Analysis of the scale effect on urban green structures with landscape planning approach; A case study on districts 1 and 3 in Tehran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD student in Environmental Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Environmental Planning and Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22034/jsc.2019.198530.1104

Abstract

Understanding the problems of cities and also their physical pattern and form at different scales are very important. In addition, urban structure planning requires the use of localized data at the appropriate scale. Choicing of the optimal scale in studies is one of the principles that can make the results of studies more accurate and practical. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of scale on urban spatial and environmental studies of 1 and 3-district in Tehran. The present research approach describes the effects of scale on urban land scape by using ecological land scape pattern and satellite images in meso-scale (Landsat satellite) and micro-scale (Quickbird satellite). Comparing the results of land scape quantification in the meso and micro scales in 1 and 3-district in Tehran, indicates the difference in the results. In the first scale 1747 green patches and in the second scale, 36516 green patches were distinguished, which both of them are used. Also some differences are in the size and density of the edge as well as the shape of the patches in the two study scales. In addition, the results show that the characteristics of patches in micro-scale of 1 and 3-district in Tehran are closer to the natural state of green space of these deistricts and more applicable in urban and local planning but they arrangements are less. This less order has nothing to do with the destruction of such space. The importance of arrangement of patches is important in regional studies. At this level, mid-scale images survey are recommended. In general, by guiding studies based on the principles of scale, the uncertainty of the results can be minimized and the quality of decisions will be improved.

Keywords


1)      بحرینی، حسین (1378) شکل شهر چیست و چرا باید به آن اهمیت داد؟، مجله معماری و فرهنگ، سال 1، شماره 1، صص. 7-23.
2)      ذوقی، محمود؛ یاوری، احمدرضا؛ بحرینی، حسین؛ احسانی، امیر هوشنگ (1394) کمی سازی شاخص ازهم‌گسیختگی فضای سبز شهری و مدل‌سازی پویایی آن با الگوی سیمای سرزمین (مطالعه موردی شهر تهران)، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، برنامه‌ریزی، مدیریت و آموزش محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران.
3)      رضویان، محمدتقی (1381) برنامه‌ریزی کاربری اراضی شهری، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات منشی.
4)      زبردست، لعبت؛ یاوری، احمدرضا؛ صالحی، اسماعیل؛ مخدوم، مجید (1390) تحلیل امکان استفاده از اکولوژی سیمای سرزمین در جهت کاهش عدم قطعیت ارزیابی اثرات محیط‌زیستی مطالعه موردی: جاده گذرنده از پارک ملی گلستان، رساله دکتری، برنامه‌ریزی محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه تهران.
5)      زبیری، محمود و دالکی، احمد (1388) اصول تفسیر عکس‌های هوایی با کاربرد در منابع طبیعی چاپ چهاردهم، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
6)      لطفی، صدیقه؛ محمود زاده، حسن؛ عبدالهی، مهدی؛ سالک فرخی، رقیه (1389) کاربرد تصاویر ماهواره‌ای اسپات برای تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی شهرستان مرند با رویکرد شیءگرا، کاربرد سنجش‌ازدور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی در برنامه‌ریزی، دوره 2، شماره 2، صص.56-47.
7)      نیک پور، عامر (1393) سنجش کالبدی فرم شهر بر اساس تراکم (موردمطالعه شهر آمل)، فصلنامه مطالعات برنامه‌ریزی شهری، سال 2، شماره 8، صص.34-11.
8)      ستوده، احد (1389) کاربرد شاخص‌های سلامت اکولوژیک برای تعیین الگوی بهینه توسعه شهری در بیوش ایرانی تورانی. رساله دکتری برنامه‌ریزی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده محیط‌زیست دانشگاه تهران.
9)     Baschak, L. & Brown, R. (1998) River systems and Landscape networks. In Mosaic landscape and ecological processes, edited by Hansson L.et al. Chaman & Hall. London, U.K. 356 pages.
10)  Beatley, T. (1999) Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Washington DC. Island Press.
11)  Beven, K. (2002) Towards a coherent philosophy for modelling the environment. Proceedings of the royal society of London. Series A: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, Vol.458, pp.2465-2484.
12)  Bian, L. (1997) Multiscale Nature of Spatial Data in Scaling Up Environmental Models, In: Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS, Goodchild, M. F., and Quattrochi, D. A. (Edts.), Lewis Publishers.
13)  Bokaie, M. & Zarkesh, M. K. & Arasteh, P.D. & Hosseini, A. (2016) Assessment of Urban Heat Island based on the relationship between land surface temperature and Land Use/Land Cover in Tehran, Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol.23, pp.94-104.
14)  Bouma, J. & Finke, P.A. & Hoosbeek, M.R. & Breeuwsma, A. (1998) Soil and water quality at different scales: concepts, challenges, conclusions and recommendations. In Soil and Water Quality at Different Scales (pp. 5-11). Springer, Dordrecht.
15)  Brenner, N. (2001) The limits to scale? Methodological reflections on scalar structuration. Progress in human geography, Vol.25, No.4, pp.591-614.
16)  Burel, F. & Baudry, J. (2003) Landscape ecology: concepts, methods and applications. Science Publishers, Inc, CRC Press.
17)  Colyvan, M. & Ginsburg, L. R. (2003) Laws of nature and laws of ecology, OIKOS101, Vol.3, pp. 649- 653.
18)  Crow, T. R. (2004) Putting Multiple Use and Sustained Yield into a Landscape Context, Pages 349- 365 in Liu, J. and W. W. Taylor. (Eds.). Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management. Cambridge.
19)  Farina, A. (2000) Landscape Ecology in Action. London, Kluwer Academic Publisher.
20)  Farina, A. (2008) Principles and methods in landscape ecology: towards a science of the landscape (Vol. 3) Springer Science & Business Media.
21)  Farina, A. (2010) Ecology, Cognition and Landscape: Linking Natural and Social Systems. London, Springer.
22)  Filion, P. & McSpurren, K. (2007) Smart growth and development reality: The difficult co-ordination of land use and transport objectives. Urban Studies, Vol.44, No.3, pp.501-523.
23)  Forman, R. T. (2014). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions 1995 (p. 217). Island Press.
24)  Fortin, M.J. & Dale, M.R.T. (2005) Spatial Analysis; A Guide for Ecologists, Cambridge University Press.
25)  Habitat, United Nations Human Selletment Program (UNHS) (2003) "Disaster Management Program of UNHABIIAT, http://Unhabitat.org.
26)  Handy, S. L. (1996) Understanding the link between urban form and nonwork travel behavior, Journal of planning education and research, Vol.15,3), 183-198.
27)  Harris, T. M. (2006). Scale as artifact: GIS, ecological fallacy, and archaeological analysis. In Confronting scale in archaeology (pp. 39-53). Springer, Boston, MA.
28)  Hay, G. J., Dubé, P., Bouchard, A., & Marceau, D. J. (2002). A scale-space primer for exploring and quantifying complex landscapes. Ecological Modelling, Vol.153و No.1-2, pp.27-49.
29)  Ingegnoli, V. (2002) Landscape Ecology a Widening Foundation: A Holistic Unifying Approach, Springer, Berlin, New York.
30)  Jenks, M. & Jones, C. (2010) Issues and concepts. In Dimensions of the sustainable city (pp. 1-19). Springer, Dordrecht.
31)  Jyothi, B. N. & Babu, G.R. & Krishna, I. M. (2008) Object oriented and multi-scale image analysis: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats-A review, Journal of Computer Science, Vol.4, No.9, pp.706-712.
32)  Krummel, J. R. & Gardner, R. H. & Sugihara, G. & O'neill, R. V. & Coleman, P. R. (1987) Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment, Oikos, Vol.48, No.3, pp.321-324.
33)  Kushla, J. D. (1996) Analyzing fire mosaics in temperate coniferous forests with GIS and remote sensing. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Oregon State University.
34)  Latour, B. (2004) Politics of Nature, how to Bring the Sciences into Democracy, Harvard University Press, translated by Catherine Porter.
35)  Levin, S. A. (1992). The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture, Ecology, Vol.73, No.6, pp.1943-1967.
36)  Lewiński, S. & Zaremski, K. (2004) Examples of object-oriented classification performed on high-resolution satellite images, Miscellanea geographica, Vol.11, No.1, pp.349-358.
37)  Li, B. L. (2000). Why is the holistic approach becoming so important in landscape ecology?, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol.50, No.1-3, pp.27-41.
38)  Liding, C., Yang, L., Yihe, L., Xiaoming, F., Boje, F. (2008) Pattern analysis in landscape ecology: process, challenges and outlook, Acta Ecologica Sinica, Vol.28, pp.5521-5531.
39)  Liu, J. & Taylor, W.W. (2004) Coupling landscape ecology with natural resource management: Paradigm shifts and new approaches. In: Liu, J., & Taylor, W.W. (Eds.). Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management (page 3-19). United Kingdum: Cambridge university press.
40)  Lovett, G.M. & Jones, C.G. & Turner, M.G. & Weathers, K.C. (2006) Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes, United States of America: Springer.
41)  Makhdoum, M.F. (2008 a) Landscape ecology or environmental studies (Land Ecology) (European Versus Anglo-Saxon School of thoughts). Environmental Application and Science, Vol.3, pp.147-160.
42)  McGarigal, K. (2015) FRAGSTATS help. University of Massachusetts: Amherst, MA, USA.
43)  Miller, D.H. (1978) The factor of scale: ecosystem, landscape mosaic, and region. In: Hammond, K.A., Macinio, K.A., & Fairchild, W.B. (Eds). Sourcebook on the Environment: A Guide to the Literature. (Chapter 4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44)  Naveh, Z. (1994) From biodiversity to ecodiversity: a landscape ecological approach to conservation and restoration. Restoration Ecology, Vol.4, pp.180-189.
45)  Pereira, G. M. (2002) A typology of spatial and temporal scale relations. Geographical Analysis, Vol.34, No.1, pp.21-33.
46)  Pfister, J. L. (2004) Using landscape metrics to create an index of forest fragmentation for the state of Maryland, Doctoral dissertation, Towson University Press.
47)  Phillips, J. D. (1999) Methodology, Scale, and the Field of Dreams, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.89, No.4, pp.754- 776.
48)  Prins, H. H. & Van Langevelde, F. (Eds.). (2008) Resource ecology: spatial and temporal dynamics of foraging (Vol. 23). Springer Science & Business Media.
49)  Proulx, R. (2007). Ecological complexity for unifying ecological theory across scales: A field ecologist's perspective. Ecological complexity, Vol.4, No.3, pp.85-92.
50)  Schneider, D. (2009) Quantitative Ecology: Measurement, Models, and Scaling, Second Edition, Elsevier.
51)  Selman, P. (2006) Planning at the Landscape Scale, New York: Routledge.
52)  Serrano, M. & Sanz, L. & Puig, J. & Pons, J. (2002) Landscape fragmentation caused by the transport network in Navarra (Spain). Two-scale analysis and landscape integration assessment. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol.58, pp.113-123.
53)  Smith, C. S. (1983) A Search for Structure: Selected Essays on Art, Science, and History. The MIT Press.
54)  Swart, J. A. A. (2008) Visions and Scales of Nature and Society in Nature Management, Chapter 9, In: Legitimacy in European Nature Conservation Policy: Case Studies in Multilevel Governance, J. Keulartz and G. Leistra (Edts.), Springer.
55)  Thompson, C. M. & McGarigal, K. (2002) The influence of research scale on bald eagle habitat selection along the lower Hudson River, New York (USA), Landscape Ecology, Vol.17, No.6, pp. 569-586.
56)  Ting, Z. & Shaolin, P. (2008) Spatial scale types and measurement of edge effects in ecology, Acta Ecologica Sinica, Vol.28, No.7, pp.3322-3333.
57)  Turner, M. G. & Dale, V. H. & Gardner, R. H. (1989). Predicting across scales: theory development and testing. Landscape ecology, Vol.3, No.3-4, pp.245-252.
58)  Wang, L. & Lyons, J. & Rasmussen, P. & Seelbach, P. & Simon, T. & Wiley, M. & Stewart, P. M. (2003) Watershed, reach, and riparian influences on stream fish assemblages in the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and aquatic sciences, Vol.60, No.5, pp.491-505.
59)  Wiens, J. A. (1995) Landscape mosaics and ecological theory. In Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes (pp. 1-26). Springer, Dordrecht.
60)  Wiens, J. A. (2002) Riverine Landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water. Freshwater Biology, Vol.47, pp. 501–515.
61)  Wood, E. F. & Sivapalan, M. & Beven, K. (1990) Similarity and scale in catchment storm response. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol.28, No.1, pp.1-18.
62)  Wu, J. (2007) Scale and scaling: a cross-disciplinary perspective. In: Wu, J., & Hobbs, R.J. (Eds.). Key Topics in Landscape Ecology (page 115-142). U K: Cambridge University Press.
63)  Wu, J. & Li, H. (2006) Concept of Scale and Scaling. In: Wu, J., Jones, K.B., Li, H., & Loucks, O.L. (Eds.), Scaling and Uncertainty in Ecology: Methods and Applications. Netherlands (page 3-15), Springer.
64)  Zhang, X. & Du, S. (2016) Learning selfhood scales for urban land cover mapping with very-high-resolution satellite images. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol.178, pp.172-190.