high-quality samples (667 samples) was confirmed using KMO statistics and the data analysis was done in a statistical manner (including descriptive and inferential analyses with the help of chi-square and Spearman coefficients and multivariable linear regression model in the SPSSv26 software environment) and the inference mechanism was realized. Is. Descriptive findings show a higher than average level of adherence of citizens (average 3.86) to complying with health and care recommendations considered in public spaces, and according to inferential findings, the level of health socialization of citizens directly depends on the state of awareness (the level of risk perception and its consequences) and Their attitude (perceived self-efficacy level and level of acceptance, cohesion, solidarity and social participation) is affected
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Health socialization and practical adherence of citizens to the norms and values of the collective health system is one of the essential types of socialization, especially in times of collective challenges and crises - such as the current situation in the world caused by the Covid-19 outbreak of Dealing with this global crisis is not enough only in the form of preventive policies by governments and related international organizations and requires sociability and a sense of responsibility of all members of society in the field of health-oriented behaviors. In fact, the degree of adaptation of citizens' lifestyles and individual and collective behaviors in urban spaces to the pandemic conditions and its challenges and limitations, in other words, the sociability of citizens from the perspective of public health, is the most important factor for countries' success in overcoming.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
As applied quantitative research, this study evaluates citizens' behavior, health, and social socialization during the corona epidemic and identifies its factors based on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Model. In this regard, first, theoretical literature based on library and documentary studies has been compiled. Then, the theoretical framework of research based on the KAP model and inspired by the theories of Schwarzer (The health action approach), Keys (Theory of Social Well-being), and Bourdieu (Theory of Practice) has been developed. Data were collected by survey method (using a researcher-made questionnaire containing 48 items). Then, the validity of the data collection tool was confirmed logically (formal and content) and using the opinions of 4 professors and experts. The questionnaires' reliability (internal coherence) was performed by conducting a pilot phase (including a sample of 29 people) and approved by Cronbach's alpha. The sample size is determined using Cochran's formula (384 samples for each city), and the sampling process in the statistical population (residents of Tehran and Karaj) are cross-sectional, online, and in the form of a snowball (based on the distribution and sharing of links and descriptions. The questionnaire was conducted in virtual social networks. Finally, while removing inappropriate samples, the adequacy of the number of sound samples (667 ones) has been confirmed using KMO statistics and the Bartlett test. Then, the data were analyzed statistically (including descriptive and inferential analyzes using Chi-square, Spearman coefficients, and multivariate linear regression model in SPSSv26 software environment), and the inferential mechanism was performed.
<strong>Result and discussion</strong>
According to descriptive findings, 72.3% of the participants were women, 42.6% were young people aged 25 to 34, 51% were married, 58% were residents of Karaj, 45.3% were people with a bachelor's degree, 54.4% were relatively religious people, 33.4% were people working in the private sector, 70.4% were people with an income of 6 million Tomans or less, 42.7% were physically healthy people, and 58.3% mentally healthy people. The average level of citizens' health socialization and commitment to the observance of Covid recommendations in public spaces is also above the average (3.86). On the other hand, descriptive findings show the relationship between most individual characteristics and citizens' state of consciousness and attitude during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, the most effective individual variables can be considered age, income level, religious affiliation, and gender. And the most significant indicators in the field of attitude and knowledge of citizens can be considered as their level of participation and social prosperity, as well as the level of risk perception and the level of their media literacy. In addition, a significant relationship has been found between the indicators of knowledge and attitude of citizens. This means that by raising citizens' health literacy level, their perceived self-efficacy, prosperity, participation, and social cohesion can increase. The more citizens become aware of this disease and the stronger their perception of danger and its consequences, the greater their sense of participation, solidarity, and social cohesion. Still, it negatively affects their perceived level of efficiency during this period. On the other hand, according to the findings based on the multivariate linear regression model, the state of knowledge (risk perception and its consequences) and attitude (perceived level of self-efficacy and acceptance, cohesion, solidarity, and social participation) directly affects the degree of health socialization of citizens.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
According to the research findings that there is a direct relationship between the indicators of knowledge and attitude of citizens with their health performance and socialization during the COVID-19 pandemic; it can be concluded that on the one hand, increasing the level of knowledge of citizens about the signs, symptoms, as well as the risks of COVID-19 can be significantly effective in improving their performance and behavior in the field of adherence to health norms in this period. On the other hand, strengthening the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness and promoting a sense of belonging and responsibility towards the city/country and their fellow citizens/compatriots can effectively increase their level of sociability, especially health. The remarkable point is that all these things will be possible due to the quantitative, qualitative, and continuous increase of mass and media education by reputable and national institutions.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Health socialization and the practical adherence of citizens to the norms and values of the collective health system is one of the most important types of socialization, which is more important and necessary to pay attention to, especially in times of collective challenges and crises, such as the recent conditions that have emerged in the world due to the spread of the Coronavirus. Finds. For this reason, the current research, with a practical goal, positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach, seeks to measure the health behaviour and socialization of citizens during the Corona epidemic and identify the factors affecting it. In this regard, the literature and the theoretical framework of the research have been compiled using library studies and based on the integration of the KAP model with the theories of Keyes, Bourdieu and Schwarzer. Data collection has also been done through a survey method (using a questionnaire). While confirming the validity and reliability of the tool, the sample size was determined cross-sectionally and online with the help of Cochran's formula and the sampling process in the statistical population (residents of Tehran and Karaj cities). Finally, the sufficiency of the number of high-quality samples (667 samples) was confirmed using KMO statistics and the data analysis was done in a statistical manner (including descriptive and inferential analyses with the help of chi-square and Spearman coefficients and multivariable linear regression model in the SPSSv26 software environment) and the inference mechanism was realized. Is. Descriptive findings show a higher than average level of adherence of citizens (average 3.86) to complying with health and care recommendations considered in public spaces, and according to inferential findings, the level of health socialization of citizens directly depends on the state of awareness (the level of risk perception and its consequences) and Their attitude (perceived self-efficacy level and level of acceptance, cohesion, solidarity and social participation) is affected
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Health socialization and practical adherence of citizens to the norms and values of the collective health system is one of the essential types of socialization, especially in times of collective challenges and crises - such as the current situation in the world caused by the Covid-19 outbreak of Dealing with this global crisis is not enough only in the form of preventive policies by governments and related international organizations and requires sociability and a sense of responsibility of all members of society in the field of health-oriented behaviors. In fact, the degree of adaptation of citizens' lifestyles and individual and collective behaviors in urban spaces to the pandemic conditions and its challenges and limitations, in other words, the sociability of citizens from the perspective of public health, is the most important factor for countries' success in overcoming.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
As applied quantitative research, this study evaluates citizens' behavior, health, and social socialization during the corona epidemic and identifies its factors based on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Model. In this regard, first, theoretical literature based on library and documentary studies has been compiled. Then, the theoretical framework of research based on the KAP model and inspired by the theories of Schwarzer (The health action approach), Keys (Theory of Social Well-being), and Bourdieu (Theory of Practice) has been developed. Data were collected by survey method (using a researcher-made questionnaire containing 48 items). Then, the validity of the data collection tool was confirmed logically (formal and content) and using the opinions of 4 professors and experts. The questionnaires' reliability (internal coherence) was performed by conducting a pilot phase (including a sample of 29 people) and approved by Cronbach's alpha. The sample size is determined using Cochran's formula (384 samples for each city), and the sampling process in the statistical population (residents of Tehran and Karaj) are cross-sectional, online, and in the form of a snowball (based on the distribution and sharing of links and descriptions. The questionnaire was conducted in virtual social networks. Finally, while removing inappropriate samples, the adequacy of the number of sound samples (667 ones) has been confirmed using KMO statistics and the Bartlett test. Then, the data were analyzed statistically (including descriptive and inferential analyzes using Chi-square, Spearman coefficients, and multivariate linear regression model in SPSSv26 software environment), and the inferential mechanism was performed.
<strong>Result and discussion</strong>
According to descriptive findings, 72.3% of the participants were women, 42.6% were young people aged 25 to 34, 51% were married, 58% were residents of Karaj, 45.3% were people with a bachelor's degree, 54.4% were relatively religious people, 33.4% were people working in the private sector, 70.4% were people with an income of 6 million Tomans or less, 42.7% were physically healthy people, and 58.3% mentally healthy people. The average level of citizens' health socialization and commitment to the observance of Covid recommendations in public spaces is also above the average (3.86). On the other hand, descriptive findings show the relationship between most individual characteristics and citizens' state of consciousness and attitude during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, the most effective individual variables can be considered age, income level, religious affiliation, and gender. And the most significant indicators in the field of attitude and knowledge of citizens can be considered as their level of participation and social prosperity, as well as the level of risk perception and the level of their media literacy. In addition, a significant relationship has been found between the indicators of knowledge and attitude of citizens. This means that by raising citizens' health literacy level, their perceived self-efficacy, prosperity, participation, and social cohesion can increase. The more citizens become aware of this disease and the stronger their perception of danger and its consequences, the greater their sense of participation, solidarity, and social cohesion. Still, it negatively affects their perceived level of efficiency during this period. On the other hand, according to the findings based on the multivariate linear regression model, the state of knowledge (risk perception and its consequences) and attitude (perceived level of self-efficacy and acceptance, cohesion, solidarity, and social participation) directly affects the degree of health socialization of citizens.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
According to the research findings that there is a direct relationship between the indicators of knowledge and attitude of citizens with their health performance and socialization during the COVID-19 pandemic; it can be concluded that on the one hand, increasing the level of knowledge of citizens about the signs, symptoms, as well as the risks of COVID-19 can be significantly effective in improving their performance and behavior in the field of adherence to health norms in this period. On the other hand, strengthening the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness and promoting a sense of belonging and responsibility towards the city/country and their fellow citizens/compatriots can effectively increase their level of sociability, especially health. The remarkable point is that all these things will be possible due to the quantitative, qualitative, and continuous increase of mass and media education by reputable and national institutions.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_178374_8d2e42a2ff8378ee95142379a8ce8919.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230428Explaining the Crystallization of Power in Urban Land Planning the Case Study of Qazvin OrchardsExplaining the Crystallization of Power in Urban Land Planning the Case Study of Qazvin Orchards557017660110.22034/jsc.2021.285378.1468FAHoomanBabapourDepartment of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, IranZohrehDavoudpourDepartment of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran0000-0002-4010-8249MaryamMoinifar,Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.Journal Article20231127<strong>Explaining the Crystallization of Power in Urban Land Planning the Case Study of Qazvin Orchards</strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The territory of Iran and its urban spaces in particular has found its current shape and order in the interactions of political-economic forces. Therefore, any fundamental analysis of this space requires a detailed knowledge of the actors (or in other words, the actors and their political and economic relations) and the interactions between them. Such an approach has been the main goal of the current research in the example of Qazvin city, as an example of the historical and industrial cities of the country. The research method used in terms of the type of qualitative analysis and according to the purpose of the research was fundamental. The grounded theory method is used as the main foundation of the research with an in-depth interview tool in the form of an open questionnaire according to the opinion of experts. It should be noted that the sample size was selected using the cluster technique 30 people were selected and the analytical software of the research was MAXQDA. The findings of the research identified the factors of the destruction of traditional Qazvin gardens as a concrete manifestation of the action of various power actors in the city of Qazvin, and based on this, the expansion of the ring road was identified as the means of this destruction, which was realized in the coordination of interested and competent institutions as well as non-native capitalism in general. Also, the results of the research indicate that the rentier economy, the absence of the tax system, the Islamic inheritance law, quantification as a tool for measuring the performance of management, along the absence of free media, etc. They provide a public good
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The territory of Iran, and in particular its urban spaces, has found its current form in the interactions of political-economic forces. Therefore, any fundamental analysis of this space requires accurate knowledge of the actors and their interactions. The sum of social, economic, governance developments, and political ideologies governing society, each as influential stakeholders, has a prominent role in shaping contemporary Iranian cities. In this regard, the issue of how political, economic, social, and legal documents have affected the physical structure of cities in this land as well as how it has affected the decision-making process of urban development in Qazvin, has been studied in this paper. Also, the structures of power in the physical and spatial development of Qazvin have been explained. In this regard, the main question of this research can be posed as:
-What is the relationship between power factors and urban land policy in Qazvin?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
In the present paper, the research method was qualitative analysis as well as being fundamental according to the purpose of the research. It is noteworthy that the grounded theory method as the main foundation of research was used. Also, the tools of gathering information were an open questionnaire according to the opinion of 30 former mayors, experts and experts has been done in cluster interview. In order to validate the results of the interview, spatial and field survey data were used. Significantly, that the updated MAXQDA software has been used for data analysis.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The findings of the study indicated that the factors affecting the destruction of traditional gardens in Qazvin, which if paid attention to these cases, the garden gardens out of the circle of power and the risk of permanent destruction is prevented, which was as follows:
Incomplete planning program: Land management of Iran as the best type of population distribution and activity in the territory of Iran, in different periods and stages in the contemporary history of the country, had been emphasized and considered, but the end product of unbalanced distribution and density of population and activity. As a result, efforts have been made to reduce density in high-density areas in the form of projects such as the transfer of industries within a radius of 120 km from Tehran, which had practically led to the industrialization of cities located within the mentioned radius.
Custom and law: one of the most important problems that threaten traditional gardens was the fragmentation and separation of large gardens into small parts according to Islamic inheritance law and the division of property between heirs. The structure of law based on Islamic precepts could also be considered as one of the factors intensifying power and limiting the power of planning with the presumption of public good.
Non-native capitalism: The traditional gardens of Qazvin had been created as a favorable opportunity for non-native and indigenous land eaters. This group with high experience in this process can make huge profits by buying these gardens at the rate of gardens and agricultural land, changing their use and selling them. The process of centrist power has again directed profits in favor of the centrists.
Industrial development: Industrial development had been discussed with the establishment of an industrial town in gardens, water, and polluting industries. Based on industrial development, with the establishment of an industrial town in the area of gardens, the higher income generation of the industry compared to horticulture led to the establishment of industrial facilities on the outskirts of these gardens and accelerated their destruction. Stakeholder groups: Inefficient consulting engineers was one of the issues raised in stakeholder groups. They did not have the community to study, but they did not need to respond. Infrastructure factors: Roads in combination with other types of urban facilities were destructive to natural lands. Their creation was a prerequisite and the primary factor of major land use, changing the surrounding environment.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
According to experts, the growth of the city in the northern direction had led to the destruction of the northern gardens of the city, and every day more and more agricultural land and orchards were sacrificed for urban development. Under the will of government institutions and organizations, traditional gardens of the city, influential people had been captured and changed their use. Road construction had been one of the prerequisites for such a process. Promoting organizational transparency in the form of publishing the list of income, expenses, contracts, tenders, employment processes of Qazvin Municipality, increasing oversight-accountability, conducting interviews with journalists of different groups in the form of press conferences to improve the image of the municipality as a collection institution Waste and responsible for street construction and efforts to attract academic elites and academic professionals to achieve sustainable revenue generation strategies were among the strategies proposed in line with the purpose of the article.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>Explaining the Crystallization of Power in Urban Land Planning the Case Study of Qazvin Orchards</strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
The territory of Iran and its urban spaces in particular has found its current shape and order in the interactions of political-economic forces. Therefore, any fundamental analysis of this space requires a detailed knowledge of the actors (or in other words, the actors and their political and economic relations) and the interactions between them. Such an approach has been the main goal of the current research in the example of Qazvin city, as an example of the historical and industrial cities of the country. The research method used in terms of the type of qualitative analysis and according to the purpose of the research was fundamental. The grounded theory method is used as the main foundation of the research with an in-depth interview tool in the form of an open questionnaire according to the opinion of experts. It should be noted that the sample size was selected using the cluster technique 30 people were selected and the analytical software of the research was MAXQDA. The findings of the research identified the factors of the destruction of traditional Qazvin gardens as a concrete manifestation of the action of various power actors in the city of Qazvin, and based on this, the expansion of the ring road was identified as the means of this destruction, which was realized in the coordination of interested and competent institutions as well as non-native capitalism in general. Also, the results of the research indicate that the rentier economy, the absence of the tax system, the Islamic inheritance law, quantification as a tool for measuring the performance of management, along the absence of free media, etc. They provide a public good
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The territory of Iran, and in particular its urban spaces, has found its current form in the interactions of political-economic forces. Therefore, any fundamental analysis of this space requires accurate knowledge of the actors and their interactions. The sum of social, economic, governance developments, and political ideologies governing society, each as influential stakeholders, has a prominent role in shaping contemporary Iranian cities. In this regard, the issue of how political, economic, social, and legal documents have affected the physical structure of cities in this land as well as how it has affected the decision-making process of urban development in Qazvin, has been studied in this paper. Also, the structures of power in the physical and spatial development of Qazvin have been explained. In this regard, the main question of this research can be posed as:
-What is the relationship between power factors and urban land policy in Qazvin?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
In the present paper, the research method was qualitative analysis as well as being fundamental according to the purpose of the research. It is noteworthy that the grounded theory method as the main foundation of research was used. Also, the tools of gathering information were an open questionnaire according to the opinion of 30 former mayors, experts and experts has been done in cluster interview. In order to validate the results of the interview, spatial and field survey data were used. Significantly, that the updated MAXQDA software has been used for data analysis.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The findings of the study indicated that the factors affecting the destruction of traditional gardens in Qazvin, which if paid attention to these cases, the garden gardens out of the circle of power and the risk of permanent destruction is prevented, which was as follows:
Incomplete planning program: Land management of Iran as the best type of population distribution and activity in the territory of Iran, in different periods and stages in the contemporary history of the country, had been emphasized and considered, but the end product of unbalanced distribution and density of population and activity. As a result, efforts have been made to reduce density in high-density areas in the form of projects such as the transfer of industries within a radius of 120 km from Tehran, which had practically led to the industrialization of cities located within the mentioned radius.
Custom and law: one of the most important problems that threaten traditional gardens was the fragmentation and separation of large gardens into small parts according to Islamic inheritance law and the division of property between heirs. The structure of law based on Islamic precepts could also be considered as one of the factors intensifying power and limiting the power of planning with the presumption of public good.
Non-native capitalism: The traditional gardens of Qazvin had been created as a favorable opportunity for non-native and indigenous land eaters. This group with high experience in this process can make huge profits by buying these gardens at the rate of gardens and agricultural land, changing their use and selling them. The process of centrist power has again directed profits in favor of the centrists.
Industrial development: Industrial development had been discussed with the establishment of an industrial town in gardens, water, and polluting industries. Based on industrial development, with the establishment of an industrial town in the area of gardens, the higher income generation of the industry compared to horticulture led to the establishment of industrial facilities on the outskirts of these gardens and accelerated their destruction. Stakeholder groups: Inefficient consulting engineers was one of the issues raised in stakeholder groups. They did not have the community to study, but they did not need to respond. Infrastructure factors: Roads in combination with other types of urban facilities were destructive to natural lands. Their creation was a prerequisite and the primary factor of major land use, changing the surrounding environment.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
According to experts, the growth of the city in the northern direction had led to the destruction of the northern gardens of the city, and every day more and more agricultural land and orchards were sacrificed for urban development. Under the will of government institutions and organizations, traditional gardens of the city, influential people had been captured and changed their use. Road construction had been one of the prerequisites for such a process. Promoting organizational transparency in the form of publishing the list of income, expenses, contracts, tenders, employment processes of Qazvin Municipality, increasing oversight-accountability, conducting interviews with journalists of different groups in the form of press conferences to improve the image of the municipality as a collection institution Waste and responsible for street construction and efforts to attract academic elites and academic professionals to achieve sustainable revenue generation strategies were among the strategies proposed in line with the purpose of the article.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_176601_1b9d07a6c386789059f1be97adf02653.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230428Analysis of the Inequality of Spatial Distribution of Medical Services by the approach of Spatial Justice the case study of Isfahan neighbourhoodsAnalysis of the Inequality of Spatial Distribution of Medical Services by the approach of Spatial Justice the case study of Isfahan neighbourhoods718717660310.22034/jsc.2022.297890.1520FAMohammad HosinSaraeiDepartment of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran0000-0003-3449-3969FarzanehDastaDepartment of Geography, University of Yazd, Yazd, IranJournal Article20221127<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Considering the growth of diseases, the rising course of pollution and anomalies related to urbanization, medical services are among the most important services that managers and urban planners should consider according to the needs and population of cities. Based on this, this research measures the spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services in the neighbourhoods of Isfahan City. The purpose of the research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. A library method was used to collect the necessary data and information. Nearest neighbourhood analysis functions, local Moran's index, global Moran's index and hot spot analysis to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of medical services, fuzzy membership method to check the usefulness of the functional radius of these services and Moran's bivariate index in the Geo Da software environment, to analyze the spatial autocorrelation of the population variable In connection with the distribution and area of medical services at the level of neighbourhoods of Isfahan city, they were used. The findings of the research show that the distribution pattern of medical services is clustered. It also shows the severe lack of medical services in the neighbourhoods around the city. The evaluation of the impact of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the desirability of the functional radius indicates the desirability of the operating radius of the central areas and the unfavourable of the peri-urban areas. Measuring the relationship between the distribution of medical services and the population size of the neighbourhoods also confirms the very weak relationship between these two variables. It shows the lack of attention to the population factor and the needs of citizens in terms of the distribution of medical services. As a result, there is a severe spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services at the level of the regions and neighbourhoods of Isfahan City
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urban services are a tool in management of urban development and a major factor in the continuity of urban life without which lives of citizens lose activeness and reduction in its efficiency causes reduced welfare of citizens. In fact, following the extension of cities and the growth of urban population, demand to use Urban services also increases. Considering the rising trend of pollution, the growth of diseases and anomalies related to urbanization, medical services is one of the most important services that should be considered in proportion to the needs and population of cities. Accordingly, this study measures spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan. Isfahan is one of the cities located in the arid region of Iran and due to many constraints, problems with transportation network, poor urban environment, lack of spaces and cultural sites and so on. Finds more and provides for the creation of inequality and unhealthy competition for access to city-wide amenities. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the spatial pattern of medical in Isfahan city, to obtain the effect of spatial distribution pattern of medical on utility radius of this land use and to measure the relationship between spatial distribution of medical and the amount of population corresponding to their location. Isfahan is a city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. To analyze the results, the basic graphical methods used in Arc GIS and Geo Da software are used. The method of data collection was library and after gathering basic statistics and information such as maps related to Isfahan Master Plan studies, location of medical services was determined and extracted. Then, using nearest-neighbor function, local mooring index, global mooring index and hot spots analysis of spatial distribution pattern of medical services were determined and their functional radius desirability was evaluated by fuzzy membership method. Finally, by overlapping the location information of urban services and urban neighborhoods of Isfahan, the medical services available in each specific neighborhood and considering the population of each neighborhood based on the data extracted from the results of the census results of Isfahan urban blocks in 2016, there is a significant relationship between population number variables. Isfahan was characterized by the spatial distribution of these services and the existence of spatial autocorrelation among the mentioned variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
Nearest neighbor tool showed that medical services are clustered in Isfahan city. But according to the Moran Global index calculations, medical distributions, with 99% confidence, are distributed random across neighborhoods. By calculating the local Moran for Isfahan's neighborhoods, it was determined that a neighborhood from region 4, a neighborhood from region 5, and a neighborhood from region 10 at the High-Low clustering level had formed a single clumsy formation. These neighborhoods have a large number of health services, but with neighbors with less records, they have not been able to form a cluster. Also, a High-High neighborhood in region 6 has formed an unhealthy formation. This means that the neighborhood and its neighboring neighborhoods have the highest per capita therapeutic use. According to hot spot analysis maps, neighborhoods and central areas, especially areas 3, 8, 10 and 14, form hot spots due to the high establishment of medical services. Moving to the suburbs of the city, the amount of Z-Score is reduced and they move towards the formation of cold spots. This situation is well evident in the northern, western and southern parts of the city, especially in region 7, and shows the severe shortage of medical services in these neighborhoods.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results indicate that the spatial distribution of medical services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan is inappropriate, so that the desirability of access to this use in the central areas is high and citizens in the surrounding neighborhoods and suburbs are denied access. Therefore, in order to eliminate this major space gap, it is necessary to consider programs and policies in order to establish spatial justice in the neighborhoods of Isfahan, and finally social justice will cover the city. For this purpose, in order to achieve justice in the field of distribution of medical facilities and services and to eliminate the gap in health care in Isfahan, it is necessary to pay more attention to less privileged areas around the city and these neighborhoods should be given priority in infrastructure investments. More attention should be paid to the demographic threshold of different urban areas and the optimal provision of health care services according to the population capacity and needs of these areas. There should also be a favorable interaction between the various bodies that lead to unity of procedure in the development of justice, welfare, comfort and public health.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
Considering the growth of diseases, the rising course of pollution and anomalies related to urbanization, medical services are among the most important services that managers and urban planners should consider according to the needs and population of cities. Based on this, this research measures the spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services in the neighbourhoods of Isfahan City. The purpose of the research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. A library method was used to collect the necessary data and information. Nearest neighbourhood analysis functions, local Moran's index, global Moran's index and hot spot analysis to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of medical services, fuzzy membership method to check the usefulness of the functional radius of these services and Moran's bivariate index in the Geo Da software environment, to analyze the spatial autocorrelation of the population variable In connection with the distribution and area of medical services at the level of neighbourhoods of Isfahan city, they were used. The findings of the research show that the distribution pattern of medical services is clustered. It also shows the severe lack of medical services in the neighbourhoods around the city. The evaluation of the impact of the spatial distribution pattern of these services on the desirability of the functional radius indicates the desirability of the operating radius of the central areas and the unfavourable of the peri-urban areas. Measuring the relationship between the distribution of medical services and the population size of the neighbourhoods also confirms the very weak relationship between these two variables. It shows the lack of attention to the population factor and the needs of citizens in terms of the distribution of medical services. As a result, there is a severe spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services at the level of the regions and neighbourhoods of Isfahan City
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urban services are a tool in management of urban development and a major factor in the continuity of urban life without which lives of citizens lose activeness and reduction in its efficiency causes reduced welfare of citizens. In fact, following the extension of cities and the growth of urban population, demand to use Urban services also increases. Considering the rising trend of pollution, the growth of diseases and anomalies related to urbanization, medical services is one of the most important services that should be considered in proportion to the needs and population of cities. Accordingly, this study measures spatial inequality in the distribution of medical services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan. Isfahan is one of the cities located in the arid region of Iran and due to many constraints, problems with transportation network, poor urban environment, lack of spaces and cultural sites and so on. Finds more and provides for the creation of inequality and unhealthy competition for access to city-wide amenities. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the spatial pattern of medical in Isfahan city, to obtain the effect of spatial distribution pattern of medical on utility radius of this land use and to measure the relationship between spatial distribution of medical and the amount of population corresponding to their location. Isfahan is a city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. To analyze the results, the basic graphical methods used in Arc GIS and Geo Da software are used. The method of data collection was library and after gathering basic statistics and information such as maps related to Isfahan Master Plan studies, location of medical services was determined and extracted. Then, using nearest-neighbor function, local mooring index, global mooring index and hot spots analysis of spatial distribution pattern of medical services were determined and their functional radius desirability was evaluated by fuzzy membership method. Finally, by overlapping the location information of urban services and urban neighborhoods of Isfahan, the medical services available in each specific neighborhood and considering the population of each neighborhood based on the data extracted from the results of the census results of Isfahan urban blocks in 2016, there is a significant relationship between population number variables. Isfahan was characterized by the spatial distribution of these services and the existence of spatial autocorrelation among the mentioned variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
Nearest neighbor tool showed that medical services are clustered in Isfahan city. But according to the Moran Global index calculations, medical distributions, with 99% confidence, are distributed random across neighborhoods. By calculating the local Moran for Isfahan's neighborhoods, it was determined that a neighborhood from region 4, a neighborhood from region 5, and a neighborhood from region 10 at the High-Low clustering level had formed a single clumsy formation. These neighborhoods have a large number of health services, but with neighbors with less records, they have not been able to form a cluster. Also, a High-High neighborhood in region 6 has formed an unhealthy formation. This means that the neighborhood and its neighboring neighborhoods have the highest per capita therapeutic use. According to hot spot analysis maps, neighborhoods and central areas, especially areas 3, 8, 10 and 14, form hot spots due to the high establishment of medical services. Moving to the suburbs of the city, the amount of Z-Score is reduced and they move towards the formation of cold spots. This situation is well evident in the northern, western and southern parts of the city, especially in region 7, and shows the severe shortage of medical services in these neighborhoods.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results indicate that the spatial distribution of medical services in the neighborhoods of Isfahan is inappropriate, so that the desirability of access to this use in the central areas is high and citizens in the surrounding neighborhoods and suburbs are denied access. Therefore, in order to eliminate this major space gap, it is necessary to consider programs and policies in order to establish spatial justice in the neighborhoods of Isfahan, and finally social justice will cover the city. For this purpose, in order to achieve justice in the field of distribution of medical facilities and services and to eliminate the gap in health care in Isfahan, it is necessary to pay more attention to less privileged areas around the city and these neighborhoods should be given priority in infrastructure investments. More attention should be paid to the demographic threshold of different urban areas and the optimal provision of health care services according to the population capacity and needs of these areas. There should also be a favorable interaction between the various bodies that lead to unity of procedure in the development of justice, welfare, comfort and public health.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors</strong><strong>’</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
https://www.jscity.ir/article_176603_5b31aebce16f5fb87c927f127c53135a.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230429Measurement of Spatial Justice in the Distribution of Health Care Services based on Justice-Oriented City Indicators the Case Study of Arak cityMeasurement of Spatial Justice in the Distribution of Health Care Services based on Justice-Oriented City Indicators the Case Study of Arak city8910917755910.22034/jsc.2021.250675.1324FANeginSeraydarDepartment of Urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, IranNavidSaeidirezvaniDepartment of Urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran0000-0002-7585-2190KeramatolahZiariDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9135-4768Journal Article20221128<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
From the point of view of spatial justice, having access to health care services refers to a situation where the gap and difference between different strata and groups of society does not reach such a level that inequalities continue in society. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and a descriptive-analytical study in terms of its nature. The library-document method was used to collect the data, and the path analysis method was used to analyze the data. In addition, kernel density estimation was used to determine the density and the directional distribution method and the nearest neighbour was also used to determine the distribution and pattern analysis of health centres in Arak City. The findings show that the distribution of hospitals was mostly in the 2nd district of the municipality, i.e. the city centre, and there are no hospitals in some areas, including the 3rd and 5th districts. The state of the health centre and health centres is also concentrated in the central part of the city. On the other hand, the situation of distribution of the emergency base in the city is optimally distributed. In total, more than 70% of the city has access to the city's health centres. In other words, nearly 75 square kilometres of the city are covered by at least one health centre. It is noteworthy that the centre and north of Arak City are completely covered by medical centres. On the other hand, the southeastern part of the city, i.e. District 1 of Arak City, has no access to healthcare services. Also, the results showed that structural requirements in the urban scale continue to focus on a few points and create savings due to accumulation and scale, and as a result, the city develops in such a way that the desire and preference for spatial injustice is evident in it. The urban system at the local scale will not reach a sustainable equilibrium until the contexts, processes and centralizing mechanisms are not modified
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Social justice and one of its related dimensions, spatial justice, has formed a new approach in the field of urban planning. In addition to paying attention to physical and functional goals, urban planning must respond to the quality and psychological needs of people in the urban environment such as social identity, security and social welfare, sustainable employment, mental comfort, sense of beauty, solidarity and social belonging and so on. Today's cities, especially in developing countries, due to population growth and continuous urbanization, more than any other period need to pay attention to the establishment of spatial justice in the desired enjoyment of various urban services. The main effect of the accelerated growth of cities is the disruption of the service distribution system and the inadequacy of service distribution, in other words, the lack of spatial justice in the distribution of services, which is generally seen in all cities of Iran. Arak city in 1966, with the transformation of Markazi province into the center of smelting, foundry and machine-building industries, was introduced as one of the industrial hubs of the country. In the following decades, with the establishment of refineries, petrochemicals and other industries, it enjoyed increasing economic prosperity. The emergence of large industries in the economic structure of Arak city and industrial investments created new job opportunities in the city's employment mix which became the main source of massive population transfers to this city and it caused a new pattern of economic participation of the population and thus Arak city was exposed to new developments. Accordingly, in this study, the spatial distribution of health services in Arak has been studied.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is applied in terms of purpose. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. In order to collect information in line with the framework and theoretical foundations related to the subject, including the concepts of justice-oriented city, spatial justice, as well as quantitative and qualitative indicators of health services, the library-documentary method has been used. Also, after collecting the indicators and criteria, Arc GIS software was exerted to measure and analyze the variables. In order to analyze the data and determine the functional radius of each uses of health services, the network analysis method based on the urban transportation network has been exploited.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Most of the hospitals in Arak cover only the city center and cover an area of 31.03 square kilometers from an area of 107 square kilometers. Since they play a decisive role in the analysis of the road network, the return route was also considered in the radius of the hospital. For this reason, some hospitals have a limited operating radius. The findings show that the directional distribution of this land use is west-east. In addition, the kernel density function also shows that the density of hospitals is higher in the central part of the city and in the 4th district of the city. The southeastern part of the city has very poor access to this land use. In the following, using the directional distribution method and kernel density function, the distribution and dispersion of emergency bases in Arak city is shown. According to the findings, it can be said that the directional distribution of this land use is also west-east, of course, tends to the southwest and northeast. In addition, like the hospital, this land use is most focused on the north and the city center, especially in areas 4 and 5 and the city center. Findings show that urban health centers are more concentrated in areas 4 and 5 and the city center. Of course, in general, except in the southeastern part of Arak, this land use is scattered throughout the city, but its performance radius does not cover the entire city. From an area of 108 square kilometers of the whole city, this land use covers 36.19 square kilometers. In addition, the kernel density function also indicates that the health base density is in the city center and north of the city. The east and south of the city also have poor access to this land use. At the city level, the findings showed that more than 70% of the city has access to the city's health centers. In other words, about 75 square kilometers of the city are covered by at least one health center. It is noteworthy that the center and north of Arak are completely covered by medical centers. But in front of the southeastern part of the city, district 1 of Arak, there is no access to health services. In order to show the final situation of Arak city in terms of distribution and density of health-care land use, the kernel density function and directional distribution model have been used. Directional distribution of Arak city is in the northern part and its direction is southwest-northeast. In addition, its density is higher in the city center and the southeastern part is useless.
<strong> Conclusion</strong>
Studies related to the distribution of health services showed that the directional distribution of Arak is in the northern part and its direction is southwest-northeast. In addition, the density of health centers is more in the city center and the eastern part of the city is deprived of these services. In addition, nearly 25 percent of the city is not covered by any of the health service centers. Therefore, according to the research findings, the suggestions are as follows:
-Participating citizens and not considering their needs in the distribution of health services;
-Adopt a specific definition of health care land uses and define the scale (local, district and regional) in the urban planning system.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
From the point of view of spatial justice, having access to health care services refers to a situation where the gap and difference between different strata and groups of society does not reach such a level that inequalities continue in society. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and a descriptive-analytical study in terms of its nature. The library-document method was used to collect the data, and the path analysis method was used to analyze the data. In addition, kernel density estimation was used to determine the density and the directional distribution method and the nearest neighbour was also used to determine the distribution and pattern analysis of health centres in Arak City. The findings show that the distribution of hospitals was mostly in the 2nd district of the municipality, i.e. the city centre, and there are no hospitals in some areas, including the 3rd and 5th districts. The state of the health centre and health centres is also concentrated in the central part of the city. On the other hand, the situation of distribution of the emergency base in the city is optimally distributed. In total, more than 70% of the city has access to the city's health centres. In other words, nearly 75 square kilometres of the city are covered by at least one health centre. It is noteworthy that the centre and north of Arak City are completely covered by medical centres. On the other hand, the southeastern part of the city, i.e. District 1 of Arak City, has no access to healthcare services. Also, the results showed that structural requirements in the urban scale continue to focus on a few points and create savings due to accumulation and scale, and as a result, the city develops in such a way that the desire and preference for spatial injustice is evident in it. The urban system at the local scale will not reach a sustainable equilibrium until the contexts, processes and centralizing mechanisms are not modified
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Social justice and one of its related dimensions, spatial justice, has formed a new approach in the field of urban planning. In addition to paying attention to physical and functional goals, urban planning must respond to the quality and psychological needs of people in the urban environment such as social identity, security and social welfare, sustainable employment, mental comfort, sense of beauty, solidarity and social belonging and so on. Today's cities, especially in developing countries, due to population growth and continuous urbanization, more than any other period need to pay attention to the establishment of spatial justice in the desired enjoyment of various urban services. The main effect of the accelerated growth of cities is the disruption of the service distribution system and the inadequacy of service distribution, in other words, the lack of spatial justice in the distribution of services, which is generally seen in all cities of Iran. Arak city in 1966, with the transformation of Markazi province into the center of smelting, foundry and machine-building industries, was introduced as one of the industrial hubs of the country. In the following decades, with the establishment of refineries, petrochemicals and other industries, it enjoyed increasing economic prosperity. The emergence of large industries in the economic structure of Arak city and industrial investments created new job opportunities in the city's employment mix which became the main source of massive population transfers to this city and it caused a new pattern of economic participation of the population and thus Arak city was exposed to new developments. Accordingly, in this study, the spatial distribution of health services in Arak has been studied.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is applied in terms of purpose. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. In order to collect information in line with the framework and theoretical foundations related to the subject, including the concepts of justice-oriented city, spatial justice, as well as quantitative and qualitative indicators of health services, the library-documentary method has been used. Also, after collecting the indicators and criteria, Arc GIS software was exerted to measure and analyze the variables. In order to analyze the data and determine the functional radius of each uses of health services, the network analysis method based on the urban transportation network has been exploited.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Most of the hospitals in Arak cover only the city center and cover an area of 31.03 square kilometers from an area of 107 square kilometers. Since they play a decisive role in the analysis of the road network, the return route was also considered in the radius of the hospital. For this reason, some hospitals have a limited operating radius. The findings show that the directional distribution of this land use is west-east. In addition, the kernel density function also shows that the density of hospitals is higher in the central part of the city and in the 4th district of the city. The southeastern part of the city has very poor access to this land use. In the following, using the directional distribution method and kernel density function, the distribution and dispersion of emergency bases in Arak city is shown. According to the findings, it can be said that the directional distribution of this land use is also west-east, of course, tends to the southwest and northeast. In addition, like the hospital, this land use is most focused on the north and the city center, especially in areas 4 and 5 and the city center. Findings show that urban health centers are more concentrated in areas 4 and 5 and the city center. Of course, in general, except in the southeastern part of Arak, this land use is scattered throughout the city, but its performance radius does not cover the entire city. From an area of 108 square kilometers of the whole city, this land use covers 36.19 square kilometers. In addition, the kernel density function also indicates that the health base density is in the city center and north of the city. The east and south of the city also have poor access to this land use. At the city level, the findings showed that more than 70% of the city has access to the city's health centers. In other words, about 75 square kilometers of the city are covered by at least one health center. It is noteworthy that the center and north of Arak are completely covered by medical centers. But in front of the southeastern part of the city, district 1 of Arak, there is no access to health services. In order to show the final situation of Arak city in terms of distribution and density of health-care land use, the kernel density function and directional distribution model have been used. Directional distribution of Arak city is in the northern part and its direction is southwest-northeast. In addition, its density is higher in the city center and the southeastern part is useless.
<strong> Conclusion</strong>
Studies related to the distribution of health services showed that the directional distribution of Arak is in the northern part and its direction is southwest-northeast. In addition, the density of health centers is more in the city center and the eastern part of the city is deprived of these services. In addition, nearly 25 percent of the city is not covered by any of the health service centers. Therefore, according to the research findings, the suggestions are as follows:
-Participating citizens and not considering their needs in the distribution of health services;
-Adopt a specific definition of health care land uses and define the scale (local, district and regional) in the urban planning system.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_177559_b112eb94a71918fe3cc236a3b76d5b0f.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66316120230429Measuring the Distributive Justice of Urban Parks based on the Level of Citizens Services the Case Study of District 1 of TehranMeasuring the Distributive Justice of Urban Parks based on the Level of Citizens Services the Case Study of District 1 of Tehran11112717888610.22034/jsc.2022.303457.1541FAAmir MohammadSalehabadiDepartment of Architecture, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran0000-0002-5315-7445Seyed HadiGhoddusifarDepartment of Architecture, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran0000-0003-2604-1188AliMohammadpourDepartment of Architecture, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, IranJournal Article20221128<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
With the growth and development of urbanization, the connection of city dwellers with nature has decreased. Therefore, public parks have become very important in cities. The current research will seek to determine the spatial justice index of parks in Tehran's 1st district by using modelling, GIS analysis functions, and the pair weighting method. This research, explains the 4 main indicators of the justice of the spatial distribution of parks, including the share of the park population from the area of influence, the efficiency of the parks, the elasticity of the population of blocks in the area of influence, and also using the research method of information modelling, it is found that the spatial distribution of parks is based on the hierarchical division in Zone 1 of Tehran is random and has 3 modes: 1- Spatial distribution of neighbourhood and neighbourhood parks with a small distance from each other 2- Spatial distribution of regional and district parks in a single neighbourhood 3- A combination of the spatial distribution of regional and district parks near neighbourhood and neighbourhood parks. In the analyses performed, the first and third modes of justice index of the spatial distribution of parks show a higher numerical value. Meanwhile, the third mode shows a lower numerical value due to the concentration of a regional or district park in a neighbourhood. Based on this, to investigate the level of distribution inequality at the neighbourhood level, it was found that the distribution of a park at the regional and district level alone has caused inequality at the neighbourhood level, including Gulab Dareh neighbourhood, Niavaran. Also, using the Gini coefficient, we find that places like Gulab Dareh, Niavaran, Hazar Seng, Dezashib, Hekmat, etc. have the highest level of inequality in the spatial distribution of parks in their level
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The transformation of cities over time and the rapid growth of the world's urban population on the one hand and the inability of urban management to meet the needs of citizens, on the other hand, has led to a decrease in injustice for urban servants. With the growth and development of urbanization, the connection of urban residents with nature has decreased. Therefore, public parks in cities have become so crucial that many researchers consider them necessary to preserve and improve the urban ecosystem and create a recreational space for cities.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present study is an information modeling research. Also, and in terms of purpose, it is practical and developmental research that seeks to measure spatial justice in the distribution and location of urban parks in order to achieve spatial equality and spatial distribution of parks in urban environments. Moreover, this research is mixed in nature. In terms of data collection method, this research is based on library methods to review resources and select 50 points for field observations to collect location information and extract the necessary parameters to create a database based on reference land information. This research will be based on the modeling analysis method and using GIS analysis functions. Analysis of input data, including qualitative and quantitative information, will be performed using the standard pair coding and weighting method.
<strong>Results and discussion </strong>
In this research, three techniques of distribution coefficient, Gini coefficient, and Moran coefficient have been used to evaluate and measure integrated spatial justice. In the distribution coefficient, first, the amount of access to services of each city block should be calculated, then it should be compared with the population rate of the blocks. The results of this coefficient show the amount of spatial justice in the blocks and neighborhoods of the city. This coefficient is one of the methods to evaluate the balance of distribution of different parameters in different parts of the city. Moran's coefficient estimates the amount of aggregation by measuring spatial correlation. To measure the spatial justice of parks (A<sub>i</sub>), the following indicators were combined:
A) The amount of access of residents of urban units to services (W<sub>i</sub>), B) The distance of blocks from services (D<sub>ij</sub>), C) The efficiency of each service (G<sub>j</sub>), and D) The population of the blocks (P<sub>i</sub>).
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The findings of this study show that parks that have high park efficiency, the final branches of spatial justice of parks are also high, with the difference in areas where ِMetropolitan and Regional parks are adjacent to neighborhood parks. The final index of spatial justice improves and expands the parks relative to their efficiency.
Regarding the final index of spatial justice, it can be said that regional and local parks, scattered or isolated, do not have the necessary ability to create spatial justice in the neighborhoods of District 1 of Tehran. Instead, they should be used in the form of several regional parks or a set of parks in a balanced way at the neighborhood level. Studies show that in addition to district and regional parks, which are often well-known parks, by creating regional and local parks, their final index of spatial justice can be improved. In areas where there are district parks but the final index of spatial justice is not significant, the establishment and creation of regional and district parks can increase the final index of spatial justice of those parks.
In order to achieve the purpose of this research, the patches indicate the measurement of spatial justice in District 1 of Tehran, where the colored spots indicate the level of the area. In response to the main question of the research, which was "How can distributive justice be used to measure the extent to which citizens enjoy the services of urban parks?", it can be said that the smaller parks in the level of neighborhood that have a spatial distribution close to each other, the better and more appropriate the spatial justice of the parks in that part of the area for citizens and residents (e.g. Evin, Velenjak, and Araj neighborhoods). The existence of local and regional parks in District 1 of Tehran and the dispersion and great distance from each other do not create a balanced justice in the region and neighborhoods, and leads to the concentration of the spatial justice index at one point. This means that if there is no other park in a neighborhood other than a regional park, or the existing park does not have sufficient efficiency or traction, that park will be a regional and destructive factor in the neighborhood's spatial justice (such as Golabdereh, Niavaran).
In response to the sub-question, which was “Do the inequalities in residents' access to urban parks have a significant spatial pattern among the neighborhoods of District 1 of Tehran?”, it can be argued that according to the Moran diagram in this area, it is clear that the inequalities among residents are not intentional and with prior planning, but everything that has occurred is a function of probability and random variables and what has happened to the inequality of the distribution of parks in District 1 is completely coincidental.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.<strong>A B S T R A C T</strong>
With the growth and development of urbanization, the connection of city dwellers with nature has decreased. Therefore, public parks have become very important in cities. The current research will seek to determine the spatial justice index of parks in Tehran's 1st district by using modelling, GIS analysis functions, and the pair weighting method. This research, explains the 4 main indicators of the justice of the spatial distribution of parks, including the share of the park population from the area of influence, the efficiency of the parks, the elasticity of the population of blocks in the area of influence, and also using the research method of information modelling, it is found that the spatial distribution of parks is based on the hierarchical division in Zone 1 of Tehran is random and has 3 modes: 1- Spatial distribution of neighbourhood and neighbourhood parks with a small distance from each other 2- Spatial distribution of regional and district parks in a single neighbourhood 3- A combination of the spatial distribution of regional and district parks near neighbourhood and neighbourhood parks. In the analyses performed, the first and third modes of justice index of the spatial distribution of parks show a higher numerical value. Meanwhile, the third mode shows a lower numerical value due to the concentration of a regional or district park in a neighbourhood. Based on this, to investigate the level of distribution inequality at the neighbourhood level, it was found that the distribution of a park at the regional and district level alone has caused inequality at the neighbourhood level, including Gulab Dareh neighbourhood, Niavaran. Also, using the Gini coefficient, we find that places like Gulab Dareh, Niavaran, Hazar Seng, Dezashib, Hekmat, etc. have the highest level of inequality in the spatial distribution of parks in their level
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The transformation of cities over time and the rapid growth of the world's urban population on the one hand and the inability of urban management to meet the needs of citizens, on the other hand, has led to a decrease in injustice for urban servants. With the growth and development of urbanization, the connection of urban residents with nature has decreased. Therefore, public parks in cities have become so crucial that many researchers consider them necessary to preserve and improve the urban ecosystem and create a recreational space for cities.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present study is an information modeling research. Also, and in terms of purpose, it is practical and developmental research that seeks to measure spatial justice in the distribution and location of urban parks in order to achieve spatial equality and spatial distribution of parks in urban environments. Moreover, this research is mixed in nature. In terms of data collection method, this research is based on library methods to review resources and select 50 points for field observations to collect location information and extract the necessary parameters to create a database based on reference land information. This research will be based on the modeling analysis method and using GIS analysis functions. Analysis of input data, including qualitative and quantitative information, will be performed using the standard pair coding and weighting method.
<strong>Results and discussion </strong>
In this research, three techniques of distribution coefficient, Gini coefficient, and Moran coefficient have been used to evaluate and measure integrated spatial justice. In the distribution coefficient, first, the amount of access to services of each city block should be calculated, then it should be compared with the population rate of the blocks. The results of this coefficient show the amount of spatial justice in the blocks and neighborhoods of the city. This coefficient is one of the methods to evaluate the balance of distribution of different parameters in different parts of the city. Moran's coefficient estimates the amount of aggregation by measuring spatial correlation. To measure the spatial justice of parks (A<sub>i</sub>), the following indicators were combined:
A) The amount of access of residents of urban units to services (W<sub>i</sub>), B) The distance of blocks from services (D<sub>ij</sub>), C) The efficiency of each service (G<sub>j</sub>), and D) The population of the blocks (P<sub>i</sub>).
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The findings of this study show that parks that have high park efficiency, the final branches of spatial justice of parks are also high, with the difference in areas where ِMetropolitan and Regional parks are adjacent to neighborhood parks. The final index of spatial justice improves and expands the parks relative to their efficiency.
Regarding the final index of spatial justice, it can be said that regional and local parks, scattered or isolated, do not have the necessary ability to create spatial justice in the neighborhoods of District 1 of Tehran. Instead, they should be used in the form of several regional parks or a set of parks in a balanced way at the neighborhood level. Studies show that in addition to district and regional parks, which are often well-known parks, by creating regional and local parks, their final index of spatial justice can be improved. In areas where there are district parks but the final index of spatial justice is not significant, the establishment and creation of regional and district parks can increase the final index of spatial justice of those parks.
In order to achieve the purpose of this research, the patches indicate the measurement of spatial justice in District 1 of Tehran, where the colored spots indicate the level of the area. In response to the main question of the research, which was "How can distributive justice be used to measure the extent to which citizens enjoy the services of urban parks?", it can be said that the smaller parks in the level of neighborhood that have a spatial distribution close to each other, the better and more appropriate the spatial justice of the parks in that part of the area for citizens and residents (e.g. Evin, Velenjak, and Araj neighborhoods). The existence of local and regional parks in District 1 of Tehran and the dispersion and great distance from each other do not create a balanced justice in the region and neighborhoods, and leads to the concentration of the spatial justice index at one point. This means that if there is no other park in a neighborhood other than a regional park, or the existing park does not have sufficient efficiency or traction, that park will be a regional and destructive factor in the neighborhood's spatial justice (such as Golabdereh, Niavaran).
In response to the sub-question, which was “Do the inequalities in residents' access to urban parks have a significant spatial pattern among the neighborhoods of District 1 of Tehran?”, it can be argued that according to the Moran diagram in this area, it is clear that the inequalities among residents are not intentional and with prior planning, but everything that has occurred is a function of probability and random variables and what has happened to the inequality of the distribution of parks in District 1 is completely coincidental.
<strong>Funding</strong>
There is no funding support.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong>
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conflict of Interest </strong>
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Acknowledgments</strong>
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://www.jscity.ir/article_178886_1c23a23fb1ffe5d1b8b540389e1b41c7.pdf