انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 01 21 Reply to the "Scientific Critique and the Critique of Structural-Functional Dynamic Approach" پاسخ به ”نقد علمی و نقد پویش ساختاری–کارکردی“ 1 26 170408 10.22034/jsc.2023.314582.1574 FA حجت اله رحیمی گروه جغرافیا، پردیس علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران 0000-0002-8631-3862 Journal Article 2022 08 27 A B S T R A C T Different approaches to spatial planning are a way to make our surrounding world meaningful. The Structural-Functional Dynamic approach (SFDA) has recently been articulated within the context of Iranian geographers to provide an alternative meaning for spatial planning concerning the socio-spatial context of Iran. We have interpreted some methodological aspects of this approach in Structural-Functional Dynamics Approach to Spatial Planning ("planning") published in Spatial Planning journal in 2016. The main argument was that the conceptualization of the two essential concepts of space and man in SFDA needs to be revised based on consistent assumptions. Although SFDA, following humanism, has rejected objectivism, an elitist top-down spatial planning, the idea of threshold in the neoclassical economy, and universal laws of human behavior, it reproduced them due to its tendency to positivism and the paradigm of geography as a spatial science. In 2018, the author of SFDA in scientific critique and the critique of the Structural-Functional dynamic approach ("Scientific Critique") criticized the way of interpretation presented in planning because of the incorrect translation and misinterpretation of scientific texts, the secondary referencing; and the misunderstanding of the concepts articulated in SFDA. The present article aimed to clarify arguments and interpretations presented in the planning to reply to the Scientific Critique Extended abstract Introduction Different approaches to spatial planning seek to make meaningful our surrounding world. The Structural-Functional Dynamic approach ("SFDA") has been recently articulated within the context of Iranian geographers to provide an alternative meaning to spatial planning concerning Iranian social and spatial context. Because of the various social and economic effects of spatial planning on different groups, individuals, and spaces, it is always necessary to interpret and analyze the theoretical assumptions and practical implications of multiple alternatives of spatial planning. Accordingly, the interpretation of the methodological dimensions of SFDA in the paper Structural-Functional Dynamics Approach to Spatial Planning ("planning") published in Spatial Planning journal in 2016 showed that the conceptualization of space and man as essential concepts of spatial planning in SFDA is based on inconsistent assumptions. Although SFDA, following humanism, has rejected objectivism, an elitist top-down spatial planning, the idea of threshold in the neoclassical economy, and universal laws of human behavior, it reproduced them due to its tendency to positivism and the paradigm of geography as a spatial science. In 2018, the author of SFDA criticized in his scientific critique and the critique of Structural-Functional dynamic ("scientific critique") the way of interpretation presented in planning because of the incorrect translation and misinterpretation of scientific texts; the secondary referencing; and the misunderstanding of the concepts articulated in SFDA. The present article aimed to clarify arguments and interpretations presented in the planning to reply to the Scientific Critique. Methodology In order to make clear responses, the study will first quote a statement or a paragraph from the Scientific Critique, and then related responses to that critique follow. Results and discussion The present article reconsidering the texts used in planning, has shown that the translation and interpretation of scientific texts correspond with the view of their authors, and the critiques of misinterpretation and mistranslation of them discussed in the scientific critique need to be corrected. In contrast, it is the scientific critique at the exposure of critiques due to misunderstanding and mistranslating English-language scientific texts and concepts such as plastic space, soft spaces, fuzzy boundaries, and postmodern spatial planning. Surprisingly, according to SFDA, plastic space is unreal and unmeasurable. For example, SFDA, contrary to original texts, has argued that soft spaces refer to new human settlements, and hard spaces refer to old or existing human settlements. As presented by Allmendinger and Haughton, soft spaces and fuzzy boundaries refer to informal and indicative spaces of spatial planning. While plastic space, according to Forer, is a natural, measurable, and metric space, SFDA has argued that Forer's plastic space is ideal and non-measurable to conclude that the translation and interpretation of Forer's plastic space are false. We agree with the scientific critique on the critique of secondary referencing in some cases in planning. It is better to refer to original scientific texts as far as possible. In addition, the present article, through the explanation of the logical structure of arguments presented in planning, has shown that the critique of misunderstanding the basic assumptions and concepts of SFDA needs to be more precise. In contrast, the application of SFDA is difficult because of the inconsistent notions articulated in SFDA. For example, SFDA, following Hegel and German idealism, has argued in favor of change-oriented spatial planning. However, it has accepted positivist assumptions that space governed by universal laws is fixed, predictable and unchangeable. It is still being determined how we can predict changing phenomena as precisely as assumed in SFDA. The exact prediction is only possible for unchangeable situations and spaces. Conclusion The internal consistency of concepts is an essential criterion for the validity of any scientific approach. Internal consistency refers to the logical coordination between ideas and concepts articulated in a specific approach. In the case of conceptual contradiction and inconsistency, it can be argued that a theory is not valid and coherent. The main argument developed in planning and the present article is that SFDA needs conceptual consistency. The conceptual inconsistency is not in itself a problem. It may be the reflection of contradictions and inconsistencies in the real world. However, as Lefebvre pointed out, Hegel did not discover the contradiction. He discovered a third moment that is produced when the contradiction has been transcended due to the enrichment of determination by its negation. The logical contradictions make an approach difficult to understand and apply. For this, SFDA should explain in the coming papers how it can remove the conceptual contradictions and inconsistencies in theory and practice to provide a comprehensive and integrated network of concepts to deal with spatial planning issues. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. رویکردهای متفاوت برنامه‌ریزی فضایی روشی برای معنا بخشی جهان پیرامونی ما است. رویکرد پویش ساختاری–کارکردی یکی از رویکردهایی است که در سال‌های اخیر در جامعه جغرافیدانانِ ایران درباره معنا بخشی به برنامه‌ریزی فضایی بر اساس محتوای اجتماعی و فضایی کشور ایران مطرح‌شده است. برخی از جنبه‌های روش‌شناسی رویکرد مذکور در سال 1395 و در مقاله‌ای با نام ”برنامه‌ریزی فضایی با رویکرد پویش ساختاری–کارکردی“ (برنامه‌ریزی) که در فصلنامه آمایش و برنامه‌ریزی فضا منتشر شد، مورد تحلیل و تفسیر قرار گرفت. استدلال کلی مقاله مذکور این بود که دو مفهوم فضا و انسان به‌مثابه مهم‌ترین ارکان برنامه‌ریزی فضایی در رویکرد پویش ساختاری-کارکردی بر اساس پیش‌فرض‌های متناقض مفهوم‌سازی شده است. مؤلف رویکرد مذکور در مقاله‌ای که در سال 1397 با عنوان ”نقد علمی و نقد پویش ساختاری–کارکردی“ (نقد علمی) در فصلنامه جغرافیا منتشر شد، محتوا و شیوه تحلیل‌ها را در ”برنامه‌ریزی“ به سبب عدم دقت در فرایند ترجمه و در ارجاع به منابع علمی، استناد به منابع علمی ثانوی و عدم فهم محتوا و متن رویکرد پویش ساختاری–کارکردی نقد کرد. هدف مقاله حاضر این بود که پاسخ‌هایی را در ارتباط با انتقادهای مطرح‌شده در نقد علمی نسبت به مباحث مطرح‌شده در ”برنامه‌ریزی“ ارائه کند.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Assessment of the compatibility of urban neighborhoods with smart urban growth principles the case study of city Mashhad سنجش میزان انطباق محلات شهری با اصول رشد هوشمند شهری مطالعه موردی: شهر مشهد 27 51 170413 10.22034/jsc.2022.284684.1463 FA سعید زنگنه شهرکی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-1307-436X محسن عباس نژاد جلوگیر گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران محمد جوشن‌پور - گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران حسین عظمتی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 27 A B S T R A C T To better achieve the goals of smart urban growth, there is a need to measure the degree of compliance of different geographical areas with the principles and indicators of smart urban growth. Accordingly, the purpose of the present research is to measure the degree of compliance of the neighbourhoods of Mashhad with smart urban growth. For this reason, this research, using the SWARA weighting method and the WASPAS ranking method, as well as the use of the Geographical Information System (GIS) to analyze and evaluate 26 smart urban growth indicators in 156 neighbourhoods of Mashhad and then rank each of the neighbourhoods. This city has been evaluated in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. The results of the analysis show that the neighbourhoods of Azadshahr, 10 Di, and Koh Sangi respectively have the high. In contrast, NK, the whileneighbourhoodshoods of Shahid Bahonar, Mouad, and Keshavarz have the lowest rank in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. In terms of the researched indicators,neighbourhoodshoods in Mashhad Cityity have the most compliance with the principle of mixed land use and the least compliance with the principle of creating diverse transportation opportunities. Also, the distribution of neighbourhoods compatible with smart urban growth has a relatively concentrated situation, which partially indicates spatial injustice in the city of Mashhad, so that mainly the neighbourhoods in the east, south, and northwest of Mashheadcity have the least compliance with the indicators of smart urban growth. As a result, it can be said that the state of compliance of the neighbourhoods of Mashhad with the indicators of smart urban growth is average and to some extent relatively low Extended Abstract Introduction The ultimate and common response of most cities of Iran (herein, city refers to a series of processes effective in the decision-making status of a city) to the increasing needs of residents, along with the efforts of a series of procedures and structures governing the cities, such as the political economy and land and housing speculation, over recent decades in the fields that totally pave the path for urban development, including housing, transportation, and land use, has been the intended or unintended provision of fields accelerating the increasing progress of the city borders into the surrounding lands and resources. Meanwhile, there is urban decay, along with empty, abandoned, and unused lands, in the neighborhoods of the cities, which can be easily developed to prevent urban sprawl costs. The city of Mashhad, the capital of Razavi Khorasan Province, is known as the second large city of Iran in terms of area and population. This huge city has also faced challenges concerning urban sprawl over recent years. Meanwhile, 6.1% of the area of the city, including 64 neighborhoods, is considered urban decay. In this regard, the smart urban growth strategy can reduce the mentioned contradiction, prevent urban sprawl and its costs, follow dense development in urban neighborhoods, and enhance their quality for their residents. The first and most important step to achieve the smart urban growth goals is to evaluate the current status of the neighborhoods of Mashhad in terms of the enjoyment or compatibility with the smart urban growth principles (the purpose of the present study) to gain an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of neighborhoods in the smart urban growth indexes. This research has used proper indexes to assess smart growth. It has also chosen the neighborhood level in the evaluations to focus on previous studies in this field. Methodology The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The studied statistical population included 156 neighborhoods of Mashhad. The initial information required in the research was obtained through library studies and documentary research, opinion polls among experts, and collection of the required spatial shapefiles concerning the various aspects of Mashhad based on the census 2016. The studied 26 indexes were weighted using the SWARA at first. Then, they were ranked based on the obtained weights using the WASPAS ranking method. The spatial analyses were also performed using the geographic information system (GIS). Results and Discussion The research findings showed that among the principles proposed, the mixed land use (0.071), creation of walkable neighborhoods (0.063), and provision of various transportation opportunities (0.045) obtained the highest weights, respectively. At the same time, the protection for open agricultural spaces and natural, environmental, and vulnerable wonders (0.018), encouragement of citizens for sustainable participation in the decisions concerning development (0.018), and guidance and empowerment of development in current societies (0.025) received the lowest weights, respectively, based on the SWARA weighting method. The WASPAS ranking results for each of the smart urban growth principles also indicated that the guidance and empowerment of development in current societies (0.368), creation of housing selection opportunities (0.367), use of dense buildings (0.227), creation of walkable neighborhoods (0.163), mixed land use (0.075), provision of various transportation opportunities (0.040), and creation of distinguished and attractive societies with emphasis on the concept of place (0.016) gained the highest score averages compared to other principles, respectively. Moreover, according to the results obtained for the ranking of Mashhad neighborhoods using the WASPAS method, the neighborhoods of Azadshahr (0.352), 10 Dey (0.349), and Kouhsangi (0.347) had the highest compatibility, respectively, and the neighborhoods of Shahid Bahonar (0.043), Mowood (0.075), and Keshavarz (0.077) had the lowest compatibility, respectively, with the smart urban growth principles. Accordingly, the difference between the most compatible and the most incompatible neighborhoods of Mashhad was 0.309. Both compatible and incompatible neighborhoods of Mashhad received very low scores in creating distinguished and attractive societies with emphasis on the concept of place. Conclusions Based on the research findings, it can be said that the spatial distribution of the completely and relatively compatible neighborhoods in Mashhad is not appropriate, and there is a spatial concentration. If the city is divided into northern, southern, western, and eastern zones, it can be seen that the northeastern, southeastern, and in general, the eastern zone of Mashhad, including Districts 2-7, 10, and 12, lack any neighborhood completely or relatively compatible with the smart urban growth principles. Only the city's western zone, including Districts 1, 8, 9, and 11, has the most compatible urban neighborhoods with the smart urban growth. It can be said that the neighborhoods compatible with smart growth are along the Vakilabad highway of Mashhad, which is approximately located in the northwest, while the completely incompatible neighborhoods are almost located in the suburbs, although being also dispersed in other neighborhoods. It can also be concluded that the concentration of compatible and completely compatible neighborhoods with smart urban growth principles in the western zone of Mashhad is due to the current physical expansion of the city toward the cities of Torqabeh and Shandiz. In general, the compatibility of the neighborhoods in Mashhad with the smart urban growth indexes is medium and almost low. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. جهت دست‌یابی بهتر به اهداف رشد هوشمند شهری نیاز به سنجش میزان تطابق محدوده‌های مختلف جغرافیایی با اصول و شاخص‌های رشد هوشمند شهری احساس می‌شود، بر همین اساس هدف از تحقیق حاضر سنجش میزان انطباق محلات شهر مشهد با رشد هوشمند شهری است. ازاین‌جهت در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش وزن‌دهی سوآرا (SWARA) و روش رتبه‌بندی واسپاس (WASPAS) و همچنین به‌کارگیری سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) به تحلیل و ارزیابی 26 شاخص رشد هوشمند شهری در 156 محله شهر مشهد و سپس رتبه‌بندی هر یک از محلات این شهر از نظر میزان انطباق با شاخص‌های رشد هوشمند شهری پرداخته‌شده است. روش تحقیق مورداستفاده در این پژوهش توصیفی – تحلیلی است. نتایج تحلیل‌ها بیانگر این نکته است که محلات آزادشهر، 10 دی و کوه سنگی به ترتیب دارای بالاترین رتبه و در مقابل محلات شهید باهنر، موعود و کشاورز دارای پایین‌ترین رتبه از نظر انطباق با شاخص‌های رشد هوشمند شهری بوده‌اند. از نظر شاخص‌های موردپژوهش، محلات شهر مشهد بیشترین انطباق را با اصل کاربری اراضی مختلط و کم‌ترین انطباق را با اصل ایجاد فرصت‌های متنوعی از حمل‌ونقل دارا می‌باشند. همچنین، نحوه پراکندگی محلات سازگار با رشد هوشمند شهری دارای وضعیتی نسبتاً متمرکز است که تا حدی نشان‌دهنده بی‌عدالتی فضایی در شهر مشهد می‌باشد، به‌طوری‌که عمدتاً محلات شرق، جنوب و شمال غربی شهر مشهد، کم‌ترین انطباق را با شاخص‌های رشد هوشمند شهری دارند. درنتیجه می‌توان گفت که وضعیت میزان انطباق محلات شهر مشهد با شاخص‌های رشد هوشمند شهری متوسط و تا حدودی نسبتاً کم می‌باشد.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Foresight of the Water Issue in Isfahan آینده نگاری مسئله‌ی آب در شهر اصفهان 53 71 170416 10.22034/jsc.2021.236478.1265 FA محسن طاهری دمنه گروه مهندسی صنایع و آینده پژوهی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران معصومه کاظمی گروه آینده‌پژوهی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران خسرو صفری غریبوند گروه مدیریت اجرایی، واحد دولت‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 27 A B S T R A C T The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables and driving forces affecting the future of the water issue in the city of Isfahan and to compile the scenarios facing the city of Isfahan in the water issue. The current research method as an applied research and using the critical uncertainties approach has presented the future scenarios of water in Isfahan. To collect data, the method of library studies and expert panels has been used. Using the opinion of experts, 20 key factors in the form of five drivers, i.e. 1. The price of water, 2. Investing in new technologies, 3. Water policies, 4. urban population and 5. Water infrastructures were categorized. In the next stage, the two drivers of water policies and investment in new technologies as critical uncertainties were the basis for compiling the scenarios of Isfahan City in the field of water, and finally, four scenarios were compiled. The first scenario of the battle for the last sip narrates the situation in which Isfahan will face a severe drought; The second scenario, there is water but little, shows a situation where water policies are forward-looking and do not ignore long-term challenges, but technology is left out as a solution to solve problems in this area; The third scenario is water, but for the rich, it is a bipolar story about access to water; And the fourth scenario of green Isfahan describes a situation that city managers and officials, taking into account the potential of new technologies in the optimal management of water consumption and by adopting forward-looking policies, realize a green city that is favourable to different sections of the society. The results show that drivers and scenarios show that the most important factors determining the future water situation in Isfahan City are not environmental factors, but factors related to human decisions Extended Abstract Introduction Water is one of the most critical natural resources, and its preservation is essential for the survival and sustainable development of future generations on earth. Iran is one of the driest and semi-arid countries in the world due to low rainfall and inappropriate temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and is one of the driest countries. And its large cities, as the most densely populated settlements, face more significant challenges to the sustainable water supply. Meanwhile, the city of Isfahan is facing dehydration due to being in a dry climate, reduced rainfall, increasing population and thus increasing water demand, development of high-consumption water industries around it, low efficiency of water consumption in agriculture, and problems in water management. Sustainable development of Isfahan requires management of these conditions and water resources because environmental sustainability, which includes water resources management, along with the five issues of livelihood, spatial form and infrastructure, financial resources, and governance, constitute the components of sustainable urban life development. On the other hand, the city's sustainable development ensures the sustainability of ecosystems and water resources for future generations. Therefore, facing these conditions has become the primary concern of water supply officials to develop and implement a wide range of strategies and integrated water management to ensure the sustainable development of Isfahan. In this context, foresight and managing uncertainties using scenarios will be of considerable help to urban planners. In this regard, the present study seeks to formulate scenarios for Isfahan in terms of water to obtain a piece of the puzzle of urban planning and foresight. Methodology The present study is part of applied and qualitative researches in terms of purpose and data collection method, respectively. Future workshop methods, a panel of experts, and scenario planning with a critical uncertainty approach or Global Business Network (GBN) were used as foresight methods and in combined in this research. The panel of experts included 17 senior experts and city managers who were familiar with climate change and water issues. Results and discussion Based on library studies and expert opinion, 20 critical factors were identified in the form of five drivers, including 1. water prices, 2. investment in new technologies, 3. water policies, 4. population, and 5. water infrastructure. And in the next step, the two drivers of water policies and investment in new technologies, as drivers of key uncertainties, became the basis for scenario development. In this research, four scenarios for the future of Isfahan were developed. The first scenario of "Battle for the Last Drink" narrates how Isfahan will face severe drought. Suppose the managers and officials of Isfahan are only thinking about solving the water crisis for today's citizens and do not use new technologies for optimal water management. In that case, groundwater resources will be depleted quickly, and the city will be affected by the drought such that the city will no longer be habitable. This scenario is the scariest and most believable image in front of the city of Isfahan. Climate migration and fear of drought will force thousands of Isfahan citizens to emigrate from Isfahan. The second scenario, "there is water but little," shows that water policies are forward-looking and do not ignore long-term challenges, but technology has been abandoned as a way to solve problems in this area. We need optimal water control and survival because groundwater aquifers have been reduced to a minimum, and annual rainfall is still declining. Therefore, according to foresight policies, steps should be taken towards optimal consumption, but in this scenario, the traditional solutions adopted still lack understanding of the potential of new technologies in the field of water. In the third scenario, "there is water, but for the rich," we see a dipole in access to water. The city's wealthy people, who can buy technology, have water, and the less affluent, are deprived of water. Engineers usually take steps to address existing crises in communities by identifying them, but the managers must provide the conditions for the equitable use of technologies and their indigenous growth. Solving the water crisis in this scenario is more of a management issue in the social sciences than a technical one. In the fourth scenario of "Green Isfahan," city managers and officials, considering the potential of new technologies in the optimal management of water consumption and adopting foresight policies, will reach a desirable green city for different segments of society. Green Isfahan will be a living city with an identity that results from the future wisdom and intelligence of managers and the innovation of engineers. Conclusion Future studies seek to keep the future open to all alternatives and propositions, and scenarios, as the most widely used method of future studies, are alternative and believable stories of the future that each of them has the potential to occur. The achievement of scenario planning is a kind of intelligence about the "what ifs" that each scenario presents to managers. The scenario planning results in Isfahan's water basin showed that the essential future drivers in the water basin are all cases that are somehow manageable by human factors. Water price drives, investment in new technologies, water policies, population, and water infrastructure are all things that can be changed by the decisions of human factors (managers and urban decision-makers). Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی متغیرهای کلیدی و پیشران‌های اثرگذار بر آینده مسئله آب در شهر اصفهان و تدوین سناریوهای پیش روی شهر اصفهان در مسئله آب میباشد. روش تحقیق حاضر به‌مثابه پژوهشی کاربردی و با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد عدم قطعیت‌های بحرانی به ارائه سناریوهای آینده آب در اصفهان پرداخته است. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از روش مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و پانل خبرگان استفاده‌شده است. با استفاده از نظر خبرگان 20 عامل کلیدی در قالب پنج پیشران یعنی ۱. قیمت آب، ۲. سرمایه‌گذاری در فناوری‌های نوین، ۳. سیاست‌های آب، ۴. جمعیت شهرنشین و ۵. زیرساخت‌های آب، دسته‌بندی شدند. در مرحله بعد، دو پیشرانِ سیاست‌های آب و سرمایه‌گذاری در فناوری‌های نوین به‌عنوان عدم قطعیت‌های بحرانی مبنای تدوین سناریوهای شهر اصفهان در حوزه آب قرار گرفتند و درنهایت چهار سناریو تدوین شد. سناریوی اول نبرد برای آخرین جرعه روایتگر وضعیتی است که اصفهان با خشک‌سالی شدید روبرو خواهد بود؛ سناریوی دوم آب هست ولی کم، وضعیتی را نشان می‌دهد که سیاست‌های آب آینده‌گرا هستند و چالش‌های بلندمدت را نادیده نمی‌گیرند، اما فناوری به‌مثابه راهکاری برای حل مشکلات این حوزه کنار گذاشته‌شده است؛ سناریوی سوم آب هست ولی برای ثروتمندان روایتگر یک دوقطبی بر سر دسترسی به آب است؛ و سناریوی چهارم اصفهانِ سبز وضعیتی را توصیف می‌کند که مدیران و مسئولین شهری با در نظر گرفتن پتانسیل فناوری‌های نوین در مدیریت بهینه مصرف آب و با اتخاذ سیاست‌های آینده‌نگاری، به شهری سبز که مطلوب اقشار مختلف جامعه باشد، تحقق می‌بخشند. نتایج نشان میدهد که پیشران‌ها و سناریوها نشان می‌دهند که مهم‌ترین عوامل تعیین‌کننده وضعیت آینده آب در شهر اصفهان نه عوامل محیطی، بلکه عوامل مربوط به تصمیمات انسانی هستند.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Evaluating the effectiveness of urban management strategies to deal with the corona outbreak crisis in the case study of Rasht city ارزیابی میزان اثربخشی راهبردهای مجموعه مدیریت شهری جهت مقابله با بحران شیوع کرونا مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت 73 89 170414 10.22034/jsc.2022.290034.1489 FA حمیدرضا یوسفی ماتک گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-9952-0086 علی اکبر سالاری پور گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-9306-565X Journal Article 2022 08 28 A B S T R A C T With the tremendous advances in health in recent decades, it was unimaginable that in the 21st century, the size and spread of the coronavirus could cause such a crisis in the world's cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by the urban management of Rasht against the coronavirus. The research method of the present study is quantitative and data collection has been done through surveys and documents. By studying the theoretical concepts and reviewing the research background, eight criteria and 53 indicators were extracted, including the role of municipalities, the role of citizens, management and executive, treatment-healthcare, cleanliness - hygiene, economic, educational-cultural, transportation, and public space. Three hundred ninety-one questionnaires were distributed and completed online among residents and citizens of Rasht. One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Friedman tests in SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Then the research is modeled and analyzed using Smart PLS3 software. The path coefficient leading to the hidden criterion of "cleanliness - hygiene" has a robust effect (0.949). It means that the hygiene-hygienic criterion has a strong effect on the effectiveness of urban management strategies. Economic and therapeutic-care criteria have the most substantial effect with path coefficients of 0.916 and 0.910, respectively. These three criteria and the following indicators have been determined by the citizens of Rasht as important criteria. Disinfection of crowded office and public buildings, an adaptation of shops and fruit and vegetable fields (creating spatial order, etc.), installation of places for handwashing, etc. are among the things that can be done in this period and the urban management should focus on these issues and then address the economy and people's livelihood Extended Abstract Introduction Global epidemics are the biggest threat to cities' social and economic life, given the history of epidemics in human societies, such as the coronavirus (Covid-19), spread throughout China since late 2019. These pandemics disrupt the ordinary course of life in the city and cripple municipal service delivery systems. Few would have thought that in the 21st century, the size and spread of the coronavirus could cause such a crisis in the world's cities. The city administration, which has never encountered such a rapid pandemic in history, has been fragile in the first place in the face of the disease. However, over time, they could find a way to deal with the disease. Gilan province, especially Rasht city, was one of Iran's first spots of coronavirus outbreak. In this study, we seek to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies adopted by urban management against coronavirus to find a way to use these experiences to prevent such crises. Methodology The present study is descriptive-quantitative, and collected information through observation, survey, and documentary studies. By studying the theoretical concepts and reviewing the research background, eight criteria and 53 indicators were extracted, including the role of municipalities, the role of citizens, management and executive, treatment-healthcare, cleanliness - hygiene, economic, educational-cultural, transportation, and public space. The research questionnaire was designed based on these indicators with Likert scale questions. Three hundred ninety-one questionnaires were distributed and completed online among residents and citizens of Rasht. The obtained data were entered into SPSS software, and for data analysis, the mean, one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Friedman test were used. Then the research is modeled and analyzed using Smart PLS3 software. Results and discussion Due to the significance level less than 0.05 (0.000) of this study, the test result is significant for the research criteria, and the ranking of indicators effectively deals with the coronavirus outbreak crisis. The remarkable result is the average of the research criteria that are lower than the mid-level (3). However, the criterion of the role of municipalities with an average of 2.90 has the highest value. This issue shows the weakness of the urban management of Rasht in the fight against coronavirus in all areas. Results of the Friedman test show a significant difference among the criteria. The main criteria are municipalities, transportation and public space, and citizens' role, respectively. Also, after analyzing the structural model in Smart PLS3 software, the path coefficient leading to the hidden criterion of "cleanliness - hygiene" has a robust effect (0.949). It means that the hygiene-hygienic criterion strongly affects the effectiveness of urban management strategies. Economic and therapeutic-care criteria have the most substantial effect with path coefficients of 0.916 and 0.910, respectively. The coefficient of determination for the hygiene-hygienic criterion is 0.9, which indicates the accuracy in the model of the criterion. Economic and treatment-healthcare criteria have coefficients of determination of 0.839 and 0.827, respectively, and are in the following ranks of this ranking. A noteworthy point in this ranking is the cleanliness and health of the people that the urban management should focus on this issue and, after solving this issue, pay attention to the economy and livelihood of the people. The mean extracted variance (AVE) for the research criteria, which should be a number higher than 0.5, is desirable and acceptable for all criteria except the criteria of the role of municipalities and the role of citizens. The mean-variance extracted for the two criteria of the role of municipalities and the role of citizens, which are 0.322 and 0.355, respectively, are lower than the desired level and are unacceptable. Among the indicators of this study, the economic index "Assistance to vendors affected by the Corona crisis" with a coefficient of 0.957 has the highest overlapping. In the next rank among economic indicators, the index "Support for working children" with a coefficient of 0.952 has the highest overlapping. Also, the economic index "Identifying and providing gratuitous assistance to vulnerable groups in cooperation with charities and non-governmental organizations" with a coefficient of 0.929 has the subsequent highest overlapping. This ranking states that the economic issue is always the most crucial subject in people's lives, and if the Rasht Municipality and the Rasht authorities focus on this agenda, their efforts for compensating of the damages of this pandemic would be more fruitful. Also, among the treatment-healthcare indicators, the index of "accommodation and care and, if necessary, quarantine of homeless people in built-up spaces (like temporary spaces)" with a coefficient of 0.923 has the highest overlapping. Finally, considering the value of GOF (0.767) based on the outputs of Smart PLS3 software, it is concluded that the designed model of the present study has a strong fit. Conclusion Rasht urban management agencies can protect the lives of the people in this period by focusing on sanitation and public health, which has been one of the primary duties of municipalities according to Article 55 of the Municipal Law. The resilience of cities against the destructive social, economic, health impacts of this pandemic is mainly dependent on the initiatives of the urban authorities to provide alternative solutions to continue urban life. This study's results can help reform intervention policies in this field by identifying key issues and classifying and prioritizing them. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. با پیشرفت‌های شگرف در حوزه بهداشت و سلامتی در دهه‌های اخیر تصور نمی‌شد که در قرن 21 شیوع ویروس کرونا ازلحاظ اندازه و گسترش بتواند شهرهای جهان را با چنین بحرانی مواجه سازد. پژوهش حاضر باهدف ارزیابی میزان اثربخشی راهبردهای مجموعه مدیریت شهری شهر رشت در مقابله با ویروس کرونا انجام‌گرفته است. روش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر کمی است و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از طریق پیمایشی و اسنادی صورت پذیرفته است. با مطالعات مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق، 8 معیار و 53 شاخص شامل نقش شهرداری‌ها، نقش شهروندان، مدیریتی و اجرایی، درمانی - مراقبتی، نظافتی - بهداشتی، اقتصادی، آموزشی - فرهنگی، حمل‌ونقل و فضای عمومی استخراج شد. تعداد 391 پرسش‌نامه به‌صورت آنلاین میان ساکنین شهر رشت توزیع گردید. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون‌های کولموگروف اسمیرنوف تک نمونه‌ای و فریدمن در نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شد. سپس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Smart PLS3 به مدل‌سازی و تحلیل پژوهش پرداخته‌شده است. ضریب مسیر منتهی به معیار پنهان "نظافتی - بهداشتی" قوی‌ترین تأثیر را دارا می‌باشد (949/0). این بدین معنی می‌باشد که معیار نظافتی – بهداشتی تأثیری قوی بر اثربخشی میزان راهبردهای مجموعه مدیریت شهری دارد. معیارهای اقتصادی و درمانی - مراقبتی به ترتیب با ضرایب مسیر 916/0 و 910/0 دارای قوی‌ترین تأثیر می‌باشند. این سه معیار و شاخص‌های ذیل آن‌ها توسط شهروندان شهر رشت به‌عنوان معیارهای مهم تعیین‌شده‌اند. ضدعفونی کردن ساختمان‌های پرازدحام اداری و عمومی، مناسب‌سازی فروشگاه‌ها و میدان‌ها میوه و تره‌بار (ایجاد نظم فضایی و ...)، تعبیه مکان‌هایی برای شست‌وشوی دست‌ها و ... ازجمله کارهایی است که در این دوران می‌توان انجام داد و مجموعه مدیریت شهری باید تمرکز خود را بر این موضوعات عطف نماید و بعدازاین مسئله به اقتصاد و معیشت مردم بپردازد.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Environmentally-Friendly Behaviors among Citizens and the Relationship with moral values the Case Study of Gorgan City رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست در بین شهروندان و ارتباط آن با ارزش‌های اخلاقی مطالعه موردی: شهر گرگان 91 106 170410 10.22034/jsc.2022.285043.1466 FA احمد عابدی سروستانی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0002-5808-4505 محمدرضا شهرکی گروه توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 28 A B S T R A C T Citizens' behavior towards the environment and their moral values in interaction with nature are among the issues that are important in the quality of urban life and sustainable viability of cities. In the present study, using stratified random sampling, Gorgan residents were examined regarding environmentally friendly behaviors and ethical values. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and reliability by Cronbach's test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. The results showed that the pro-environmental behavior index was at a moderate level. However, women and men were not different in regards to pro-environmental behaviors. As studied people grew older, pro-environmental behavior improved, but education level did not correlate significantly. The results also showed no significant correlations between anthropocentric and theocentric orientations with the pro-environmental behaviors index. However, with strengthening ecocentric orientation, the pro-environmental behaviors decrease. These results reaffirm the gap between moral values and behavior in which behaviors have no relationship with environmental beliefs. According to the results, it is suggested that necessary facilities to reduce the cost of environmentally-friendly behaviors should be provided for citizens Extended Abstract Introduction Concern about the threat to the environment by humans has become one of the most important questions of human conscience. In this regard, value and moral issues have a special place because individual and social values and norms shape human behaviors. The fact is that after accepting the right attitudes towards nature and establishing the right moral relationship with it, one can unconsciously love and respect nature. Environmental ethics is a branch of applied philosophy and biological ethics that deals with humans and nature. The Greek philosopher Aristotle also believed that citizenship and morality are related subjects. Morality is from the view of the individual. Citizenship is from the perspective of the group. According to him, a person's moral character is the same set of characteristics or virtues necessary to have a good citizen. Although some have shown that the environmental behavior of citizens has become more responsible than in the past, the question is whether citizens have the right morals and environmental behaviors. Also, what connection can there be between the two? Because until the present study, no study was found about environmental ethics and environmentally-friendly behaviors in urban areas of Iran. So, this study was conducted to answer the above questions in Gorgan city. Methodology The present study was conducted by a descriptive-survey research method. The study population included residents of Gorgan who were at least 18 years old. According to the last census of 2016, the population of Gorgan was 350216 people, at least 20% of whom were under 18 years old. The number of samples was obtained 246 people using Cochran's formula, which 300 people were selected for the study to increase accuracy. Also, a stratified random sampling method was used based on the division of regions and districts of this city to select the samples in Gorgan city. According to the Gorgan Municipality, this city is divided into three districts and each district is divided into two sub-districts. By randomly selecting the citizens' houses, 50 people (100 people in each area) and a total of 300 people were randomly selected from each of the three districts of Gorgan. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Twenty statements were used that each of them expresses action or behavior towards the environment to measure pro-environmental behaviors. Also, 19 statements were used to measure the attitude towards environmental ethics. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through face validity by obtaining the opinion of the faculty members of the Department of Environment, the Department of Agricultural Extension, and Education of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Cronbach's test was applied in a pilot study to evaluate the reliability. The alpha value for the index of environmental behaviors was 0.724, and the environmental ethics scale was 0.731. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. Descriptive statistics, including mean, percentage, frequency, and inferential correlation coefficient statistics, including Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests, were employed. Results and Discussion The present study showed that the attitude of Gorgan residents towards the theocentric dimension of environmental ethics was the strongest and the anthropocentric dimension was the weakest. In this respect, the ecocentric dimension was in the middle position. The results showed that the attitude towards anthropocentric beliefs has decreased with increasing the level of education. Also, theocentric and ecocentric attitudes had a positive mutual effect on each other. In general, pro-environmental behaviors could be assessed at an acceptable level. Although this is not a great level, it is not a bad situation. Also, men and women were not different in terms of pro-environmental behaviors. With increasing age, the pro-environmental behaviors have improved. Besides, the level of education was not significantly related to their environmentally-friendly behaviors. The results showed that anthropocentric and theocentric dimensions did not significantly correlate with the index of pro-environmental behaviors, but this relationship was negative and significant with the attitudes towards the ecocentric dimension. In other words, pro-environmental behaviors have diminished as ecological beliefs have increased. Although pro-environmental behaviors were independent of theocentric attitudes, the significant correlation between ecocentric attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors can reinforce the possibility that concentric attitudes influence pro-environmental behaviors by strengthening ecocentric behaviors. Surprisingly, the negative and significant relationship between ecocentric attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors seems unexpected, as it was expected that people with stronger ecocentric beliefs would have more pro-environmental behaviors. It seems that something has happened here, which is called the "value-behavior" gap. Conclusion Given the gap between environmental values and behavior, changing environmental attitudes and beliefs cannot guarantee alone to enhance pro-environmental behaviors. For this purpose, situational variables are significant. Therefore, it is essential to provide the necessary conditions in a way that citizens can act following their environmental values and beliefs. For example, providing garbage bins in public places. Also, the negative relationship between the level of education and the attitudes towards anthropocentric beliefs can be considered a re-emphasis on the need to provide appropriate programs to improve citizens' knowledge of the environment and avoid anthropocentric beliefs. Improving citizens' environmental knowledge and awareness can be done by using mass media such as radio and television and magazines, as well as holding environmental events. Forming environmental groups and using the cooperation and participation of citizens in cleaning the environment can also make them interested in increasing knowledge about the environment. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. رفتار شهروندان در قبال محیط‌زیست و ارزش‌های اخلاقی آنان در تعامل با طبیعت ازجمله مسائلی است که در کیفیت زندگی شهری و زیست‌پذیری پایدار شهرها اهمیت دارد. در تحقیق حاضر با نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌بندی‌شده تصادفی، ساکنان شهر گرگان ازنظر رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست و ارزش‌های اخلاقی موردبررسی قرار گرفتند. ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه بود که روایی آن از طریق روایی صوری و پایایی با آزمون کرونباخ مورد تائید قرار گرفت. اطلاعات جمع‌آوری‌شده با نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS18 تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست در حد متوسط بود و از این نظر تفاوتی بین زنان و مردان وجود نداشت. با افزایش سن، رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست بیشتر می‌شد، اما سطح تحصیلات ارتباطی با آن نداشت. تحقیق حاضر نشان داد همبستگی معنی‌دار بین رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست با گرایش به ارزش‌های انسان‌محور و خدامحور وجود نداشت، اما با تقویت زیست‌بوم محوری، رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست کاهش می‌یافت. این نتایج تأییدی بر شکاف بین ارزش‌های اخلاقی و رفتار هست که در آن، رفتارها ارتباطی با باورهای محیط‌زیستی ندارند. با توجه به نتایج، پیشنهاد می‌شود تسهیلات لازم به‌منظور کاهش هزینه رفتارهای حامی محیط‌زیست در اختیار شهروندان قرار داده شود.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 An Integrated Rural-Urban governance model The case study of cities in the northern part of Ilam province ارائه مدل حکمروائی یکپارچه روستایی- شهری مطالعه موردی: شهرستان‌های حوزه شمالی استان ایلام 107 124 170411 10.22034/jsc.2022.312703.1562 FA قدیر فیروزنیا گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام ‌نور، تهران، ایران عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران رویا تیموریان گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام ‌نور، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 28 A B S T R A C T The study of the plans shows that many development plans have failed due to one-dimensional thinking and not considering the relationship between the city and the countryside and the lack of integrated management. Not taking into account the relationship between the city and the countryside and the lack of interaction between urban and rural managers has been an obstacle to the formation of integrated management, and the result has been the polarization of development, regional imbalance, rural emigration, rapid and unplanned growth of cities. In this regard, the current research has been conducted to present an integrated rural-urban governance model for the cities of the northern area of Ilam province. For this purpose, 9 indicators of coherence and synthesis, spatial coherence, interaction and the link between urban management and rural management, seeking participation, consensus orientation, accountability, accountability, justice and equality and transparency were evaluated with appropriate indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is city managers and city and village councils, among which 322 people were selected as a statistical sample. Data have been analyzed using the structural equation model and pls software. Examining the coefficients of the path shows that the interaction and link between rural and urban management (synergy) have the highest score with a coefficient of 0.854, and the index of spatial cohesion is ranked second with a coefficient of 0.839. The synthesis Cohesion Index with a coefficient of 0.791 has the third degree of influence on the formation of integrated rural-urban governance and the participation index with 0.770, the consensus index with 0.728, the accountability index of 0.696, the accountability index with 0.678, the transparency index with 0.637 and the justice and equality index with 0.604 are placed in the fourth to ninth place respectively in the degree of influence on the establishment of integrated rural-urban governance Extended Abstract Introduction Economic, social, and cultural developments in recent times, especially in the last few decades of the twentieth century, have led to widespread reactions and socio-political restructuring at various levels of government and the emergence of new types of organizational communication (and perspectives). One of these views was the theory of good governance, which since the late 1990s, international policy, economic and political institutions have identified as the key to the development conundrum. But one of the main challenges in achieving good governance and institutionalizing this model in urban governance is how to achieve this model. In this regard, the integrated management approach has been considered one of the most important and pivotal factors in achieving good governance. Concerning the study area, the dominant planning thinking in Ilam province, due to macro-national planning, is to have one-dimensional thinking (with city sovereignty) in development planning. Ignorance of urban-rural relations and lack of relations and interaction between urban and rural managers has been an obstacle to the formation of integrated management in this province, which has led to polarization of development, regional imbalance, and the gap between urban and rural development. Also, migration and rapid growth have been formed in Ilam province's cities without a plan. Accordingly, the present study has been conducted in order to find a suitable answer to the question: What is the appropriate model of integrated rural-urban governance in the northern part of Ilam province? Methodology The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied nature and in terms of the method of implementation and addressing the research issue with a combined method (quantitative and qualitative). Data collection has been done based on two ways, including documentary and field. The validity of the components is obtained through face validity. The statistical population of the study includes the managers of the fifth term of urban and rural areas (including members of the Islamic Council of villages and villagers, members of the Islamic Council of cities and mayors and deputy mayors), district and governor, as well as urban and rural managers in the fourth term and local elites (2043 people). For the sample size, 132 questionnaires were completed by urban managers and elites, and 190 questionnaires were completed by rural managers. Research variables in the form of socio-cultural, administrative-institutional, physical, economic dimensions and indicators of cohesion and integration, spatial cohesion, management link and organizational synergy, stakeholder participation, responsibility, accountability, consensus, and justice and equality, have been reviewed and analyzed. To analyze the data, SPSS and Smart-PLS software programs (in order to determine the relationships between indicators and the intensity of this relationship) were used to design an integrated rural-urban governance model. Results and discussion The study of path coefficients obtained from Smart-PLS software shows that among the obtained coefficients, the effect of interaction and link between rural and urban management (synergy) with the coefficient of 0.854 has the highest score and indicates that the highest impact on the formation of integrated rural-urban governance. Spatial cohesion index with a coefficient of 0.839 has an effect on the formation of integrated rural-urban governance. Combinatorial Cohesion Index with a coefficient of 0.791 has the effect on the formation of integrated rural-urban governance. In addition, participation index with a coefficient of 0.770, consensus orientation index with a coefficient of 0.728, accountability index with a coefficient of 0.696, responsibility index with a coefficient of 0.678, transparency index with a coefficient of 0.637 and justice and equality index with a coefficient 0.604, respectively, have affected the formation of integrated rural-urban governance. Conclusion The results indicate that from the point of view of community members, the link and interaction between rural and urban management is the most important indicator in forming the model of integrated rural-urban governance. Then, the spatial cohesion index is in the second priority. Coherence and composition is the third indicator in terms of importance in forming integrated governance. Participatory and consensus-seeking are recognized as the fourth and fifth factors, respectively, and accountability is ranked sixth in terms of effectiveness. The accountability index is in seventh place in terms of importance in the formation of integrated governance, and the least effective factor is the index of transparency, justice and equality. It seems that in order to improve the current situation, the activities and tasks of the management, which are currently operating in a heterogeneous, island-like and sectoral manner, are needed. And also has led to a lack of functional and spatial integration and division, so it should be delegated purposefully and with effective planning and organization in the region to prevent division and fragmentation. In addition, considering the socio-economic, structural-functional, legal-policy conditions, as well as the existence of existing attitudes and views towards integrated rural-urban governance, planning and management strategies, must be operationalized. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مطالعه برنامهریزیها نشان میدهد بسیاری از برنامههای توسعه به خاطر داشتن تفکر تک بعدی و در نظر نگرفتن روابط شهر و روستا و عدم مدیریت یکپارچه با شکست مواجه شده اند. در نظر نگرفتن روابط شهر و روستا و عدم تعامل میان مدیران شهری و روستایی مانعی برای شکل گیری مدیریت یکپارچه بوده و پی آمد آن قطبی شدن توسعه، عدم تعادل منطقه ای، روستا گریزی، رشد سریع و بدون برنامه شهرها گردیده است. در این راستا پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه الگو حکمروایی یکپارچه روستایی – شهری برای شهرهای حوزه شمالی استان ایلام انجام شده است. برای این منظور 9 شاخص انسجام و ترکیب نگری، انسجام فضایی، تعامل و پیوند میان مدیریت شهری و مدیریت روستایی، مشارکت جویی، اجماع گرایی، مسئولیت پذیری، پاسخگویی، عدالت و برابری و شفافیت با نماگرهای متناسب مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش پژوهش توصیفی – تحلیلی می باشد. جامعه آماری مدیران شهری و شوراهای شهر و روستا می باشند که در این میان 322 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب گردیدند. داده ها با استفاده از مدل معادلات ساختاری و نرم افزار pls مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. بررسی ضرایب مسیر نشان میدهد که تعامل و پیوند میان مدیریت روستایی و شهری (هم افزایی) با ضریب 854/0 بیشترین امتیاز را کسب نموده و شاخص انسجام فضایی با ضریب 839/0 در رتبه دوم قرار دارد. شاخص انسجام ترکیب نگری با ضریب 791/0 درجه سوم میزان اثرگذاری بر شکل گیری حکمروایی یکپارچه روستایی-شهری را به خود اختصاص داده است و شاخص مشارکت جویی با 770/0، شاخص اجماع گرایی با 728/0، شاخص پاسخگویی با 696/0، شاخص مسئولیت پذیری با 678/0، شاخص شفافیت با 637/0 و شاخص عدالت و برابری با 604/0 به ترتیب در جایگاه چهارم تا نهم میزان تاثیرگذاری بر شگل گیری حکمروایی یکپارچه روستایی-شهری قرار گرفته اند.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Analyzing the consequences of modernization and globalization in creating spatial differences between urban neighbourhoods the case study of Amirieh and Zafaranieh neighbourhoods of Tehran واکاوی پیامدهای مدرنیزاسیون و جهانی‌شدن در ایجاد تفاوت فضایی میان محله‌های شهری مطالعه موردی: محله‌های امیریه و زعفرانیه تهران 125 142 170412 10.22034/jsc.2022.297224.1515 FA فرشته دستواره گروه جغرافیای انسانی و آمایش، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران جمیله توکلی نیا گروه جغرافیای انسانی و آمایش، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-8517-299X مظفر صرافی گروه برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی شهری و منطقه‌ای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-5662-7898 Journal Article 2021 08 29 A B S T R A C T Cultural and physical changes are one of the forms of modernization and globalization processes in developed countries, and today the consequences of these processes have increased in the cities of developing countries. These consequences can be examined in several urban scales, including urban neighbourhoods. The following article examines the impact of modernization and globalization in the two neighbourhoods of Amiriyeh and Zafaranieh in Tehran and the reason for their differences in physical structure and cultural identity. The research method is quantitative and its strategy is causal. The research data collection tool is based on library studies, field methods and questionnaire techniques. The sampling method is based on the corrected model of Cochran, in which 60 questionnaires are distributed in each neighbourhood and questions about cultural identity are asked from the residents of the neighbourhood, the municipal officials and the housekeepers of the neighbourhoods, and the examination of the physical structure is based on field observations. Data analysis and comparison are made using Friedman and T statistical tests. The results of this research show that due to the different cultural, social and economic texture and structure of the two neighbourhoods, and since globalization and modernization focus on areas with higher information capabilities and potentials, the Zafaranieh neighbourhood in comparison With the Amirieh neighbourhood, it has been more affected by the processes of modernization and globalization, and their consequences are very evident in the production of the space of this neighbourhood from the point of view of the physical structure and cultural identity Extended Abstract Introduction One of the most critical trends in history is the trend of globalization and modernity, which has been able to unite the entire human race. Cultural and physical changes are one of the forms of modernization and globalization processes in developed countries, whose consequences have increased in the cities of developing countries today. The flow of modernity in the form of modernization or underdevelopment has left different effects on the different characteristics of Iranian cities, which are mostly seen in the elements and signs of modernism and not modern thought. Therefore, the impact of the process of modernization and globalization is much more evident on a smaller scale than in the city, such as in urban neighborhoods. Also, one of the developments in the production of urban space due to the process of modernization and globalization is that based on the policies of the city government, a modern and capitalist economic system is created in the city. Following that, the body and bones of the city are changed with extensive high-rise buildings, construction based on modern architecture, etc. Moreover, with these backgrounds, the cities' physical, economic and cultural atmosphere undergo transformations with changes in policies, and these changes cause transformations in the style and way of life as well. In the city of Tehran, as a city affected by modernization and globalization, the spatial structure of neighborhoods in terms of implementing urban management policies and economic, physical, social and cultural characteristics are different from each other. The following article examines the impact of modernization and globalization in the two neighborhoods of Amiriyeh and Zafaraniyeh in Tehran and the reason for their differences in physical structure and cultural identity. Methodology The research method is quantitative, and its strategy is causal, which seeks to discover and investigate the relationships between the factors and the specific conditions of the globalization process in cities by studying the results. The research data collection tool is based on library studies, field methods and questionnaire techniques. The statistical population consists of two neighborhoods, Zafaraniyeh and Amiriyeh. The sampling method is based on the corrected Cochran model. In each neighborhood, 60 questionnaires were distributed. The questions about cultural identity were asked from the neighbourhood's residents, the officials of the municipality and the houses of the neighborhoods, and the examination of the physical structure was based on field observations. Data analysis and comparison have been done using Friedman and T statistical tests. Result and discussion The results of this research show that due to the different cultural, social and economic contexts and structures of the two neighborhoods, globalization and modernization focus on areas with higher powers and potential. Compared to Amiriyeh neighborhood, Zafaraniyeh neighborhood has been more affected by the processes of modernization and globalization, and their consequences are very evident in the production of the atmosphere of this neighborhood from the perspective of the physical structure and cultural identity. This means that in the corner of the city, there are neighborhoods with the characteristics and symbols of modernization and globalization, such as investment and the creation of a large number of banks and private monetary and financial centers, tourism offices, economic and service companies between International or their headquarters, high-rise construction, luxury towers and hotels, malls and mega malls, modern architecture in buildings and houses, different and up-to-date lifestyle and consumption patterns. Finally, a form of social relations and the neighborhood with the predominance of individualism can be seen in the north of the city, such as Zafaraniyeh neighborhood. Conclusion Therefore, these differences lead to separating urban neighborhoods from each other and intensify the socio-economic inequalities, the deep gap between the rich and the poor in the cities, and distance from the sustainable and native urban life. Nevertheless, it can be said that change according to the critical and new features of modernization and globalization is the need of today's humankind; because these processes and changes have helped to make life better and more accessible, and living in today's world should be according to the features and characteristics of the present time. Also, coexistence with other nations according to special laws is another characteristic of the present age; but as long as it does not lead to the dimming of the characteristics and elements of identity and does not intensify the differences and dualities in the urban space, so that the integration of urban spatial development ends in social cohesion, which is one of the important factors of sustainable urban development. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. تغییرات فرهنگی و کالبدی یکی از اشکال فرایندهای مدرنیزاسیون و جهانی‌شدن در کشورهای توسعه‌یافته محسوب می‌شود که امروزه پیامدهای حاصل از این فرایندها در شهرهای کشورهای درحال‌توسعه نیز افزایش‌یافته است. این پیامدها در چند مقیاس شهری قابل‌بررسی است که یکی از آن‌ها محله‌های شهری است. نوشته پیش رو به بررسی تأثیر مدرنیزاسیون و جهانی‌شدن در دو محله امیریه و زعفرانیه تهران و علت تفاوت‌های آن‌ها در ساختار کالبدی و هویت فرهنگی می‌پردازد. روش پژوهش به‌صورت کمی و استراتژی آن علّی است. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پژوهش بر اساس مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، روش میدانی و تکنیک پرسشنامه است. روش نمونه‌گیری برمبنای مدل تصحیح‌شده کوکران است که در هر محله 60 پرسش‌نامه توزیع‌شده و پرسش‌ها درباره هویت فرهنگی از ساکنان محله، مسئولین شهرداری و سرای محله‌ها و بررسی ساختار کالبدی بر مبنای مشاهدات میدانی است. تجزیه، تحلیل و مقایسه داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری Friedman و T انجام است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که به علت بافت و ساختار مختلف فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی دو محله و ازآنجایی‌که جهانی‌شدن و مدرنیزاسیون مناطقی با توان‌ها و پتانسیل‌های بالاتر اطلاعاتی را کانون توجه قرار می‌دهد، محله زعفرانیه در مقایسه با محله امیریه، بیشتر از فرایندهای مدرنیزاسیون و جهانی‌شدن تأثیر پذیرفته است و پیامدهای آن‌ها در تولید فضای این محله از منظر ساختار کالبدی و هویت فرهنگی بسیار مشهود است.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Codifying architecture, urban planning and design strategies in the post-corona era with a grounded theory method زمینه‌بندی راهبردهای معماری و شهرسازی ایران در دوران پساکرونا به روش نظریه بر پایه‌ایی 143 158 170407 10.22034/jsc.2023.280198.1442 FA محمود رضایی گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-9776-3834 Journal Article 2022 08 29 A B S T R A C T The crisis caused by the outbreak of a new infectious virus called corona in cities has caused the previously accepted principles in architecture and urban planning to be questioned. The adoption of new strategies in various fields of architecture and urban planning has faced immediate problems for decision-makers. The question addressed in this article is the discovery of the most important strategies as a simple model for Iranian society in the face of the challenges and consequences of this phenomenon. The article seeks to categorize the strategic themes grounded on Coronavirus pandemic challenges in architecture, urban planning and design in Iran. The research aims to build relevant knowledge in the shape of the conceptual model. As the virus has spread quickly among societies and vaccination discovery takes time, it is vital to find theoretical dimensions as well as practical aspects of architecture, urban planning and design to respond to the challenge. Thus based on a grounded theory methodology and applying content analysis and focus group techniques, the primary sources gathered from an expert panel including countrywide faculty members of IAU with architecture and urban planning and design expertise. To consider the data collection saturated, the graduate students' sketches during a semester as well as the extensive literature have been analyzed. Challenges, consequences, and strategies are codified in three phases: Open, axial, and selective codes have been sorted out. The article concludes that the themes might be classified based on five challenges from less physical (including socio-economic, cultural-educational) to more physical (consisting of planning-design, urban infrastructure, and traffic). The themes include housing, education-research, participation, planning, design, Information and Communication Technology, and public transportation. There is no discrepancy between the extracted strategies for either post or pre Corona eras. The most common concept among themes and strategies is their dichotomy qualities (such as place and non-place). The good governor based on healthy city approaches, however, is the crucial theme that may bind the whole theme. Extended Abstract Introduction The crisis caused by the outbreak of a new infectious virus called corona in cities has caused the previously accepted principles in architecture and urban planning to be questioned. The adoption of new strategies in various fields of architecture and urban planning has faced immediate problems for decision-makers. The question addressed in this article is the discovery of the most important strategies as a simple model for Iranian society in the face of the challenges and consequences of this phenomenon. The article seeks to categorize the strategic themes grounded on Coronavirus pandemic challenges in Iran's architecture and urban planning. The research aims to build relevant knowledge in the shape of the conceptual model. As the virus has spread quickly among societies and vaccination discovery takes time, it is vital to find theoretical dimensions as well as practical aspects of architecture and urban planning to respond to the challenge. Architectural and urban planning solutions as proper building placement, lighting, choice of materials, natural ventilation, spatial hierarchy, and in-between spaces along with socio-economic solutions and health treatments in Iranian society against deaths caused by accidents and diseases are presented. Apart from floods and earthquakes, the spread of malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, shingles, gonorrhea, syphilis, typhoid, plague, smallpox, cholera, and Covid-19 are among the causes of crises or mass deaths in Iran has been reported. Options such as escaping from being in the wind, going home, closing the door on yourself, avoiding other people's gatherings, avoiding fatty and sweet foods, eating pickles, smelling vinegar and smoking (frankincense) have been mentioned, but few people could get rid of them. At present, in the short period of academic correspondence, several media events about "Corona in Iranian society" have taken place. "Hyper medicine" and "cyberspace expansion" or virtual and the culmination of a platform video culture in the areas of health, housing, business, education, lifestyle, shopping, and consumption are among the main factors in the discussion of governance model in the cyberspace era. Socio-economic, educational, cultural-artistic challenges and areas such as social movements, government and policy-making, labor and employment, communication, religious thought, and social psychology of the crisis were among the theoretical achievements of academic communities. Methodology Based on a grounded theory methodology and applying content analysis and focus group techniques, the primary sources were gathered from an expert panel including countrywide faculty members of IAU with architecture and urban planning and design expertise. To consider the data collection saturated, the graduate students' sketches during a semester as well as the extensive literature have been analyzed. Challenges, consequences, and strategies are codified in three phases: Open, axial, and selective codes have been sorted out. In addition to library studies, first-hand data were collected in two ways. First, focus discussions and in-depth interviews with a group of experts were set up in the think tank. The expert participants were invited from among the faculty members of the fields of architecture and urban planning of the country. Second, illustrated studies of graduate students in the fields of architecture and urban planning were used. In the expert’s section, nine specialized topics were reviewed by all participants during ten online sessions (at least one hour each). The topic discussed before the meeting was completed by the study participants, during the meeting by the members, and led by the moderator and secretary of the meeting. Finally, after completing ten sessions, each professor summarized their topic in writing and provided it. The final analysis was finally provided to the experts for comment and consensus. In the other section, the students of five classes voluntarily presented sketches with the research topic in graphic drawings with short texts used in data analysis operations. In order to reach the theoretical saturation limit, additional library studies were continued. The initial analysis method was the first-hand data (final written texts and sketches) and second-hand (library) data in three open, axial, and selective steps line by line or paragraph by paragraph and sketch by sketch. Then, they were coded in three parts. Results and discussion The themes might be classified based on five challenges from less physical to more physical. The themes include housing, education research, participation, planning, design, information and communication technology, and public transportation. Both in comparing domestic and foreign first and second-hand sources and in the proposed model of strategies, the role of the coronavirus is more as an accelerator or a reminder of the principles of architecture and urban planning. In other words, the corona experience can accelerate the changes that need to be made in the fields of architecture and urban planning. The most common aspects of contexts are dual actions (such as place and non-place). It suggests a life style in which human identity has become multifaceted in the fluid and dual actions of space-time, public-private, open-closed, visible-invisible, local-global, tradition-modernity, visible-invisible. Also, urban health-oriented governance is the main strategy that brings together other strategies. Conclusion There is no discrepancy between the extracted strategies for post- or pre- Corona eras. The most common concept among themes and strategies is their dichotomy qualities (such as place and non-place). However, the good governor based on healthy city approaches is the central theme that may bind the whole theme. The most common aspects of contexts are dual actions. In the new soft life of corona, human identity has become multifaceted in the fluid and dual actions of space-time, public-private, open-closed, visible-invisible, local-global, tradition-modernity, visible-invisible. Also, urban health-oriented governance is the main strategy that brings together other strategies. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. بحران شیوع ویروس کرونا سبب شده برخی اصول انضباط‌های فکری مورد تردید قرار گیرد. اتخاذ راهبردهای جدید، تصمیم گیران را با چالش مواجه ساخته است. این مقاله به اکتشاف مهم‌ترین راهبردها به‌صورت مدلی ساده برای جامعه ایران در مواجه با چالش این پدیده در زمینه‌های معماری و شهرسازی می‌پردازد. با توجه به ابهامات درمانی، نحوه و سرعت عمل ویروس و توزیع واکسن، لازم است تا افزون بر زمینه‌های نظری، عرصه‌های عملی پاسخگوی این نوع بحران‌ها باشد. هدف، بسترسازی برای تولید دانش در این زمینه است. چراکه برخی ادعاهای شهرسازی برآمده از این پدیده، تازگی کاذب رسانه‌ای داشته یا برآمده از استدلال‌های نادرست است. مبتنی بر نظریه بر پایه‌ایی و با روش تحلیل محتوا، داده‌های دست اول از متون حاصله از اتاق فکر و جلسات خبرگان معماری-شهرسازی کشور، جمع‌آوری و با مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و اسکیس‌های ترسیمی دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی طی یک ترم به اشباع نظری رسیده است. «چالش»، «پیامد» و «راهبردهای محتوایی» با کدگذاری «آزاد»، «محوری» و «منتخب» به کمک نرم‌افزار اطلس تی آی تحلیل و مدل‌سازی شده است. یافته‌ها حاکی است که زمینه راهبردهای محوری برخاسته از چالش‌های منتخب پنج‌گانه، در طیفی وابسته از کمتر کالبدی (شامل اقتصادی-اجتماعی، مدیریتی-مشارکتی و فرهنگی-آموزشی)، تا بیشتر کالبدی (شامل برنامه‌ریزی-طراحی، زیرساختی-شبکه‌ای) قابل دسته‌بندی است. راهبردها در زمینه‌هایی مثل مسکن، مشارکت، مردم‌سالاری دینی، آموزش، بهره‌گیری از اصول طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی با رویکردهای سلامت‌محور و توسعه زیرساخت‌های فناوری و حمل‌ونقل عمومی به‌دست‌آمده است. بااین‌وجود، یافته‌ها و راهبردهای دوران پساکرونا مغایرتی با دوران پیشاکرونا نداشته ولی فرصتی ویژه برای کشور است. بیشترین وجه اشتراکی زمینه‌ها، کنش‌های دوگانه هویتی است. در این تجربه زندگی، هویت آدمی بیشتر در کنش‌های سیال و دوگانه فضا-زمان، عمومی-خصوصی، باز-بسته، مشهود-نامشهود، محلی-جهانی، سنت-مدرنیته، مریی-نامریی و حضور-غیاب چند جهانی شده است. همچنین حکمروایی سلامت‌محور شهری راهبرد اصلی گرد هم آورنده سایر راهبردهاست

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Comparison and evaluation of the pragmatics of sustainable development in the description of services and content of urban development plans in the Case study of Karaj metropolis مقایسه و ارزیابی کاربست توسعه پایدار در شرح خدمات و محتوای طرح‌های توسعه شهری مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر کرج 159 175 170415 10.22034/jsc.2021.292703.1500 FA بهزاد عراقی کزاز گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران واراز مرادی مسیحی گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 29 A B S T R A C T The rapid development of urbanization in developing countries has led to the emergence of a variety of crises that the issue of planning has become one of the most important challenges facing urban planners and managers. The metropolis of Karaj, as a case study in this study, is a suitable example of cities that in developing countries have put the Western planning model in the form of comprehensive plans or strategic structures on their agenda since 1351. Without its goals and methods, both in content and in the description of services, to meet its local needs. Thus, these plans and programs have so far been acceptable success in solving problems have not affected parts of the city such as rapid transformation and unplanned and explosive growth of the city in the form of urbanization model prior to urban planning, threat of development of construction in agricultural and garden lands, anomalies and Social distortions, declining quality of life, and lack of basic living facilities and services. Considering the concepts of sustainability and the efforts that have been made in the last two decades to improve urban planning and more efficient models, in this descriptive-analytical study with systematic analysis technique, a list of sustainability indicators from reliable sources (World Bank, Commission The United Nations Sustainable Development (UNCSD), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), etc.) were included. Then, using the methodology of "Green Book" (part of the strategic and research program of the Office of Research and Development ORD3) in the United States) and according to the law of renaming the Ministry of Housing (1353), classification and localization of evaluation and management indicators Sustainability of development plans took place. The results of the evaluation based on the content analysis technique show; The description of services urban development plans can be seen, with what content plan has been prepared, are considerable. In addition to the mentioned distance, the theoretical literature of sustainable development has not been well processed both in terms of context and content. Therefore, it is necessary to make a fundamental review in the process of preparing and content of urban development plans as one of the tools to achieve development and formulate a comprehensive development plan by establishing a balance between different dimensions of development Extended Abstract Introduction Rapid urbanization in developing countries has led to a variety of crises, so that the issue of planned development has become one of the most critical challenges facing managers and urban planners. A set of influential factors in these countries have led cities to act without any planning, despite having urban development plans. In this regard, the metropolis of Karaj, despite the practice of urban development plans, have always been struggling with issues such as rapid transformation and unplanned and explosive growth of the city, the expansion of construction in agricultural and garden lands, the occurrence of anomalies and social deviations, declining quality of life and lack of the minimum living facilities and services required in some parts of the city. Studies show that implementing the western planning model in this city in the form of comprehensive plans or strategic structure has been on the agenda since 1973, without adapting its goals and methods (both in content and in terms of service description) to local needs and characteristics. Thus, these plans and programs have not had significant success in solving the fundamental problems and issues of the city of Karaj and its orientation towards sustainable development. Methodology The efforts have been made in the last two decades to reform the urban planning system and more efficient models based on it. So, in this descriptive-analytical study using systematic analysis technique, first, a list of sustainability indicators was extracted from reliable sources (World Bank, United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and so on.). Then, classification and localization of evaluation indicators and sustainability management of development projects were done using the "Green Book" methodology (part of the Strategic and Research Program of the Office of Research and Development (ORD3) in the United States) and according to the law of renaming the Ministry of Development and Housing (1975). The statistical population of this study includes experts of road and urban planning departments of Alborz province, Karaj Municipality, Governorate, Islamic City Council, Alborz Province Construction Engineering Organization (with the criterion of selecting related education, the relationship between organizational position and field of study, management experience in urban planning with duration employment time over ten years). The sample selection method is a non-random snowball sampling method. Thus, it continued with selecting the first elite from the statistical community and the transfer of the semi-open interview chain to other individuals, taking into account the limited selection of the elite. In this study, about 576 hours in 48 days from June 2020 to January 2021 were spent with 12 elites to collect and extract content. In this research, filing tools and semi-open interviews were used to collect information, experts' ideas and conformity with previous studies were applied to check the validity of data, and analysis methods such as content analysis and hierarchical analysis were used to analyze data and information. Results and discussion Based on the obtained findings, Karaj Structural Strategic Plan (2013) and Comprehensive Plan (1973) are the most appropriate plan in terms of the level of sustainability indicators in the plan's content. Also, the structural, strategic plan of Karaj-Shahriyar (2012) has the lowest level of enjoyment compared to the indicators of sustainable development. The detailed plan under preparation shows the highest level of sustainability indicators in the service description, and the lowest level is observed in the detailed review plan. In other words, the gap between sustainability indicators in the description of services and the content of urban development plans is pronounced. In the study of the dimensions of sustainability during the years of preparation of the plan, the most attention has been paid to the institutional-managerial dimension and then the economic dimension, and the physical dimension is in the third place. The elites have achieved this issue due to the strategic features of Karaj and its proximity to the capital. For activists, the inseparable combination of the city of Karaj to the city of Tehran and the conflict with management issues arising from the proximity of the institutional-managerial dimension has always been essential over the years. Conclusion Finally, as a conclusion of the research, it can be said that what is seen in the description of services of urban development plans is significantly different from what is prepared in the content of the plan. In addition to the mentioned distance, the theoretical literature of sustainable development is not well included and processed in the framework and the content. Therefore, it is necessary to make a fundamental review in preparing and content of urban development plans as one of the tools to achieve development and formulate a comprehensive development plan and establish a balance between different dimensions of development. Also, the indicators and dimensions of sustainable development should be drawn accurately and conceptually and as an agenda and roadmap for planners and consulting engineers. In this regard, it is always recommended to monitor and evaluate the level of achieving sustainable development indicators in the program's implementation process to identify the weaknesses and shortcomings of development. And to prepare the right path based on the causes of non-achievement of goals in the context of development flows, development path regulators (those who define the types of urban development plans), extender of development plans (consulting engineers preparing the plan based on service description), the structure approving and evaluating the plan (Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran) and the executors of the plan (urban management structure). Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. تغییر و تحولات سریع شهرنشینی در کشورهای در حال‌توسعه منجر به پیدایش انواعی از بحران‌ها شده به طوری‌که موضوع توسعه‌ی برنامه‌ریزی‌شده به یکی از مهمترین چالش‌های پیش‌روی مدیران و برنامهریزان شهری تبدیل شده است. در این رابطه، کلان‌شهر کرج به عنوان نمونه‌ای از کلان‌شهرهای کشور باوجود تمرین طرحهای توسعه شهری از دیرهنگام، همواره با مسائلی همچون دگرگونی شتابان و رشد بیبرنامه و انفجاری، گسترش ساخت و سازها در اراضی کشاورزی، بروز ناهنجاری‌ها و کج‌روی‌های اجتماعی، افت کیفیت زندگی و فقدان امکانات زیستی و خدمات موردنیاز در پهنه‌هایی از شهر، دست به گریبان بوده است. لذا پرداختن به مشکلات و نارسایی‌های طرح‌های توسعه شهری در جهت تنظیم و مدیریت توسعه (پایدار) کلانشهرهای کشور به ویژه کلان‌شهر کرج ضرورت ویژه‌ای دارد. این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است که با به‌کارگیری مجموعه متنوعی از ابزارها به جمع‌آوری، بازتنظیم و تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش از ابزار فیش‌برداری و مصاحبه نیمه‌باز برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، از ایدههای کارشناسان و مطابقت با مطالعات قبلی برای بررسی روایی داده‌ها، و از روش‌های تحلیل از جمله روش تحلیل محتوا و تحلیل سلسله مراتبی برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کارشناسان خبره نهادهای مرتبط با مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی شهری کرج می‌باشد؛ و روش انتخاب نمونه‌ها، روش نمونه‌گیری غیرتصادفی گلوله برفی است. مبتنی بر یافته‌های پژوهش، می‌توان گفت مفاد و محتوای طرح‌های تهیه شده با آنچه که در شرح خدمات و چارچوب طرح-های توسعه شهری کرج دیده می‌شود، فاصله قابل توجهی دارد. همچنین علاوه بر فاصله مذکور، ادبیات توسعه پایدار نه در چارچوب و نه در محتوا به خوبی گنجانده و پردازش نشده است. لذا ضروری است در فرایند تهیه و محتوای طرحهای توسعه شهری به عنوان یکی از ابزارهای دستیابی به توسعه و تدوین برنامه توسعه همه‌جانبه و برقراری تعادل میان ابعاد مختلف توسعه، بازنگری اساسی صورت پذیرد.این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است که با به‌کارگیری مجموعه متنوعی از ابزارها به جمع‌آوری، بازتنظیم و تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش از ابزار فیش‌برداری و مصاحبه نیمه‌باز برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، از ایده‌های کارشناسان و مطابقت با مطالعات قبلی برای بررسی روایی داده‌ها، و از روش‌های تحلیل از جمله روش تحلیل محتوا و تحلیل سلسله مراتبی برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کارشناسان خبره نهادهای مرتبط با مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی شهری کرج می‌باشد؛ و روش انتخاب نمونه‌ها، روش نمونه‌گیری غیرتصادفی گلوله برفی است. مبتنی بر یافته‌های پژوهش، می‌توان گفت مفاد و محتوای طرح‌های تهیه شده با آنچه که در شرح خدمات و چارچوب طرح-های توسعه شهری کرج دیده می‌شود، فاصله قابل توجهی دارد. همچنین علاوه بر فاصله مذکور، ادبیات توسعه پایدار نه در چارچوب و نه در محتوا به خوبی گنجانده و پردازش نشده است. لذا ضروری است در فرایند تهیه و محتوای طرح‌های توسعه شهری به عنوان یکی از ابزارهای دستیابی به توسعه و تدوین برنامه توسعه‌ همه‌جانبه و برقراری تعادل میان ابعاد مختلف توسعه، بازنگری اساسی صورت پذیرد.

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انجمن جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران مجله شهر پایدار 2476-6631 5 4 2023 02 19 Evaluation and measurement of indicators of quality of urban smart living in Tehran city ارزیابی و سنجش شاخص‌های کیفیت زندگی هوشمند شهری در شهر تهران 177 192 158125 10.22034/jsc.2022.297019.1513 FA محمدرضا شامی گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران وحید بیگدلی راد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران 0000-0002-6381-2749 مریم معینی فر گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 29 A B S T R A C T In the present century, with the advent of new and intelligent technologies in the field of information and communication technology in Tehran metropolis, many changes have taken place in the life of urban dwellers and its quality, and this has attracted the attention of many thinkers to the concept of "quality of smart life". The result is a review and presentation of effective dimensions and indicators in measuring it in Tehran metropolis. Given the importance of the quality of life factor in the urban planning system, attention to the concept of intelligence and the expansion of its impact on this factor is increasingly discussed. The purpose of this study is to achieve a structural model, the order of importance and impact factor of dimensions and quality indicators of smart urban life through structural equations with partial least squares (PLS) approach in the metropolis of Tehran. Districts one, six and nineteen of Tehran Municipality have been selected as the statistical population and the size of the statistical population is four hundred people. Based on the results, all seven dimensions of research have a significant relationship with the quality of intelligent urban life to measure and evaluate it. Also, in order to express the importance of these dimensions in different regions, the factor of cohesion and social participation in region one, public education in region six and the factor of resource consumption and environment in the nineteenth region of Tehran have the highest rank. It can be said that the development of cities and communities is strongly influenced by the increasing development of information and communication technology in different parts of the world, but this issue should not ignore the differences and demands of different people Extended Abstract Introduction In the current era, with the passage of 50% of the world's urban population, the millennium of urbanization and therefore, we are facing the second wave of urbanization due to the high volume and speed of urbanization and the emergence of new cities. Meanwhile, the growth of urbanization has taken place simultaneously with the rule of information technology in various fields of urban life. It has taken a faster pace than in the past, perhaps the third wave of urbanization. This growing growth in recent centuries has led to numerous problems such as congestion, environmental pollution, food and energy crises, as well as difficult challenges for the government and issues related to development planning and operation of cities and urban management in the professional fields responsible to the city. The advent of information and communication technology has made the concept of intelligence undeniably impact all human development processes. Cities use ICT to change urban infrastructure, public and private services, and government activities. One of the new concepts to meet the current challenges of cities in the field of urban planning is the development of smart cities, which has attracted much attention in recent years. Considering the efforts of thinkers as theorists and executives in order to improve the quality of life of urban people, the study and understanding of the effective factors in achieving this goal has been of the highest importance so that today with the advent of information and communication technology and its effects there are a hundred different factors. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, the dimensions and indicators affecting the quality of smart living were identified. Then, the importance of these factors was asked from the citizens' point of view using a questionnaire tool and the structural equation modeling method in Smart-PLS software was analyzed. By studying various sources and examining them, different dimensions of the quality of urban smart living based on health, security, culture, education, cohesion and social participation, resource consumption and environmental protection, and finally, physical and building development have been expressed. Methodology The present study is of qualitative and quantitative type. The necessary information is collected, and the required dimensions and indicators to explain the relationships between them for survey-based analysis through structural equation modeling or SEM and partial least squares approach or PLS were identified. In this study, the dimensions and indicators of evaluating the quality of urban smart living have been extracted by studying various researches and in the next step by compiling a questionnaire based on Likert scale (ranking scale for measuring sequential data) and its distribution among city residents Tehran's opinions were collected in 3 regions: north, central and south. The relationships between observable variables (questionnaire questions) and dependent variables (dimensions and indicators) are considered and measured by determining the measurement model. This method will be a homogeneous model where the absolute value of the factor load of each of the observable variables (questions) corresponding to the hidden variable of that model is at least 0.7. The result confirms this value. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and mean-variance index or AVE were used to measure the two criteria, respectively. The values obtained for Cronbach's alpha were higher than 0.7, and the mean extracted variance was above 0.5, which is higher than the minimum acceptable. Results and discussion According to the information obtained in district one of Tehran, the index of electronic voting process intelligence has no significant relationship with social cohesion and participation, as well as the innovation of educational methods with public education. In the sixth district of Tehran, smartening index in the care and monitoring of patients' health status with the dimension of health, monitoring and control of public and private spaces with security, smartening to increase the level of study (electronics and mobile) in education and familiarity with tourist sites has no significant relationship with cultural development. Similarly, in the nineteenth region, the index of receiving security services and analyzing data related to the occurrence of crime to prevent its further occurrence with security, intelligence in the direction of education, and virtual assessment of education and cost. Construction in intelligent physical development, waste generation, and innovation in its recycling have no significant relationship with the consumption of resources and the environment, while there is a significant relationship between other dimensions and indicators in creating an urban quality of smart living. Conclusions Accordingly, the dimensions of cohesion and social participation in region one, public education in region six, and resource consumption and environment in region nineteen of Tehran are of the highest importance in evaluating and improving the quality of smart living. Housing and buildings ranked seventh with the least importance. According to the information provided in the tables, the ranking of indicators can be checked. Finally, it should be noted that the development of information technology and its impact on the lives of societies is undeniable. Still, on the other hand, the emphasis on using this platform should not lead to designing a single path for development. Understanding the opinions and demands of citizens in different cities is a critical factor in targeting and determining urban development strategies using smart methods and equipment. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. در قرن حاضر با ظهور تکنولوژی‌های نوین و هوشمند در حوزه فن‌آوری اطلاعات در کلان‌شهر تهران، تغییرات بسیاری در زندگی شهرنشینان رخ‌داده است و این توجه اندیشمندان را به مفهوم "کیفیت زندگی هوشمند" جلب کرده که نتیجه آن بازنگری و ارائه ابعاد و شاخص‌های موثر در سنجش آن در کلان‌شهر تهران است. با توجه به اهمیت کیفیت زندگی در نظام برنامه‌ریزی، توجه به مفهوم هوشمندی و گسترش تأثیر آن در عامل مذکور بیش‌ازپیش مطرح می‌گردد. هدف از این پژوهش دستیابی به یک مدل ساختاری، ترتیب اهمیت و ضریب تأثیر ابعاد و شاخص‌های کیفیت زندگی هوشمند شهری از طریق معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS) در کلان‌شهر تهران می‌باشد. مناطق یک، شش و نوزده شهرداری تهران به‌عنوان جامعه آماری و حجم جامعه آماری نیز چهارصد نفر می‌باشد. بر اساس نتایج حاصله تمامی ابعاد هفتگانه پژوهش ارتباط معناداری با عامل کیفیت زندگی هوشمند شهری جهت سنجش و ارزیابی آن دارند. همچنین در راستای بیان میزان اهمیت این ابعاد در مناطق مختلف، عامل انسجام و مشارکت اجتماعی در منطقه یک، آموزش عمومی در منطقه شش و عامل مصرف منابع و محیط‌زیست در منطقه نوزده تهران بالاترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. لذا می‌توان گفت که توسعه شهرها تحت تأثیر توسعه روزافزون فن‌آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در نقاط مختلف دنیا است اما این موضوع نباید باعث نادیده گرفتن تفاوت‌ها و خواسته‌های مردم مختلف گردد.

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