Iranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Analysis of Regeneration Sustainability of the City Central Texture
Case study: Central Texture of Zanjan CityAnalysis of Regeneration Sustainability of the City Central Texture
Case study: Central Texture of Zanjan City11611319510.22034/jsc.2020.212770.1173FAGhamar AbbasiPhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Acadmic Center for Education, culture and R esearch, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-6485-6000Yaghob MousaviAlzahra faclty memberIraj GhasmiAssistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning Acadmic Center for Education, culture and R esearch, Tehran, IranMohsen AhadnejadAssociate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Zanjan University, Zanjan, IranJournal Article20200408<br />Extended abstract<br />Introduction<br />The increase in the population of cities, as well as social, cultural and economic issues, have led to the importance of paying attention to urban regeneration. he city of Zanjan, which has been following the process of urbanization in Iran from 1986 to 2011, has sought to recreate the city with an original and body-centered approach. In recent decades, this approach has diminished and the policies of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and city managers have led to the prosperity of creative cultural industries, which have manifested in central texture tourism, pedestrian-orientation and the prosperity of local handicrafts, etc. Accordingly, the present study tries to study the intervention forces by emphasizing the components of sustainability in four physical, environmental, economic and social fields and then using structural equation modeling to determine the sustainability effects of the study areas on the urban regeneration. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the following question in the study area:<br />1. What is the status of the four areas of the central texture of Zanjan city in different dimensions of sustainability (physical, environmental, social and economic) from the perspective of urban regeneration?
Methodology<br />The present research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in view point of nature, and the library and field method based on observation and questionnaire have been used to collect information. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire items was confirmed by experts and also via Cronbach's alpha (0.856), respectively. The statistical population of the study of households living in the central part of Zanjan is 75057 people that by using of the Cochran's formula, 382 heads of households were selected as the sample population via simple random sampling method. In order to analyze the data, statistical tests such as linear regression (path analysis), one sample t-test, VICOR technique and modeling of structural equations with AMOS software have been exploited.
Results and discussion<br />"VICOR technique" has been exerted in order to evaluate and measure the level of sustainability by emphasizing the characteristics of the prosperity of creative cultural industries, four areas of the central texture of Zanjan city. Also; to measure the impact of sustainability indicators (physical, environmental, social and economic) on urban regeneration of the central context, structural equation modeling has been applied that the sustainability was assumed to be dependent variable and the environmental, physical quality, social and economic dimensions were considered to be independent variables. And the study of the effects of regression weight on the studied dimensions showed that the greatest effects of the relationship between the studied dimensions were related to the effect of physical dimension on urban regeneration with regression weight of 0.9188 and next, the economic dimension with regression weight of 0.596. Also, the least one was related to the impact of the social dimension of sustainability on the environmental one.
Conclusion<br />Following the research, which based on modeling structural equations, explained the role of four factors and dimensions in the stability of the central texture and modeling the effects of the degree of stability on urban regeneration. The results indicated that the physical dimension (showing the originality and physical orientation approach) and the economic dimension were two dimensions of structural ones that effective on the stability of the studied central texture, which had the strongest relationship in urban regeneration and had greatest impact on the regeneration in the study areas. Therefore, due to the explanation of the situation of urban regeneration in the study area, suggestions are made in the direction of orientation towards sustainable regeneration and elimination of its gaps in the study area, which are:<br />-Strengthening the economic dimension of sustainable urban regeneration in the central texture of four districts of Zanjan by emphasizing the prosperity of creative cultural industries (such as collective space, parks, libraries, cultural centers, holding festivals, strengthening handicrafts and historical textures tourism, museums and cinemas);<br />- Implement incentive policies to strengthen economic and creative performance in fourth and third districts of the center texture of the study area;<br />- Encouraging local residents of third and fourth districts of the study area to participate in public and collective spaces by using of street theater attractions, seasonal exhibitions, etc.;<br />- Organizing the passages in the fourth and third central areas of Zanjan city with emphasis on pedestrian-orientation;<br />- Creating the performance of artistic, cultural and innovative industries in third and fourth districts of the study area;<br />- Adopt supportive and incentive policies, including tax breaks and risky investment support across the study area;<br />-Plans to provide media and urban advertising for the new cultural and economic capacity building of the study area.<br />Extended abstract<br />Introduction<br />The increase in the population of cities, as well as social, cultural and economic issues, have led to the importance of paying attention to urban regeneration. he city of Zanjan, which has been following the process of urbanization in Iran from 1986 to 2011, has sought to recreate the city with an original and body-centered approach. In recent decades, this approach has diminished and the policies of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and city managers have led to the prosperity of creative cultural industries, which have manifested in central texture tourism, pedestrian-orientation and the prosperity of local handicrafts, etc. Accordingly, the present study tries to study the intervention forces by emphasizing the components of sustainability in four physical, environmental, economic and social fields and then using structural equation modeling to determine the sustainability effects of the study areas on the urban regeneration. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the following question in the study area:<br />1. What is the status of the four areas of the central texture of Zanjan city in different dimensions of sustainability (physical, environmental, social and economic) from the perspective of urban regeneration?
Methodology<br />The present research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in view point of nature, and the library and field method based on observation and questionnaire have been used to collect information. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire items was confirmed by experts and also via Cronbach's alpha (0.856), respectively. The statistical population of the study of households living in the central part of Zanjan is 75057 people that by using of the Cochran's formula, 382 heads of households were selected as the sample population via simple random sampling method. In order to analyze the data, statistical tests such as linear regression (path analysis), one sample t-test, VICOR technique and modeling of structural equations with AMOS software have been exploited.
Results and discussion<br />"VICOR technique" has been exerted in order to evaluate and measure the level of sustainability by emphasizing the characteristics of the prosperity of creative cultural industries, four areas of the central texture of Zanjan city. Also; to measure the impact of sustainability indicators (physical, environmental, social and economic) on urban regeneration of the central context, structural equation modeling has been applied that the sustainability was assumed to be dependent variable and the environmental, physical quality, social and economic dimensions were considered to be independent variables. And the study of the effects of regression weight on the studied dimensions showed that the greatest effects of the relationship between the studied dimensions were related to the effect of physical dimension on urban regeneration with regression weight of 0.9188 and next, the economic dimension with regression weight of 0.596. Also, the least one was related to the impact of the social dimension of sustainability on the environmental one.
Conclusion<br />Following the research, which based on modeling structural equations, explained the role of four factors and dimensions in the stability of the central texture and modeling the effects of the degree of stability on urban regeneration. The results indicated that the physical dimension (showing the originality and physical orientation approach) and the economic dimension were two dimensions of structural ones that effective on the stability of the studied central texture, which had the strongest relationship in urban regeneration and had greatest impact on the regeneration in the study areas. Therefore, due to the explanation of the situation of urban regeneration in the study area, suggestions are made in the direction of orientation towards sustainable regeneration and elimination of its gaps in the study area, which are:<br />-Strengthening the economic dimension of sustainable urban regeneration in the central texture of four districts of Zanjan by emphasizing the prosperity of creative cultural industries (such as collective space, parks, libraries, cultural centers, holding festivals, strengthening handicrafts and historical textures tourism, museums and cinemas);<br />- Implement incentive policies to strengthen economic and creative performance in fourth and third districts of the center texture of the study area;<br />- Encouraging local residents of third and fourth districts of the study area to participate in public and collective spaces by using of street theater attractions, seasonal exhibitions, etc.;<br />- Organizing the passages in the fourth and third central areas of Zanjan city with emphasis on pedestrian-orientation;<br />- Creating the performance of artistic, cultural and innovative industries in third and fourth districts of the study area;<br />- Adopt supportive and incentive policies, including tax breaks and risky investment support across the study area;<br />-Plans to provide media and urban advertising for the new cultural and economic capacity building of the study area.https://www.jscity.ir/article_113195_c937b386d02c8c3a27bbb4cfc9ea136b.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Analysis of Key Effective Factors on Reduction of Quality of Life Around Downtown Commercial Areas Case Study: District 12 of City TehranAnalysis of Key Effective Factors on Reduction of Quality of Life Around Downtown Commercial Areas Case Study: District 12 of City Tehran173011320010.22034/jsc.2020.234851.1255FAZahra Asadi PeymanPhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJamile TavakoliniaAssociate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8517-299XMohammad Taghi RazavianProfessor of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0009-0001-2061-9914Morteza GhourchiAssistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1835-5275Journal Article20200408
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The central part is the identity of a city and due to multiple urban functions, it is the best representative of human culture. However, uncontrolled expansion of the cities has caused a number of issues and problems. In the past, urban centers were the residence hubs in addition to being a place for events and gatherings, spending time and civic interactions, but over time, some of these activities have moved from the centers to the periphery and subsequently, the population habitation in surrounding areas has gradually led to social, economic and physical decline in urban centers. As long as, Functionalist approaches business centers and efficient families leave the centers in favor of the suburbs and poorer households with weak social and economic bases and abandoned property migrants choose the centers for housing, many characteristics of decline and decline such as high unemployment, low skill level, poor housing conditions, poor and unusual social environment, high density and severe social damage, etc. are brought to the center. Positivist philosophy, modernist planning, geometric typology, hardware engineering all created the conditions for the pure economic, social, and physical characteristics of urban centers to disappear and the weakness of policies of reconstruction and habitation of residents, job opportunities and housing development priorities in other urban areas and the lack of attention to intermittent development exacerbated the decline in quality of life in urban centers. The central part of Tehran is no exception to this rule. The bazaar, which was once considered as the backbone of the city, after the period of modernization with the rapid growth of urbanization in the second Pahlavi period was neglected. District 12, with the area of Tehran Bazaar and adjacent residential areas, has lost one third of its population during 1980-81. Various groups living in this area, especially higher-income families, have left the city center to live in better-equipped and modernized areas of north of the city, and immigrants and low-income families have replaced some of these families. The available data show that the northern part of Tehran bazaar belonged mostly to low-income groups of bazaar merchants and other urban groups. In recent years, one of the new approaches that has been considered in responding to this issue is the notion of quality of life, which in addition to objectivity and external manifestations, also attends mental and internal vision in planning. Although various studies have been conducted on quality of life, but due to 1) lack of comprehensive studies in all aspects of quality of life and 2) lack of causal relationships between variables affecting quality of life with emphasis on the commercial sector of the city, this study is necessary and it is also an innovative aspect of this research. Therefore, the purpose of this study is "analysis of causal relationships and identifying key factors affecting the reduction of quality of life around the city's commercial centers" in the study sample.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in view point of nature. The methods of data collection are quantitative. In this research, at the first, indicators were extracted from theoretical foundations, only repetitive indicators in relation to quality of life have been used. After determining the criteria and indicators that reduce the quality of life in the first stage of Delphi, these indicators were provided to a group of experts to confirm their validity according to the local conditions of Tehran's 12th district, on this basis a number of indicators were eliminated and some were added and in the continuation of the work for more validity in the form of a matrix of 27 x 27 were provided to 19 experts for the survey. Variables that can be used to analyze the disturbance of the balanced relationship and spatial dialectic in this part of the city and according to other sources and interviews with experts, the binary relation of these variables is measured and analyzed during research.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
In both direct and indirect relationships resulting from MIC MAK software, macro and institutional policies are at the first level, policies that stem only from macroeconomic trends and not the public utility, such as inappropriate gentrification and renovation policies. In worn-out textures, the development of the service sector and the decline of industrial and workshop activities, the inefficiency of the planning institution at the national level, unproductive capitalism, rapid population growth in recent decades, the uncontrolled expansion of Tehran, market trading land and rent in the northern and western regions of the city, inefficiency of the planning institution at the national level, inefficiency of land management policies, lack of services in urban plans, lack of accountability in Tehran, inappropriate housing policies at the national level and Local, lack of services in urban plans, rapid migration in recent decades and lack of accountability in Tehran lead to the disruption of balance and the emergence of inequalities and classification of society, and finally reduce quality of life.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results show that according to the indirect relations matrix, the variables of "policy inefficiency", "unproductive capitalism" which are managerial and institutional indicators, are recognized as key variables to improve or reduce the quality of life in the city center. These policies should be given priority and the proposed solution to this issue is to pay attention to urban regeneration policies in the region, based on the comprehensiveness of the view of these policies and the use of the capacities and potentials of the region. Public oversight and inter-organizational communication should be considered in the planning and implementation of urban programs
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The central part is the identity of a city and due to multiple urban functions, it is the best representative of human culture. However, uncontrolled expansion of the cities has caused a number of issues and problems. In the past, urban centers were the residence hubs in addition to being a place for events and gatherings, spending time and civic interactions, but over time, some of these activities have moved from the centers to the periphery and subsequently, the population habitation in surrounding areas has gradually led to social, economic and physical decline in urban centers. As long as, Functionalist approaches business centers and efficient families leave the centers in favor of the suburbs and poorer households with weak social and economic bases and abandoned property migrants choose the centers for housing, many characteristics of decline and decline such as high unemployment, low skill level, poor housing conditions, poor and unusual social environment, high density and severe social damage, etc. are brought to the center. Positivist philosophy, modernist planning, geometric typology, hardware engineering all created the conditions for the pure economic, social, and physical characteristics of urban centers to disappear and the weakness of policies of reconstruction and habitation of residents, job opportunities and housing development priorities in other urban areas and the lack of attention to intermittent development exacerbated the decline in quality of life in urban centers. The central part of Tehran is no exception to this rule. The bazaar, which was once considered as the backbone of the city, after the period of modernization with the rapid growth of urbanization in the second Pahlavi period was neglected. District 12, with the area of Tehran Bazaar and adjacent residential areas, has lost one third of its population during 1980-81. Various groups living in this area, especially higher-income families, have left the city center to live in better-equipped and modernized areas of north of the city, and immigrants and low-income families have replaced some of these families. The available data show that the northern part of Tehran bazaar belonged mostly to low-income groups of bazaar merchants and other urban groups. In recent years, one of the new approaches that has been considered in responding to this issue is the notion of quality of life, which in addition to objectivity and external manifestations, also attends mental and internal vision in planning. Although various studies have been conducted on quality of life, but due to 1) lack of comprehensive studies in all aspects of quality of life and 2) lack of causal relationships between variables affecting quality of life with emphasis on the commercial sector of the city, this study is necessary and it is also an innovative aspect of this research. Therefore, the purpose of this study is "analysis of causal relationships and identifying key factors affecting the reduction of quality of life around the city's commercial centers" in the study sample.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in view point of nature. The methods of data collection are quantitative. In this research, at the first, indicators were extracted from theoretical foundations, only repetitive indicators in relation to quality of life have been used. After determining the criteria and indicators that reduce the quality of life in the first stage of Delphi, these indicators were provided to a group of experts to confirm their validity according to the local conditions of Tehran's 12th district, on this basis a number of indicators were eliminated and some were added and in the continuation of the work for more validity in the form of a matrix of 27 x 27 were provided to 19 experts for the survey. Variables that can be used to analyze the disturbance of the balanced relationship and spatial dialectic in this part of the city and according to other sources and interviews with experts, the binary relation of these variables is measured and analyzed during research.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
In both direct and indirect relationships resulting from MIC MAK software, macro and institutional policies are at the first level, policies that stem only from macroeconomic trends and not the public utility, such as inappropriate gentrification and renovation policies. In worn-out textures, the development of the service sector and the decline of industrial and workshop activities, the inefficiency of the planning institution at the national level, unproductive capitalism, rapid population growth in recent decades, the uncontrolled expansion of Tehran, market trading land and rent in the northern and western regions of the city, inefficiency of the planning institution at the national level, inefficiency of land management policies, lack of services in urban plans, lack of accountability in Tehran, inappropriate housing policies at the national level and Local, lack of services in urban plans, rapid migration in recent decades and lack of accountability in Tehran lead to the disruption of balance and the emergence of inequalities and classification of society, and finally reduce quality of life.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results show that according to the indirect relations matrix, the variables of "policy inefficiency", "unproductive capitalism" which are managerial and institutional indicators, are recognized as key variables to improve or reduce the quality of life in the city center. These policies should be given priority and the proposed solution to this issue is to pay attention to urban regeneration policies in the region, based on the comprehensiveness of the view of these policies and the use of the capacities and potentials of the region. Public oversight and inter-organizational communication should be considered in the planning and implementation of urban programshttps://www.jscity.ir/article_113200_eb6146cd6629dc5453787a2358d1d4fa.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Explaining the Mehr Housing Residents’ Quality of Life
Case Study: Qaen CityExplaining the Mehr Housing Residents’ Quality of Life
Case Study: Qaen City314511319610.22034/jsc.2020.195619.1074FAMehdi Mododi ArkhudiAssistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Bozorgmehr University of Qaenat, Qaen, IranZahra MohammadiM.A Student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200408<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Generally, the importance and necessity of housing preparation is not hidden from anyone. Especially in a country such as Iran, where the majority of the population is at middle and low-income levels, housing has always been a basic issue for households. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and the social and economic development of different societies, so that the accommodation of families in unsuitable housing has caused social problems and anomalies that mutually will lead to negative economic effects on the communities. Therefore, proper housing does not only depend on its low price, but also other factors in the construction of housing, including security, tranquility, comfort, favorable environmental and health conditions and such factors will have a direct impact on appropriate housing. In this regard, over the recent years, the Mehr housing project was put on the agenda by Iran to provide housing for the middle and low-income levels of society; the observations indicate that the project, although the project partially elevated the access of the middle and low-income groups of society to housing, the lack of proper quality of the constructed housing caused dissatisfaction among the residents. Accordingly, the importance and necessity of the present study is that by identifying and evaluating the effective factors on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life, the necessary knowledge is provided about the project’s problems and mechanisms are taken to reduce and solve them. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the effective factors on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life of Qaen. Also, in this research, the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life of Qaen in relation to economic, security, leisure, satisfaction of housing, health and welfare, environmental, management, and participation factors has been investigated.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The general research approach is quantitative one and in terms of data collection method, it’s based on library and field data. In order to distribute the questionnaire, a sample of 250 people was examined. Data analysis were performed by using of descriptive statistical indicators such as frequency distribution and also Structural Equation Modeling Method with Partial Least Squares (PLS).
<strong>Result and Discussion</strong>
Overally, the results showed that economic factors, with a path coefficient of 0.633, and a security component with a path coefficient of 0.717, have a positive and significant effect on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life. Also, the leisure component, with a path coefficient of 0.524, and the housing satisfaction component, with a path coefficient of 0.467, have a positive and significant effect on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life. In addition, the health and comfort component, with a coefficient of 0.727, and the environmental component, with a coefficient of 0.747, have a positive and significant effect on the the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life. The results also indicate that managerial factors have a positive and significant effect on the quality of life of Mehr residents with a coefficient of 0.668; finally, the component of participation has a positive and significant effect on the the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life, with a coefficient of 0.678.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In this study, the effective factors on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life of Qaen city were examined. Accordingly, as the economic situation of the residents improves, it will improve their quality of life. Also, as the security situation in the area improves, it can be expected that it will improve the residents’s quality of life. Providing the necessary conditions for families to spend their leisure time can also have a positive effect on their quality of life. The results express that by applying the housing applicants’s opinons and expectations in the design and construction of housing, will lead to their satisfaction with the quality of it that mutually will improve their quality of life. Also, the necessary conditions preparation to improve the comfort of residents will increase their satisfaction and can affect the quality of life. In addition, environmental conditions have always been among the effective factors on the residents’s satisfaction, so that by improving the environmental and health conditions of the place, the residents’s satisfaction can be increased, which in turn will improve their quality of life. Also, the training of the Mehr housing complexes residents in order to manage the various affairs of the building can bring the residents’s satisfaction. It should be noted that participation, by improving social solidarity among residents, will improve their responsibility for different commonalities and therefore will have a positive impact on their satisfaction and quality of life.<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Generally, the importance and necessity of housing preparation is not hidden from anyone. Especially in a country such as Iran, where the majority of the population is at middle and low-income levels, housing has always been a basic issue for households. It should be noted that the quality of housing is directly related to the quality of life and the social and economic development of different societies, so that the accommodation of families in unsuitable housing has caused social problems and anomalies that mutually will lead to negative economic effects on the communities. Therefore, proper housing does not only depend on its low price, but also other factors in the construction of housing, including security, tranquility, comfort, favorable environmental and health conditions and such factors will have a direct impact on appropriate housing. In this regard, over the recent years, the Mehr housing project was put on the agenda by Iran to provide housing for the middle and low-income levels of society; the observations indicate that the project, although the project partially elevated the access of the middle and low-income groups of society to housing, the lack of proper quality of the constructed housing caused dissatisfaction among the residents. Accordingly, the importance and necessity of the present study is that by identifying and evaluating the effective factors on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life, the necessary knowledge is provided about the project’s problems and mechanisms are taken to reduce and solve them. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the effective factors on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life of Qaen. Also, in this research, the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life of Qaen in relation to economic, security, leisure, satisfaction of housing, health and welfare, environmental, management, and participation factors has been investigated.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The general research approach is quantitative one and in terms of data collection method, it’s based on library and field data. In order to distribute the questionnaire, a sample of 250 people was examined. Data analysis were performed by using of descriptive statistical indicators such as frequency distribution and also Structural Equation Modeling Method with Partial Least Squares (PLS).
<strong>Result and Discussion</strong>
Overally, the results showed that economic factors, with a path coefficient of 0.633, and a security component with a path coefficient of 0.717, have a positive and significant effect on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life. Also, the leisure component, with a path coefficient of 0.524, and the housing satisfaction component, with a path coefficient of 0.467, have a positive and significant effect on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life. In addition, the health and comfort component, with a coefficient of 0.727, and the environmental component, with a coefficient of 0.747, have a positive and significant effect on the the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life. The results also indicate that managerial factors have a positive and significant effect on the quality of life of Mehr residents with a coefficient of 0.668; finally, the component of participation has a positive and significant effect on the the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life, with a coefficient of 0.678.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In this study, the effective factors on the Mehr housing residents’s quality of life of Qaen city were examined. Accordingly, as the economic situation of the residents improves, it will improve their quality of life. Also, as the security situation in the area improves, it can be expected that it will improve the residents’s quality of life. Providing the necessary conditions for families to spend their leisure time can also have a positive effect on their quality of life. The results express that by applying the housing applicants’s opinons and expectations in the design and construction of housing, will lead to their satisfaction with the quality of it that mutually will improve their quality of life. Also, the necessary conditions preparation to improve the comfort of residents will increase their satisfaction and can affect the quality of life. In addition, environmental conditions have always been among the effective factors on the residents’s satisfaction, so that by improving the environmental and health conditions of the place, the residents’s satisfaction can be increased, which in turn will improve their quality of life. Also, the training of the Mehr housing complexes residents in order to manage the various affairs of the building can bring the residents’s satisfaction. It should be noted that participation, by improving social solidarity among residents, will improve their responsibility for different commonalities and therefore will have a positive impact on their satisfaction and quality of life.https://www.jscity.ir/article_113196_f843fa8727dda228a700f07375a727ee.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Evaluation of Urban Nightlife with an Emphasis on Night-Time Economy
Case Study: Kamal Ismail St., IsfahanEvaluation of Urban Nightlife with an Emphasis on Night-Time Economy
Case Study: Kamal Ismail St., Isfahan476211319710.22034/jsc.2020.211528.1165FAMahmoud GhalehnoeeAssistant Professor of Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran00000000000000000000Nazanin NilipourM.A of Urban Design, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, IranJournal Article20200409<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction </strong>
Since World War II, great changes have taken place in the structure of daily life, such as lifestyle change and the appearance of new alternatives such as flexible work, organized leisure time, and a return to inner city life. The concept of nightlife and 24 hour cities was introduced as an appropriate response to these changes. Similar to many concepts of urban design, nightlife has many criteria. Night-time Economy is a crucial criterion for revival urban centers at night. Undoubtedly, the lack of strong economic structures in urban centers has significantly reduced the quality of urban spaces, especially at night, and therefore the amount of use them. This paper seeks to address the following questions: How to improve the quality of urban spaces in Kamal Esmael St. at night by using of the Night-time Economy criterion? And what are the characteristics of Night-time economy criterion to prepare a successful urban nightlife in this street? To answer these questions, the indicators of the urban Night-time economy criterion and their measurement methods have been examined.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of citizens’ nightlife by enhancing the criterion of the Night-time Economy. Thus, it is an applied research and focuses more on the results of measures and the practical application of the findings. In the theoretical foundations section, exploratory, descriptive and analytical research methods have been used and library study methods to collect information and analyze their content have been discussed. In the case study section, in order to identify and analyze the desired urban space, a combined-exploratory method has been used, which includes experimental approaches to quantitative indicators as well as phenomenological approach to qualitative index data. In this section, field method (field measurement, observation, interview and rhythm analysis technique) have been utilized to collect information. Finally, the findings of the theoretical foundations section were divided into three sub-criteria of diversity, presence and safety and twelve indicators of diversity of economic activities at different levels, diversity of potential events at night, diversity of nightlife activities, existence of identical places, existence of third place, time range uses, plaque flexibility, positive mental image, active urban wall , permeation into urban spaces, lighting and the level of monitoring space by organs were extracted from them. These indicators have been evaluated by appropriate methods in Kamal Ismail street of Isfahan, and have been homogenized in order to summarize. The reliability by the test and retest method and the validity via formal and opinion polling methods from urban planning and urban design experts were confirmed.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Researches on the nightlife identify three main goals of this concept: Making urban spaces safer and increasing their attractions by reduction of antisocial behaviors and fear of crime occurrence. Development of night varied economy and improvement the image of the city to attract domestic capital. Therefore, the criterion of Night-time economy can be considered as the backbone of the concept of urban nightlife and connects all the other components. The sub-criteria of Night-time economy are: diversity, presence and safety <em>which can be divided into twelve indicators that d</em>ue to their diversity in terms of quantity and quality, appropriate methods were designed to measure each index, according to the research conducted or the opinion of experts. Also, all measurements were performed during the nightlife period (4 pm to 6 am). Due to the impossibility of comparing the scores with each other because of the essential differences, the obtained scores were homogenized. Finally, the sub-criteria of diversity, presence and safety were calculated 69.5, 30 and 39.5, respectively, which is not acceptable considering the potentials and background of the study area.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The Night-time economy criterion is one of the most important criteria of a successful urban nightlife that plays a major role in all three of its goals. Therefore, in the process of planning and designing the twenty-four hour cities, this criterion should be given sufficient consideration as the concept of nightlife. In the present study, by using of the findings and theories of various scholars, specifying the role of the urban Night-time economy in the concept of urban nightlife and its goals, a coherent model of relevant sub-criteria and indicators has been presented in an integrated aspect so that the model can be applied in the process of identifying, analyzing and evaluating nightlife. The creation of this structured model that has made it possible to evaluate of urban spaces' success in urban nightlife from the perspective of urban economics, is the most important feature of this study that makes it unique. The effective sub-criteria on the Night-time economy for creating a successful urban nightlife include: diversity, presence and safety. These sub-criteria themselves are separable to twelve indicators: diversity of economic activities at different levels, diversity of potential events at night, diversity of nightlife activities, existence of identical places, existence of third place, time range uses, plaque flexibility in time, positive mental image, active urban wall, permeation into urban spaces, lighting and the level of monitoring space by organs. The results on the case study showed that lack of third places, low time of land uses activity during the Night-time hours, weakness in the plaques flexibility, boring urban wall, low permeation of land use activities in small areas as well as lack of proper lighting have reduced the quality of night economy standards and, consequently, the quality of urban nightlife. This study can play a key role in setting priorities for achieving a dynamic Night-time economy and improving the quality of nightlife citizens.<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction </strong>
Since World War II, great changes have taken place in the structure of daily life, such as lifestyle change and the appearance of new alternatives such as flexible work, organized leisure time, and a return to inner city life. The concept of nightlife and 24 hour cities was introduced as an appropriate response to these changes. Similar to many concepts of urban design, nightlife has many criteria. Night-time Economy is a crucial criterion for revival urban centers at night. Undoubtedly, the lack of strong economic structures in urban centers has significantly reduced the quality of urban spaces, especially at night, and therefore the amount of use them. This paper seeks to address the following questions: How to improve the quality of urban spaces in Kamal Esmael St. at night by using of the Night-time Economy criterion? And what are the characteristics of Night-time economy criterion to prepare a successful urban nightlife in this street? To answer these questions, the indicators of the urban Night-time economy criterion and their measurement methods have been examined.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of citizens’ nightlife by enhancing the criterion of the Night-time Economy. Thus, it is an applied research and focuses more on the results of measures and the practical application of the findings. In the theoretical foundations section, exploratory, descriptive and analytical research methods have been used and library study methods to collect information and analyze their content have been discussed. In the case study section, in order to identify and analyze the desired urban space, a combined-exploratory method has been used, which includes experimental approaches to quantitative indicators as well as phenomenological approach to qualitative index data. In this section, field method (field measurement, observation, interview and rhythm analysis technique) have been utilized to collect information. Finally, the findings of the theoretical foundations section were divided into three sub-criteria of diversity, presence and safety and twelve indicators of diversity of economic activities at different levels, diversity of potential events at night, diversity of nightlife activities, existence of identical places, existence of third place, time range uses, plaque flexibility, positive mental image, active urban wall , permeation into urban spaces, lighting and the level of monitoring space by organs were extracted from them. These indicators have been evaluated by appropriate methods in Kamal Ismail street of Isfahan, and have been homogenized in order to summarize. The reliability by the test and retest method and the validity via formal and opinion polling methods from urban planning and urban design experts were confirmed.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Researches on the nightlife identify three main goals of this concept: Making urban spaces safer and increasing their attractions by reduction of antisocial behaviors and fear of crime occurrence. Development of night varied economy and improvement the image of the city to attract domestic capital. Therefore, the criterion of Night-time economy can be considered as the backbone of the concept of urban nightlife and connects all the other components. The sub-criteria of Night-time economy are: diversity, presence and safety <em>which can be divided into twelve indicators that d</em>ue to their diversity in terms of quantity and quality, appropriate methods were designed to measure each index, according to the research conducted or the opinion of experts. Also, all measurements were performed during the nightlife period (4 pm to 6 am). Due to the impossibility of comparing the scores with each other because of the essential differences, the obtained scores were homogenized. Finally, the sub-criteria of diversity, presence and safety were calculated 69.5, 30 and 39.5, respectively, which is not acceptable considering the potentials and background of the study area.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The Night-time economy criterion is one of the most important criteria of a successful urban nightlife that plays a major role in all three of its goals. Therefore, in the process of planning and designing the twenty-four hour cities, this criterion should be given sufficient consideration as the concept of nightlife. In the present study, by using of the findings and theories of various scholars, specifying the role of the urban Night-time economy in the concept of urban nightlife and its goals, a coherent model of relevant sub-criteria and indicators has been presented in an integrated aspect so that the model can be applied in the process of identifying, analyzing and evaluating nightlife. The creation of this structured model that has made it possible to evaluate of urban spaces' success in urban nightlife from the perspective of urban economics, is the most important feature of this study that makes it unique. The effective sub-criteria on the Night-time economy for creating a successful urban nightlife include: diversity, presence and safety. These sub-criteria themselves are separable to twelve indicators: diversity of economic activities at different levels, diversity of potential events at night, diversity of nightlife activities, existence of identical places, existence of third place, time range uses, plaque flexibility in time, positive mental image, active urban wall, permeation into urban spaces, lighting and the level of monitoring space by organs. The results on the case study showed that lack of third places, low time of land uses activity during the Night-time hours, weakness in the plaques flexibility, boring urban wall, low permeation of land use activities in small areas as well as lack of proper lighting have reduced the quality of night economy standards and, consequently, the quality of urban nightlife. This study can play a key role in setting priorities for achieving a dynamic Night-time economy and improving the quality of nightlife citizens.https://www.jscity.ir/article_113197_a66b0ec656b6cbafcc508644b24a0217.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Analysis of the Position of Urban Brand Components
Case Study: Maragheh CityAnalysis of the Position of Urban Brand Components
Case Study: Maragheh City637611319910.22034/jsc.2020.202425.1127FAManijeh LalehpourAssistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, IranParvane AmirhosseiniM.A student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, IranJournal Article20200409<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urban branding is a valuable tool for cities to effectively manage domestic and foreign opportunities and turn them into competitive advantages. Many of these areas use branding techniques to differentiate their identities from others or to make what they offer unique. Cities and countries need to take advantage of this process to survive in today's competitive world and stability of their competitive advantage. Urban branding is a new topic in the field of urban studies and the history of is related to the last two or three decades. The present study seeks to identify the potentials and constraints that Maragheh city faces in order to use its urban branding capabilities and to recognize priorities for planning and orientation of urban branding. To this end, the research hypotheses are that: Maragheh is in a desirable position in terms of (economic, social, cultural and environmental) urban brand. And the second hypothesis is that there seems to be a significant difference between the components of the urban brand in Maragheh. Evaluating these hypotheses will determine not only the status of each component for urban branding, but also the components that are most strongly correlated with urban branding. Now, according to the principal of this issue, one of the most important means of distinguishing and recognizing the city's reputation is to create urban branding. One of its most significant goals is to capture factors contributing to economic growth such as purchasing power, investment, product capability and city-wide innovation.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is done based on descriptive-analytic and documentary-library studies, as well as field studies (questionnaire and interview), and the type of this research is applied. In this regard, for each of the studied components, the indicators and descriptors were designed and attended by experts in Delphi Method in the form of multi-stage questionnaires. The provided questionnaires were given to the statistical community by a panel consisting of 15 experts from Maragheh city in different specialties. The obtained data were analyzed by Mini-Tab software. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the professors. Cronbach's alpha method was used to reliability evaluation of measure instrument, which indicates the data is reliable (0.93). One sample t-test was used to investigate the first hypothesis of research and to identify the status of the components of urban brand. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to examine the significance of differences between components of urban brand. Then, by using of the linear regression, correlation between components and brand was obtained.
<strong> </strong><strong>Results and Discussions</strong>
The results of the one-sample t-test for the first hypothesis show that the average social component in Maragheh is 2.718, which is smaller than the baseline (3.00), indicating an undesirable status of the components. Also, the P-value obtained (1.00) is greater than the alpha at the significance level of 0.05. With 0.95 confidence, it can be concluded that the social component of the urban brand in Maragheh is not in a favorable situation. One of the main reasons for the powerless status of the social component is the low level of cooperation of urban managers with the private sector, low participation of people in the implementation of urban plans, high poverty in some neighborhoods, etc. The calculated average for the economic component is 2.931 which is smaller than the base number (3.00). The P-value (0.998) was also greater than the alpha at the significant level of 0.7. It can be concluded with 0.95 confidence that the economic component of the urban brand in Maragheh is undesirable. One of the main reasons for the low economic component is the low level of domestic and foreign investment in the city, the low quality and quantity of business centers and concerning cultural components, since the median value 3.00 is within the confidence interval (2.989–3.161 / 161), with respect to the P-value (0.44) that is smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.7. As a result, the successor assumption is accepted. then, that the cultural components of the brand in Maragheh are in desirable standing. One of the main reasons for the desirability of the cultural component is the city's historical presence, the presence of 300 recorded monuments and etc. The average environmental component of the brand is 3.505, which indicates a higher value than the baseline (3.000) and the condition is favorable and Null hypothesis is rejected. The obtained p-value (0.00) is also smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.5, thus the successor assumption is accepted. Therefore, it is concluded that the environmental component of the brand in Maragheh is in good condition. The main reasons for the high environmental footprint are: favorable climate and pollution, being a paleontological indicator of the world's fossil paradise, having many springs, being a city garden. The test results for the second hypothesis show that the p-value obtained is (0.000) which is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 which means that there is a significant difference between the brand components in Maragheh.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The present study investigated the status of urban brand components in Maragheh. The results of the desirability of the studied components in Maragheh showed that the economic and social components are not favorable for shaping the brand, while the cultural and environmental components are relatively desirable. However, these components are also close to the mean of 3 and are relatively low. The results show that cultural and environmental factors have the highest chance of investment and brand acquisition for Maragheh city. Also the results of analysis of variance and linear regression showed that although the condition of cultural and environmental components is more desirable in this city; social and economic factors need special attention and are most associated with the urban brand in order to create brand for this city. In other words, to be able to take advantage of the city's cultural and environmental potential in branding, the level of social and economic components must also be improved. According to the research findings, the city's cultural and natural-environmental potentials are the best options for branding Maragheh.<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urban branding is a valuable tool for cities to effectively manage domestic and foreign opportunities and turn them into competitive advantages. Many of these areas use branding techniques to differentiate their identities from others or to make what they offer unique. Cities and countries need to take advantage of this process to survive in today's competitive world and stability of their competitive advantage. Urban branding is a new topic in the field of urban studies and the history of is related to the last two or three decades. The present study seeks to identify the potentials and constraints that Maragheh city faces in order to use its urban branding capabilities and to recognize priorities for planning and orientation of urban branding. To this end, the research hypotheses are that: Maragheh is in a desirable position in terms of (economic, social, cultural and environmental) urban brand. And the second hypothesis is that there seems to be a significant difference between the components of the urban brand in Maragheh. Evaluating these hypotheses will determine not only the status of each component for urban branding, but also the components that are most strongly correlated with urban branding. Now, according to the principal of this issue, one of the most important means of distinguishing and recognizing the city's reputation is to create urban branding. One of its most significant goals is to capture factors contributing to economic growth such as purchasing power, investment, product capability and city-wide innovation.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This research is done based on descriptive-analytic and documentary-library studies, as well as field studies (questionnaire and interview), and the type of this research is applied. In this regard, for each of the studied components, the indicators and descriptors were designed and attended by experts in Delphi Method in the form of multi-stage questionnaires. The provided questionnaires were given to the statistical community by a panel consisting of 15 experts from Maragheh city in different specialties. The obtained data were analyzed by Mini-Tab software. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the professors. Cronbach's alpha method was used to reliability evaluation of measure instrument, which indicates the data is reliable (0.93). One sample t-test was used to investigate the first hypothesis of research and to identify the status of the components of urban brand. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to examine the significance of differences between components of urban brand. Then, by using of the linear regression, correlation between components and brand was obtained.
<strong> </strong><strong>Results and Discussions</strong>
The results of the one-sample t-test for the first hypothesis show that the average social component in Maragheh is 2.718, which is smaller than the baseline (3.00), indicating an undesirable status of the components. Also, the P-value obtained (1.00) is greater than the alpha at the significance level of 0.05. With 0.95 confidence, it can be concluded that the social component of the urban brand in Maragheh is not in a favorable situation. One of the main reasons for the powerless status of the social component is the low level of cooperation of urban managers with the private sector, low participation of people in the implementation of urban plans, high poverty in some neighborhoods, etc. The calculated average for the economic component is 2.931 which is smaller than the base number (3.00). The P-value (0.998) was also greater than the alpha at the significant level of 0.7. It can be concluded with 0.95 confidence that the economic component of the urban brand in Maragheh is undesirable. One of the main reasons for the low economic component is the low level of domestic and foreign investment in the city, the low quality and quantity of business centers and concerning cultural components, since the median value 3.00 is within the confidence interval (2.989–3.161 / 161), with respect to the P-value (0.44) that is smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.7. As a result, the successor assumption is accepted. then, that the cultural components of the brand in Maragheh are in desirable standing. One of the main reasons for the desirability of the cultural component is the city's historical presence, the presence of 300 recorded monuments and etc. The average environmental component of the brand is 3.505, which indicates a higher value than the baseline (3.000) and the condition is favorable and Null hypothesis is rejected. The obtained p-value (0.00) is also smaller than the alpha at the level of 0.5, thus the successor assumption is accepted. Therefore, it is concluded that the environmental component of the brand in Maragheh is in good condition. The main reasons for the high environmental footprint are: favorable climate and pollution, being a paleontological indicator of the world's fossil paradise, having many springs, being a city garden. The test results for the second hypothesis show that the p-value obtained is (0.000) which is lower than the alpha level of 0.05 which means that there is a significant difference between the brand components in Maragheh.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The present study investigated the status of urban brand components in Maragheh. The results of the desirability of the studied components in Maragheh showed that the economic and social components are not favorable for shaping the brand, while the cultural and environmental components are relatively desirable. However, these components are also close to the mean of 3 and are relatively low. The results show that cultural and environmental factors have the highest chance of investment and brand acquisition for Maragheh city. Also the results of analysis of variance and linear regression showed that although the condition of cultural and environmental components is more desirable in this city; social and economic factors need special attention and are most associated with the urban brand in order to create brand for this city. In other words, to be able to take advantage of the city's cultural and environmental potential in branding, the level of social and economic components must also be improved. According to the research findings, the city's cultural and natural-environmental potentials are the best options for branding Maragheh.https://www.jscity.ir/article_113199_5115bee81efb326da785bbff77d425cb.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Prioritization of Resilience Components in Informal Settlements Textures
Case Study: Sohrabiyeh neighborhood of KarajPrioritization of Resilience Components in Informal Settlements Textures
Case Study: Sohrabiyeh neighborhood of Karaj779911319410.22034/jsc.2020.188858.1033FAHossain Hossain HataminejadAssociate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6896-7141Asghar HeydariPhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranEsnaeil NajafiPhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranBentalhoda IzadiPhD Student in Agricultural Extension and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200410<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Resilience is introduced as a concept of dealing with disorders, surprises, and changes. Informal settlements are a dangerous place for their residents. Many poor urban inhabitants live in the worst quality areas, such as the edge of valleys, flood-prone areas or slopes. Based on it, how to deal with and resilience of informal settlements against environmental hazards is one of the most important urban challenges due to the lack of proper urban infrastructure and the drop of physical, social, economic and institutional functions. So, these days, the new approach of crisis management is urban resilience. Sohrabiyeh neighborhood, as an informal settlement that is located on the suburb of Karaj, has not an appropriate condition against environmental and human crises. According to it, what is the level of resilience of neighborhood’s different dimensions against hazards and disasters and how is the impact of resilience dimensions on the vulnerability of the neighborhood texture? In this regard, the present study evaluates the resilience status of Sohrabiyeh neighborhood and prioritizes its components.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The study’s research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of nature is an applied- developmental. By using of simple random sampling, 384 questionnaires were prepared and completed. SPSS and Smart PLS, Arc GIS software were used in order to data analysis, evaluate resilience level, prioritization of its components and spatial analysis in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood. The resilience of four dimensions in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood was determined by utilization of single-sample T-test. The effect of four dimensions on resilience was fined out and ranked by applying PLS path modeling and its measurement model. Also, spatial resilience analysis was performed at neighborhood level by exploiting Fuzzy membership and Fuzzy overly models in GIS space.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The findings of the study include three parts such as measuring quality of life dimensions from the point of citizens’ view (T-sample), structural equation modeling (PLS path modeling) and the effect of four dimensions on resilience and spatial analysis of resilience dimensions in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood. In this section, the findings of these three parts are summarized. Based on the results of T-test and considering the significance level and the mean of 2.27 obtained in Likert spectrum, the resilience of Sohrabiyeh Karaj neighborhood is at low level. Also, in terms of the dimensions and indicators of each of them, the status of physical, social, economic and institutional resilience is meaningful and indicates low resilience in all these dimensions.
The PLS path and the standardized research measurement model and according to the values of the path coefficients that represent the standardized beta in the regression or correlation coefficients of the two constructs; evaluate the effect of each of the independent variables, which are the four dimensions of resilience in this study on the dependent variable, which is resilience. Based on the internal or structural model of the research, the economic dimension of resilience with the path coefficient of 0.508 had the most impact on resilience in the Sohrabiyeh neighborhood. The social dimension with the path coefficient of 0.312 is ranked second and the institutional dimension with the path coefficient of 0.295 is ranked third; and finally the physical dimension with the path coefficient of 0.257 has less impact on the resilience of Sohrabiyeh neighborhood and is ranked last one among the four dimensions. The results of spatial analysis of Sohrabiyeh neighborhood resilience in GIS indicate that its level is not identical throughout the whole neighborhood, so that only the central areas of the neighborhood have high resilience level and the rest of the suburbs in the south and especially the north parts have a very low resiliency.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Findings from T-test indicate low resiliency in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood; PLS measurement model ranked the components from economic, social, institutional to physical, respectively. And GIS spatial analysis determined the spatial resilience status at Sohrabiyeh district. According to the results, Sohrabiyeh neighborhood is highly vulnerable to environmental crises and a top priority in times of crisis. The neighborhood's economic capacities and social capital can be invested to make the neighborhood more resilient to environmental crises and optimal crisis management. Also, based on the results, more vulnerable areas have been identified and can be prioritized for rescue and pre-crisis planning to reduce losses in times of crisis. Two main axes can be planned to better manage Sohrabiyeh informal settlements. In the first axis 22 blocks from the 41 ones are worn-out and the rest of the blocks have not the standards of urban planning due to illegal building in them. Thus, the integration and renovation of buildings, the reopening and renovation of passages and the creation of infrastructure and superstructure services enhance the physical resilience of the neighborhood. The second axis targets the planning of vulnerable groups with regard to the types of social crisis in the neighborhood and the large number of people affected by these disasters, that can be increased resilience in this area by residents’ mobilization, social caregivers and support groups.<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Resilience is introduced as a concept of dealing with disorders, surprises, and changes. Informal settlements are a dangerous place for their residents. Many poor urban inhabitants live in the worst quality areas, such as the edge of valleys, flood-prone areas or slopes. Based on it, how to deal with and resilience of informal settlements against environmental hazards is one of the most important urban challenges due to the lack of proper urban infrastructure and the drop of physical, social, economic and institutional functions. So, these days, the new approach of crisis management is urban resilience. Sohrabiyeh neighborhood, as an informal settlement that is located on the suburb of Karaj, has not an appropriate condition against environmental and human crises. According to it, what is the level of resilience of neighborhood’s different dimensions against hazards and disasters and how is the impact of resilience dimensions on the vulnerability of the neighborhood texture? In this regard, the present study evaluates the resilience status of Sohrabiyeh neighborhood and prioritizes its components.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The study’s research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of nature is an applied- developmental. By using of simple random sampling, 384 questionnaires were prepared and completed. SPSS and Smart PLS, Arc GIS software were used in order to data analysis, evaluate resilience level, prioritization of its components and spatial analysis in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood. The resilience of four dimensions in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood was determined by utilization of single-sample T-test. The effect of four dimensions on resilience was fined out and ranked by applying PLS path modeling and its measurement model. Also, spatial resilience analysis was performed at neighborhood level by exploiting Fuzzy membership and Fuzzy overly models in GIS space.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The findings of the study include three parts such as measuring quality of life dimensions from the point of citizens’ view (T-sample), structural equation modeling (PLS path modeling) and the effect of four dimensions on resilience and spatial analysis of resilience dimensions in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood. In this section, the findings of these three parts are summarized. Based on the results of T-test and considering the significance level and the mean of 2.27 obtained in Likert spectrum, the resilience of Sohrabiyeh Karaj neighborhood is at low level. Also, in terms of the dimensions and indicators of each of them, the status of physical, social, economic and institutional resilience is meaningful and indicates low resilience in all these dimensions.
The PLS path and the standardized research measurement model and according to the values of the path coefficients that represent the standardized beta in the regression or correlation coefficients of the two constructs; evaluate the effect of each of the independent variables, which are the four dimensions of resilience in this study on the dependent variable, which is resilience. Based on the internal or structural model of the research, the economic dimension of resilience with the path coefficient of 0.508 had the most impact on resilience in the Sohrabiyeh neighborhood. The social dimension with the path coefficient of 0.312 is ranked second and the institutional dimension with the path coefficient of 0.295 is ranked third; and finally the physical dimension with the path coefficient of 0.257 has less impact on the resilience of Sohrabiyeh neighborhood and is ranked last one among the four dimensions. The results of spatial analysis of Sohrabiyeh neighborhood resilience in GIS indicate that its level is not identical throughout the whole neighborhood, so that only the central areas of the neighborhood have high resilience level and the rest of the suburbs in the south and especially the north parts have a very low resiliency.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Findings from T-test indicate low resiliency in Sohrabiyeh neighborhood; PLS measurement model ranked the components from economic, social, institutional to physical, respectively. And GIS spatial analysis determined the spatial resilience status at Sohrabiyeh district. According to the results, Sohrabiyeh neighborhood is highly vulnerable to environmental crises and a top priority in times of crisis. The neighborhood's economic capacities and social capital can be invested to make the neighborhood more resilient to environmental crises and optimal crisis management. Also, based on the results, more vulnerable areas have been identified and can be prioritized for rescue and pre-crisis planning to reduce losses in times of crisis. Two main axes can be planned to better manage Sohrabiyeh informal settlements. In the first axis 22 blocks from the 41 ones are worn-out and the rest of the blocks have not the standards of urban planning due to illegal building in them. Thus, the integration and renovation of buildings, the reopening and renovation of passages and the creation of infrastructure and superstructure services enhance the physical resilience of the neighborhood. The second axis targets the planning of vulnerable groups with regard to the types of social crisis in the neighborhood and the large number of people affected by these disasters, that can be increased resilience in this area by residents’ mobilization, social caregivers and support groups.https://www.jscity.ir/article_113194_29917179540ff291bad480c69d0afdd0.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Analysis of Urban Regeneration in terms of Physical Dimension
Case Study: Bojnourd CityAnalysis of Urban Regeneration in terms of Physical Dimension
Case Study: Bojnourd City9310411371310.22034/jsc.2020.223060.1220FAMeisam ArzamaniPhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, Iran0000-0003-2592-9724Mehdi VatanparastAssistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, IranMohammad MotamediAssistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, IranJournal Article20200410<strong>Extended Abstract</strong> <br /><strong>Introduction</strong> <br />Inefficient contexts in cities are textures that have been formed and developed over a long period of time and are trapped by today's technology blockade. While such textures, despite their potentials and strengths, have faced many changes over time. The central texture of Bojnourd city plays the most important commercial and economic center of it. In the current situation, the inefficient condition of physical texture, excessive worn-out of old buildings, interference of pedestrian and roadway, lack of parking and green space and leisure areas, lack of public service centers such as suitable accommodation, lack of appropriate and sufficient health services have gradually reduced the ability to provide the demands of the residents and so lead to guide the citizens and residents to find the answers to their various needs in other urban areas. Resolving challenges and problems of textures according to the needs of residents, trying to restore the indigenous population and rehabilitating the textures based on the characteristics of the residents, identifying these texture, increasing the income of households living in these areas, providing a sewage collection system and so on can justify the importance of dealing with worn-out textures. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the regeneration of the central and worn-out texture of Bojnourd city from the perspective of the physical dimension and to examine its role in organizing the texture. In this regard, it evaluates and evaluates the physical dimension indicators to obtain their desirability, and finally, in line with the above goal, it provides a strategy for regeneration in urban planning and rehabilitation. <br /> <br /><strong>Methodology </strong> <br />The research in terms of application of results and method is an applied and descriptive-analytical one, respectively. Data and information were collected in the theoretical framework from library and documentary sources, and in the information analysis section from the field method with questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study included urban managers and experts specializing in the subject and urban studies and management. The reliability of the research was confirmed based on the face and content method and the validity was obtained with Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.879, which indicates a relatively desirable validity. T-test and ANP network analysis process model have been used for data analysis. <br /> <br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong> <br />After examining and analyzing the components of explaining urban regeneration from the perspective of sustainable development in the physical dimension, it can be concluded that in urban regeneration in the studied area, less attention has been paid to physical dimension indicators. The highest average values among the indices were assigned to housing resilience variables that indicates the focus of urban regeneration on physical issues. So, it has led to the strengthening of residential units in terms of structure, in view point of the supervision of the relevant authorities, including the engineering system, consulting engineers, the municipality and the Road and Urban Development Organization through renovation. It should be noted that in the discussion of regeneration, high consideration has been focused on improving the performance of urban housing units, organizing disturbing urban uses, improving access to public and suburban transportation, improving land compatibility with each other and increasing residential per capita, but these must be further processed to achieve the desired standards. And by addressing these issues superficially, it cannot be acknowledged that the problems have been solved. Also, the lowest average was belonged to new land uses, including the lack of multiple land uses and multi-purpose parking for the well-being of citizens. At the same time, not much has been done in the field of traffic junctions, as well as the creation of open urban spaces and the transformation of historical environments into sources of income for the city and the neighborhood. <br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />Based on a review of the theoretical foundations of the research and also its literature and concepts, it can be concluded that to create added value in inefficient and worn-out textures, requires a comprehensive and holistic view of economic, social, cultural, physical and functional dimensions in line with the regenerative approach. Therefore, the present study, which used the opinions of experts to measure the condition of the central texture of Bojnourd city in terms of sustainable regeneration. The results indicated that in the urban regeneration plan of Bojnourd, much attention has been paid to residential use, construction, and sale and purchase of residential units. On the other hand, the low per capita of commercial land uses, parking spaces, new land uses, educational and health per capita, etc. have not been emphasized and the lack of services and urban facilities will be the most important challenge of these neighborhoods, and the main reason has been the lack of proper implementation of comprehensive and detailed urban and the reconstruction plans, an unfair division of land uses among citizens and the lack of attention of managers to this issue. Thus, the physical and functional bases of the texture are not suitable for achieving added value and recreating the area in order to preserve and revitalize the native identity and improve its quality. <br /> <strong>Extended Abstract</strong> <br /><strong>Introduction</strong> <br />Inefficient contexts in cities are textures that have been formed and developed over a long period of time and are trapped by today's technology blockade. While such textures, despite their potentials and strengths, have faced many changes over time. The central texture of Bojnourd city plays the most important commercial and economic center of it. In the current situation, the inefficient condition of physical texture, excessive worn-out of old buildings, interference of pedestrian and roadway, lack of parking and green space and leisure areas, lack of public service centers such as suitable accommodation, lack of appropriate and sufficient health services have gradually reduced the ability to provide the demands of the residents and so lead to guide the citizens and residents to find the answers to their various needs in other urban areas. Resolving challenges and problems of textures according to the needs of residents, trying to restore the indigenous population and rehabilitating the textures based on the characteristics of the residents, identifying these texture, increasing the income of households living in these areas, providing a sewage collection system and so on can justify the importance of dealing with worn-out textures. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the regeneration of the central and worn-out texture of Bojnourd city from the perspective of the physical dimension and to examine its role in organizing the texture. In this regard, it evaluates and evaluates the physical dimension indicators to obtain their desirability, and finally, in line with the above goal, it provides a strategy for regeneration in urban planning and rehabilitation. <br /> <br /><strong>Methodology </strong> <br />The research in terms of application of results and method is an applied and descriptive-analytical one, respectively. Data and information were collected in the theoretical framework from library and documentary sources, and in the information analysis section from the field method with questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study included urban managers and experts specializing in the subject and urban studies and management. The reliability of the research was confirmed based on the face and content method and the validity was obtained with Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.879, which indicates a relatively desirable validity. T-test and ANP network analysis process model have been used for data analysis. <br /> <br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong> <br />After examining and analyzing the components of explaining urban regeneration from the perspective of sustainable development in the physical dimension, it can be concluded that in urban regeneration in the studied area, less attention has been paid to physical dimension indicators. The highest average values among the indices were assigned to housing resilience variables that indicates the focus of urban regeneration on physical issues. So, it has led to the strengthening of residential units in terms of structure, in view point of the supervision of the relevant authorities, including the engineering system, consulting engineers, the municipality and the Road and Urban Development Organization through renovation. It should be noted that in the discussion of regeneration, high consideration has been focused on improving the performance of urban housing units, organizing disturbing urban uses, improving access to public and suburban transportation, improving land compatibility with each other and increasing residential per capita, but these must be further processed to achieve the desired standards. And by addressing these issues superficially, it cannot be acknowledged that the problems have been solved. Also, the lowest average was belonged to new land uses, including the lack of multiple land uses and multi-purpose parking for the well-being of citizens. At the same time, not much has been done in the field of traffic junctions, as well as the creation of open urban spaces and the transformation of historical environments into sources of income for the city and the neighborhood. <br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />Based on a review of the theoretical foundations of the research and also its literature and concepts, it can be concluded that to create added value in inefficient and worn-out textures, requires a comprehensive and holistic view of economic, social, cultural, physical and functional dimensions in line with the regenerative approach. Therefore, the present study, which used the opinions of experts to measure the condition of the central texture of Bojnourd city in terms of sustainable regeneration. The results indicated that in the urban regeneration plan of Bojnourd, much attention has been paid to residential use, construction, and sale and purchase of residential units. On the other hand, the low per capita of commercial land uses, parking spaces, new land uses, educational and health per capita, etc. have not been emphasized and the lack of services and urban facilities will be the most important challenge of these neighborhoods, and the main reason has been the lack of proper implementation of comprehensive and detailed urban and the reconstruction plans, an unfair division of land uses among citizens and the lack of attention of managers to this issue. Thus, the physical and functional bases of the texture are not suitable for achieving added value and recreating the area in order to preserve and revitalize the native identity and improve its quality. <br /> https://www.jscity.ir/article_113713_3d41a42fe0a1f2e7cda0ca8e05a7f2c9.pdfIranian Geography and Urban Planning AssociationSustainable city2476-66313220200722Explaining the effective factors in vibrant of public space
case study: Valiasr crossroad of Tehran CityExplaining the effective factors in vibrant of public space
case study: Valiasr crossroad of Tehran City10512311857310.22034/jsc.2020.234241.1252FAMehdi SaidiPhD student in Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8282-0181Reza KheirodinAssociate Professor of Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, IranMostafa BehzadfarProfessor of Urban Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2882-694XJournal Article20200331<strong>Extended Abstract</strong> <br /><strong>Introduction </strong> <br />The city is an alive creature, requiring vibrant and freshness. The position of public spaces, in which social interaction of citizens is formed and promote the culture of society, is declining day by day in most of our cities. Moreover, the vibrant is considered differently in various fields and various components and indicators have been mentioned for that in related theoretical principles and vibrancy has been always noticed by urban designers and planners in the process of urban development as one of the macro- or micro-goals of most of programs and plans, regardless of the operational framework of its explaining factors. The attempts of planners in different fields for promoting the vibrant of urban spaces do not lead to desirable results due to lack of coordination, familiarity, and constructive participation with urban planning experts and implicit attention to spatial concepts. In most of studies so far, one or some limited dimensions of vibrant have been investigated and all related variables and dimensions to vibrant have not been studied yet. There is not also an appropriate theoretical support in most of such studies given extensive conceptual scope of vibrant. Due to this, the question of the current study is: what factors affect in vibrant of public space fundamentally, and how is the framework of the operational-conceptual model of making vibrant in public spaces? The main goal of the paper is to propose effective factors on vibrant based on extracted indicators from various resources in an appropriate and efficient framework that not only explains effective variables in this field but also proposes the process of creating and improving the vibrant in public spaces. <br /> <br /><strong>Methodology </strong> <br />To determine the study sample volume, given the principles of determining the number of required samples for exploratory factor analysis, 350 questionnaires have been used in this study. At least 3 to 5 samples have to be investigated for each indicator and the higher the number is, the greater the confidence will be in the result of the analysis. On this basis, for each indicator, seven samples have been considered for determining the sample volume which is more than the minimum amount. Exploratory factor analysis of research variables specified five factors of spatial-functional environmental qualities, social norms and necessary fields for sociability, suitable income, and promotion of economic activities, individual mood, interests, and psyche, state of perception and friendly interaction of citizens with each other on the vibrant of public space in the study area. The share of such factors in explaining the variance of whole variables is 70.3% each one of the mentioned factors explains the variance of whole research variables respectively 22.16%, 16.38%, 12.86%, 11.21%, and 7.76%. <br /> <br /><strong>Results and discussion </strong> <br />The findings of the current study showed that the effective factors on vibrant of public space are related to different fields and their explaining power of them is different from each other. Therefore, it can be concluded that if the subject and quality of vibrant is the main issue of studies in planning and designing public spaces process, the mentioned five factors shall be considered in the related policymaking. The nature of spatial-functional environmental qualities and necessary fields for sociability as well as the state of perception and friendly interaction of citizens with each other is noticeable in public space designing projects but the result of third and fourth factors manifested same as other factors in a public space, is less noticed in public space design projects because they are related to the urban and beyond urban macro policy-making fields in most cases. It indicates that to realize the vibrant of public spaces in urban management, not only the first, second, and fifth factors are noticed in the urban development system but also proper income and promotion of economic activities, individual mood, interest, and the psyche shall be also considered. Based on the variance explanation power of each final obtained factor in the current study, the priority of planning and designing effective various indicators on the vibrant of public spaces can be determined based on existing facilities and barriers and for appropriate accountability of vibrant of public spaces, the comprehensiveness of the variables of the mentioned factors shall be considered. <br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />Effective fundamental factors on vibrant of public spaces in Valiasr crossroad, Tehran (selected through purposeful approach) were extracted in this study. Analyzing the relations between mentioned factors and investigating the dimensions and factors of spaces, in which there is vibrant inappropriate or the attempts of urban management due to increase vibrant have failed, can be the subject of future studies.<strong>Extended Abstract</strong> <br /><strong>Introduction </strong> <br />The city is an alive creature, requiring vibrant and freshness. The position of public spaces, in which social interaction of citizens is formed and promote the culture of society, is declining day by day in most of our cities. Moreover, the vibrant is considered differently in various fields and various components and indicators have been mentioned for that in related theoretical principles and vibrancy has been always noticed by urban designers and planners in the process of urban development as one of the macro- or micro-goals of most of programs and plans, regardless of the operational framework of its explaining factors. The attempts of planners in different fields for promoting the vibrant of urban spaces do not lead to desirable results due to lack of coordination, familiarity, and constructive participation with urban planning experts and implicit attention to spatial concepts. In most of studies so far, one or some limited dimensions of vibrant have been investigated and all related variables and dimensions to vibrant have not been studied yet. There is not also an appropriate theoretical support in most of such studies given extensive conceptual scope of vibrant. Due to this, the question of the current study is: what factors affect in vibrant of public space fundamentally, and how is the framework of the operational-conceptual model of making vibrant in public spaces? The main goal of the paper is to propose effective factors on vibrant based on extracted indicators from various resources in an appropriate and efficient framework that not only explains effective variables in this field but also proposes the process of creating and improving the vibrant in public spaces. <br /> <br /><strong>Methodology </strong> <br />To determine the study sample volume, given the principles of determining the number of required samples for exploratory factor analysis, 350 questionnaires have been used in this study. At least 3 to 5 samples have to be investigated for each indicator and the higher the number is, the greater the confidence will be in the result of the analysis. On this basis, for each indicator, seven samples have been considered for determining the sample volume which is more than the minimum amount. Exploratory factor analysis of research variables specified five factors of spatial-functional environmental qualities, social norms and necessary fields for sociability, suitable income, and promotion of economic activities, individual mood, interests, and psyche, state of perception and friendly interaction of citizens with each other on the vibrant of public space in the study area. The share of such factors in explaining the variance of whole variables is 70.3% each one of the mentioned factors explains the variance of whole research variables respectively 22.16%, 16.38%, 12.86%, 11.21%, and 7.76%. <br /> <br /><strong>Results and discussion </strong> <br />The findings of the current study showed that the effective factors on vibrant of public space are related to different fields and their explaining power of them is different from each other. Therefore, it can be concluded that if the subject and quality of vibrant is the main issue of studies in planning and designing public spaces process, the mentioned five factors shall be considered in the related policymaking. The nature of spatial-functional environmental qualities and necessary fields for sociability as well as the state of perception and friendly interaction of citizens with each other is noticeable in public space designing projects but the result of third and fourth factors manifested same as other factors in a public space, is less noticed in public space design projects because they are related to the urban and beyond urban macro policy-making fields in most cases. It indicates that to realize the vibrant of public spaces in urban management, not only the first, second, and fifth factors are noticed in the urban development system but also proper income and promotion of economic activities, individual mood, interest, and the psyche shall be also considered. Based on the variance explanation power of each final obtained factor in the current study, the priority of planning and designing effective various indicators on the vibrant of public spaces can be determined based on existing facilities and barriers and for appropriate accountability of vibrant of public spaces, the comprehensiveness of the variables of the mentioned factors shall be considered. <br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />Effective fundamental factors on vibrant of public spaces in Valiasr crossroad, Tehran (selected through purposeful approach) were extracted in this study. Analyzing the relations between mentioned factors and investigating the dimensions and factors of spaces, in which there is vibrant inappropriate or the attempts of urban management due to increase vibrant have failed, can be the subject of future studies.https://www.jscity.ir/article_118573_ce70e3418d4d538df61fa9abd9db43a5.pdf