Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
04
21
Assessing Development Indicators in the Sustainability of Urban Areas
Case Study: Ilam City
1
15
FA
Fatemeh
Mirzabeygi
PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Research Sciences Branch, Tehran, Iran
fatemeh.mirzabegi@yahoo.com
Hossein
Mojtabazadeh khanghahi
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
dr_mojtabazadeh@yahoo.com
Rahim
Sarvar
Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
sarvarh83@gmail.com
10.22034/jsc.2021.263247.1380
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Although urbanization is one of the most important indicators of welfare and social and economic development, its rapid growth reduces the per capita availability of urban services and social and economic facilities, and thus, its consequences are manifested in the form of reduced quality of life in various urban areas. These conditions and the decrease in the level of quality can be seen in the demographic characteristics, per capita land uses, and service facilities in different urban areas. One of the areas of unsustainable urban development, especially in developing countries, is the disregard for neighbourhoods and areas that need special solutions to improve their empowerment. So, in this study, an attempt has been made to assess the indicators of urban development in the areas of Ilam as the capital of Ilam province. The city of Ilam is considered the capital of the province and the first city of this province. Due to the political centrality of the province and the uncontrolled migration of the subordinate cities, this city has been faced with widespread and rapid urbanization and development since the last decade. However, some areas of the city still lack the most basic services, and unfair distribution of urban development indicators has occurred in the city. The rapid growth of Ilam's urban population and the inability of urban management to meet the needs of the population is the starting point for the emergence of various inequalities in the city. Continuation of this will prevent the provision of basic facilities and spaces of life and vital urban services and achieve sustainable development in these areas, so it is necessary to first, determine the situation of areas of the city in terms of urban development indicators in order to prioritize the results. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:<br />-What are the factors and indicators of urban development in the areas of Ilam city?<br />-What is the current situation of the areas of Ilam city in terms of development indicators?<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The present study is part of applied and descriptive-analytical researches in terms of purpose and methodology, respectively. Data collection was done by two dominant methods of theoretical and field foundations with a questionnaire in the form of a five-point Likert scale and the development indicators were analyzed in the areas of Ilam. In this study, to evaluate and ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the validity of the questionnaire was exerted and the opinions of geography and urban planning experts and university professors were used. The reliability based on SPSS software and Cronbach's alpha is equal to 0.784, which indicates the reliability is suitable. The statistical population of the expert group includes 20 professors and graduate students in the fields of geography and urban planning of Ilam universities. To analyze the indicators, SWARA and BORDA and COPELAND methods have been used. Thus, the SWARA method has been used for the importance and measurement of research indicators and for spatial analysis and prioritization of indicators among the areas of Ilam city, BORDA and COPELAND methods have been exerted.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />According to experts, physical, economic, social, security, and biological indicators have been identified as the most important ones, respectively. The results of the analysis show that the neighbourhoods around the city, especially those located in the east, south, and southwest are in a more undesirable situation than other ones. In contrast, the central areas of the city in the northern vicinity are in a good position in terms of socio-economic indicators. The analysis of the spatial pattern of the development distribution in the city, in addition to confirming the concentration of developed neighbourhoods in the center and middle areas, and the accumulation of undeveloped neighbourhoods in the southern and western parts of the city, indicates that the non-randomness of this situation and the existence of a clustered spatial pattern. This means that the socio-economic distance of neighbourhoods has emerged in the form of space in the city and indicates the fragmentation of the city.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />According to the studies and analyzes, the urban areas of Ilam are divided into four groups in terms of prioritizing the degree of development which including sustainable, semi-sustainable, unstable and completely unstable. The results of the analysis show that the suburbs of the city, especially the areas located in the east, south, and southwest are in a more undesirable situation than other areas. In contrast, the central areas of the city in the northern vicinity are in a good position in terms of socio-economic indicators. Spatial pattern analysis of the development distribution in the city, in addition to confirming the concentration of developed areas in the center and middle areas of the city and the accumulation of undeveloped areas in the southern and western parts of the city, indicates that the non-randomness of this situation and the existence of a clustered spatial pattern. This means that the socio-economic distance of the neighborhoods has emerged in the form of space in the city and indicates the fragmentation of the city.
Urban Development Indicators,Sustainability,Urban areas,Ilam City
https://www.jscity.ir/article_140139.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_140139_beaf87b58d819514f33f93bc99488139.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Explanation of the Criteria for Measuring Urban Security in the Transcendent School of Islam
17
30
FA
amir hosein
elhami
Faculty member of Internal Security Research Institute, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran
amelhami@yahoo.com
kazem
Borhani
PhD in Geography and Urban Planning, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran
kazemborhani@yahoo.com
Muhammad amin
Pourtaheri
M.A student of urban design, Alborz campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
aminpourtaheri76@gmail.com
10.22034/jsc.2021.275948.1428
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Urban security concerns have come to forefront since the late 1980s as the adverse effects of globalization, such as unplanned urbanization, irregular migration, poverty and unfair distribution of wealth and income, organized crime, soaring population, insufficient physical infrastructure, and social unrest have undermined daily lives of ordinary people at urban areas. Urban security approach has been developed as a response to those challenges. It seems that the existence of structures and content of the value systems in any society is essential because they are able to form insights and attitudes. In this regards, the type of insights and attitudes can play a high role in defining and conceptualizing security as well as explaining the criteria for measuring urban security. On this basis, in the secular school value propositions and principles have a limited role in urban security, but in the Islam school, where all political and social phenomena are influenced by value components, values and normative aspects play an important role. In the transcendent school of Islam, urban security has a special place and it is measured by value criteria. Islam as a religion and complete way of life has provided a divine guidance for the safety, protection, peace and stability of individuals and society which if properly followed, the society and its individual members become safe and well protected. Urban security is a theme which is accompanied with man’s life and is considered as necessary needs of citizens. Hope to having better life, progress and development in all areas including cultural, economic progress and reaching technology and industrial achievements is only feasible through security. On other hand, when the security coefficient of a country is at a high level, the people residing in such country will lead a peaceful life and will continue their collective attempts to build and develop their country. <br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />Researchers have used documentary studies based on analysis of the content of more than 35 sources by word cloud software in the process of explaining the criteria of urban security in the Islam school. Also, three methods including Rank Order Centroid (ROC), Rank Sum (RS) and Rank Reciprocal (RR) have been used for weighting to urban security criteria. Due to the consistency of urban security criteria, the method that had the lowest standard deviation in weight was selected. Based on this, the rank sum method with the least standard deviation has been selected.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />Analysis of the content of more than 35 sources in the field of security and urban security with an Islamic approach through word cloud software shows that eight main criteria are important in assessment of urban security.<br /><br />Faith, spirituality ، values, and religious beliefs;<br />Justice, equality and non-discrimination;<br />Material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and expensiveness;<br />Spiritual and physical health;<br />Safe from threats and fears of violence and crime;<br />Safe from immorality such as lying, administrative corruption, distrust, lawlessness and disloyalty;<br />Safe from all natural and man-made hazards;<br />Having a sustainable physical space.<br /><br />In this regard, weighting the urban security criteria based on the rank sum method shows that faith, spirituality, values, and religious beliefs with 22 percent in the first rank; justice, equality and non-discrimination with 19.44 percent in the second rank; and material welfare (sustainable income and employment) and far from poverty, unemployment and expensiveness are in the third rank with 16.67 percent.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />The recent research tried to focus on urban security and discuss it from an Islam perspective. The research indicates that Quran has paid much more attention to the issue of urban security. Urban security is a main priority in security policies of Islam, which aims to make human settlements safer for development, revolves around the causes of insecurity in urban spaces. However, security requires to be handled in terms of inequality. In view of Islam school, unequal distribution of security at urban areas should be examined based on a comprehensive conceptual framework for analysis. To realize the Islamic utopia in the Quran mentions to eight main axes, including Islamic principles, global principles, divine attributes and actions, principles based on nature and natural elements, principles of social relations, principles based on dos and don’ts and finally, principles based on urban and architectural elements. In Islam perspective, the ideal city has two principles of monotheism and justice and in its pillars, there are three spaces including, intellectual space, practical space and physical space. So paying attention only to the physical space without emphasizing the other spaces for realization of urban security is insufficient. Thus in the transcendent school of Islam, both immaterial and material criteria are necessary for measuring of urban security.
urban security,school of Islam,Islamic city
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148775.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148775_79f810c506e5378c9601396d1140ab8a.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Explaining the Pattern of the Neighborhood Museum in order to Preserve and Enhance the Historical Valuable Textures
Case Study: District 12 of Tehran
31
44
FA
seyedeh ghazaleh
hosseini tehrani
PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
azitarajabi52@gmail.com
azita
rajabi
0000-0002-0854-8041
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
azitarajabi@yahoo.com
naser
eghbali
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
eghbali_family@yahoo.com
10.22034/jsc.2020.228145.1233
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Traditional- historical textures are the undeniable realities of cities that have a historical background. Members and areas of the city that had life in a not so distant time and experienced the material and spiritual comings and goings of the people of that time. In other words, the ancient textures of the city are creative and lively places to understand the state of human beings in the world and their connection with the past; it is a place for changing the environment and changing the perspective of life. Due to the historical power and attractions of the old textures in the neighborhoods of cities, creating a "neighborhood museum" in cities is a strong possibility for many cities which based on it, revival of historical texture is possible. Historical neighborhoods are the main elements of historical textures and the scene of many historic events and linking of the cultural and historical spaces of the city, which showing the social and cultural identity of the city throughout history. In this regard, one of the courses of action to preserve, maintain and enhance this texture is using of creative regeneration pattern that is based on the connection between economics, culture and producing creative and innovative places. In this filed, the historical centers of the cities have unique capacities for building and revitalizing the needed creative spaces to attract and retain innovative groups. One of the patterns of creative re-creation in the historical context of the city, is the transforming the city into a neighborhood museum. Neighborhoods museum are also valuable sites in terms of national and local culture and they are also powerful collection for producing wealth and financial gain. Tehran in the present era, has several historical sites which indicate the ups and downs of the city because it was a place of many historical actions and influential events in the country. Therefore, considering the historical monuments and the high capacity of these monuments in the district 12 of Tehran, it is possible to turn the neighborhoods of this area into an open space museum and use these monuments as museum objects. Which this action, while protecting the valuable historical sites, it will be an action towards improving the neighborhood's economic potential, revitalization of historical neighborhood of districts and urban regeneration in these neighborhoods. So the main issue in this research is presenting the pattern of the neighborhood museum in the historical textures of the district 12 of Tehran.<br /> <br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />This research is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical and correlation in aspect of data collection. Also, this study initially identified and interviewed experts using non-random snowball sampling. Then, through random sampling method, a questionnaire was distributed among the residents of district 12 of Tehran. The sample size in the present study was 371 via Cochran's formula. Two methods, library and field, have been used to collect information. The analysis in the present study was performed by using of SMART-PLS and SPSS software programs.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />After a deep interview with experts of geography and social sciences; dimensions, components and main characteristics of the neighborhood museum and valuable historical textures were extracted by using of content analysis method. The final research model in the form of external reflection model of standard coefficients estimate and the external reflection model in the form of significant coefficients were obtained. The main components were identified to present the pattern of the neighborhood museum in the valuable historical textures that economic component (historical texture) with 94 percent agreement and an average rating of 9.9, physical and social component with 92 and 93 percent agreement and an average rating of 8.8, are known as the most important components of a network organization. On the other hand, On the other hand, the economic component of the neighborhood museum with a rating of 7.7 and physical with a rating of 6 were ranked third and fourth. And finally, the institutional component with an average of 5 has the last rank.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />The present study’s aim was to present the model of the neighborhood museum in the historical textures of cities with emphasis on district 12 of Tehran as a case study. At first, while examining the current situation in this region, the existing problems and issues in the neighborhood including: social problems, worn-out texture, and physical instability, low level of urban services, low quality of life and security were analyzed. After a deep interview with experts the dimensions, components and characteristics of the research were extracted and a questionnaire was prepared. And after analyzing the questionnaire by using of the mentioned software, the status and impact of each of the extracted components was achieved in the neighborhood museum and the proposed model for the neighborhood museum model has been endorsed to preserve and enhance valuable historical texture.
pattern,neighborhood museum,Historical Texture Enhancement,historical valuable textures,District 12 of Tehran
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148772.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148772_3610391938b6514c655a67d4c7e8fafc.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Analysis Smart City Implementation Challenges
Case Study: Mashhad
45
58
FA
laleh
Tavanaei Marvi
0000-0002-0793-9286
PhD Student in Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
lale.tavanaei@gmail.com
Mostafa
Behzadfar
0000-0003-2882-694X
Professor Urban Design of Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
behzadfar@iust.ac.ir
seyed majid
mofidi shemirani
0000-0001-5388-7045
Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
s_m_mofidi@iust.ac.ir
10.22034/jsc.2022.311642.1578
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Smart city implementation has faced many challenges despite having benefits for urban developments. Cities have failed to implement smart city strategies. Assessing the influencing factors in realizing a smart city is essential in clarifying the challenges facing these cities. This study aims to investigate the affecting factors of smart city realization to define the feasibility factors and variables of the smart city.
Using new technologies such as ICT in cities and citizen’s life has opened opportunities and challenges for officials and related institutions in the urban area. Since cities are a cultural and social reflection of their inhabitants, changes in the way people live also lead to the transformation of cities. Urban planning and management seek to provide smarter solutions for improving the quality of life through new technologies, as a process that responds to the problems of cities. Increasing the rate of urbanization globally and the resulting environmental crises such as destruction of natural resources, environmental pollutants, climate change, reduction of fossil resources, and mass production of waste have posed significant challenges to human life. Therefore, sustainable development as a form of development that ensures the sustainable life of cities and urban communities provides a solution to improve current urbanization problems. The increasing use of information and communication technologies in Peoples' life, on the one hand, and the need to expand sustainable development, on the other hand, have led to the formation of a new model of urbanization in order to overcome these issues. The smart city uses information and communication technologies to achieve sustainable development and improve the quality of life. The smart city is expanding rapidly as a typical pattern in developed countries due to the many opportunities it presents to cities. Currently, there is a wide competition between cities to become smart. However, our country has not been able to take an effective step in order to be smart. The realization of smart cities in Iran faces many challenges. In order to identify these challenges, this study tries to examine the factors affecting the feasibility of smart cities based on their components and explain the contribution of each of these factors affecting the smart city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This study assumes the significance of the six components of a smart city (economy, environment, people, living, governance, mobility) on the feasibility of a smart city in Mashhad. Therefore, this study utilizes a mixed research method and questionnaire analysis method. For this purpose, first, the components and variables affecting the feasibility of the smart city are explained. The structural equation modeling method, Smart PLS 3 software, has been used for data analysis.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
At the 95% confidence level, the effective components in Mashhad smart city have been prioritized: Smart governance 92%, smart living 82%, smart economy 79%, smart mobility 69%, smart environment 59%, and smart people 57%.
Comparatively, with the feasibility of smart cities in Europe, it can be concluded that the component of a smart environment that has been achieved in most European cities in Mashhad is facing serious challenges. The most significant challenges are:
-Assessing the sustainability of urban plans and programs;
-Integrating resource management;
-Measuring energy efficiency;
-Transparency of energy consumption.
The component of smart people, which has a low percentage of feasibility in European cities, faces fewer challenges than other smart city components in Mashhad, which can be considered one of the main capacities in developing smart city strategies.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
this article aims to review the feasibility of a smart city in Mashhad and its challenges by reviewing the literature, smart city projects, and questionnaire from managers and employees in the field of urban management. The relationship and impact of each of these challenges on realizing the smart city introduce the effective components and variables in implementing smart city strategies in Mashhad. According to the studies, it can be concluded that each component of a smart city includes different variables. The nature of these variables is focused on the context and complex conditions of each city. Therefore, it is expected that in examining the feasibility of smart cities, a diverse set of variables related to the specific issues and problems of each city will be considered:
-The most critical challenge for the feasibility of the smart city depends on providing a proper definition of the components of the smart city and its structuring to develop innovative ecosystems;
-The method of examining the feasibility of a smart city based on the issues and challenges of each city can be used by urban management institutions, policymakers, and planners;
-Identifying the challenges of achieving smart cities can provide an opportunity for smart cities in Iran to define smart projects more realistically and efficiently.
Smart city,Feasibility,Mashhad City,Structural Equations
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148797.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148797_8cd163404458da14beeb2db957ab78af.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
04
21
Spatial Analysis of the Sustainable Urban Housing Dimensions with Space Political Economy Approach, Case study: Kermanshah City
59
79
FA
hazhir
darabi
PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
hazhir_darabi@yahoo.com
Bakhtyar
ezatpanah
0000-0002-8186-8930
Assistant Professor of Department of Geography and urban planning, Marand branch, Islamic azad university, Marand,Iran
ezatpanah@marandiau.ac.ir
Karim
Hosainzadeh Dalir
0000-0000-0000-0000
Professor Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
phd.dalir1399@gmail.com
10.22034/jsc.2022.307600.1551
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Political economy examines the quality of the geographical distribution of capital, housing and income, services, the share of the public and private sectors in economic programs, and the unequal allocation of resources between urban and rural areas. Achieving the desired housing situation in urban and rural areas is considered one of the indicators of socio-economic development in the world. Hence the issue of housing is at the beginning of a significant transformation; If the housing quality crisis has overcome its quantity. As the ninth-largest city in Iran, Kermanshah metropolis has faced severe physical and demographic development and various types of intra-ethnic migration during the last two decades. Based on the evidence, the existence of a gap in the quality of housing construction in different areas and neighborhoods of the city and the occurrence of marginalization clearly shows the failure of housing planning and distribution of facilities and services in this city. Accordingly, in this study, while evaluating the quantitative and qualitative status of housing, the following question is addressed:
-What are the most important dimensions affecting the status of sustainable housing and its spatial reflections?
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Due to the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, this research is non-experimental and has been done in the framework of a case-study model. The statistical block survey technique has been used to analyze the pattern of sustainable housing in the city and the eight districts of Kermanshah. The questionnaire was used in three dimensions of physical, economic, and social sustainability consisting of 40 items. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Kermanshah metropolis. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, which equals 384 people whose sampling method was random and based on household-housing sampling. To study the quantitative and qualitative status, the statistical block and residential use data of Kermanshah metropolis and documents mentioned above, including a comprehensive and detailed plan in Arc GIS environment and spatial analysis tools including spatial statistics methods, have been used.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
Based on the results, a positive and significant spatial coefficient is obtained, which means that the proximity of zones 1, 3, and 4 has a positive effect on the development of sustainable housing. The physical index also had a positive and significant impact on housing. Increasing the economic index means reducing investment constraints. In addition, as an investment in a region's housing sector grows, the demand for housing increases. Therefore, raising the investment rate in the infrastructure sector has positively affected housing demand and increased quality. Also, the social index has had a positive effect on demand; In this way, the mutual demand between the two places leads to the formation of housing quality preferences and can reduce the costs of economic development of housing. Also, the financial and economic index has had a positive and significant effect on housing quality and sustainability. In fact, by creating added value, reducing costs and prices, financing from the market, on the one hand, increasing productivity, and adjusting the tax rate in the destination region, on the other hand, improves the volume of savings and, consequently, investment in the region. The intrinsic and situational index has had a positive and significant effect on housing demand and economic prosperity. This means that the geographical focus of activity and the market size has been a determining factor in housing demand and increased brokerage in the region.
The Z-score index results showed a clear gap between the urban areas of Kermanshah in terms of stability of quantitative and qualitative housing indicators that can be divided into three new, middle, and old textures. The final results of the research evaluation, considering the most critical dimensions of sustainable housing and the most important spatial differences in forming sustainable housing models between urban areas, show that the components of physical, economic, and then social dimensions were the most important. Also, the spatial differences of the sustainable housing model indicate that regions 1, 2, 8, and 6 have an unstable condition, regions 7 and 5 have a somewhat stable condition, and regions 3 and 4 have a stable condition.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Developing a theoretical model and studying the effect of urban governance structure on urban policy in Kermanshah is one of the essential needs related to the dominant production method and related factors. Also, due to the instability of the components of energy saving in the physical dimension, the financial affordability of the households in the economic dimension and the impact of employment on the prosperity of the housing market, as well as the instability of housing security in the social dimension. So, it is suggested that in the renovation of worn-out structures and new residential development, the indigenous model and housing architecture appropriate to the city's climatic conditions should be used, as well as the observance of building construction regulations as much as possible. Regarding the level of households finances, comprehensive studies should be conducted on the economic situation of urban areas. Regarding the impact of employment on the housing market boom, it seems that the approach of political economy and brokerage in the housing market has caused a false bubble in prices and also reduced construction following the reduction of demand and the exponential trend of price growth in recent years, which needs serious attention of government and oversight of the housing sector. Due to the instability and problems in the field of social security of housing and problems related to various crimes, it is suggested that in the areas and neighborhoods of the city, given the current situation of neighborhoods, the presence of police patrols and increase and improve the environmental design approach to be considered with the occurrence of a crime.
Urban Development,Sustainable Housing,Political Economy,Ordinary Kriging,Kermanshah City
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148774.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_148774_e36d438a9f06cceb942b4d19c3a44ca6.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Identification of Spatial Model of Urban Public Spaces with Passive Defense Approach Case Study: Tabriz city
81
97
FA
Zahra
Seyed Ahmadi Mamghani
PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
ahmadizahra742@gmail.com
hooman
saboti
0000-1234-5127-9523
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
hoomansobouti@znu.ac.ir
Zohreh
Torabi
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
10.22034/jsc.2021.262851.1378
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Cities, especially in their modern forms, are constantly exposed to a wide variety of hazards, and this is one of the most important issues in large cities in recent years. Therefore, it can be said that the current era is an era of urban vulnerability, because as urban life becomes more complex, cities in various dimensions face natural hazards and technological crises on the one hand, and socio-security crises on the other. One of the main elements in the city that is very important in the discussion of passive defense management, especially in the post-crisis period, are urban public spaces. Tabriz city as one of the metropolises of the country has not been an exception to this rule. This city with its large population and complex urban structures and in some dilapidated areas, is the center of all political, administrative, economic and social structures in the northwest of the country. The development of Tabriz city during the last few decades and the location of this city on a zone with high risk in terms of earthquakes and floods according to the history of numerous historical earthquakes in this city, including 4.3 in 2007 and the occurrence of earthquakes. 2.6 and 3.6 magnitude in the region as well as the existence of northern faults in Tabriz and its activity over time and the threatening dangers resulting from it, approve the necessity and importance of discussing proper location in urban spaces and the issue of passive defense. According to the issues raised and the importance of passive defense in planning and location of urban public spaces, the present study was done with the approach of recognizing the problem and examining the causal model of locating urban public spaces in Tabriz in order to plan passive defense.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> Methodology</strong><br />The present study is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical one in terms of method. In this research, library studies and field methods have been used simultaneously to collect information. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts. Experts were selected by snowball method from among university professors and active researchers. The sample size intended to complete the questionnaire was determined by 25 university professors and research experts. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was exerted, and its value was 0.90. This rate indicates the appropriate reliability of the questionnaire. After collecting the questionnaires using FUZZY DEMATEL in Excel software environment, the causal relationships between the criteria were determined.<br /> <br /><strong> Results and discussion</strong><br />Considering the DR values, the criteria of access to main thoroughfares, outdoor access, compatibility of land uses (observance of neighborhoods), population density, building density and physical characteristics of buildings, considering that the amount of values obtained for these criteria are positive in the cause group and in other words these criteria are more effective. Criteria for access to relief centers, distance from high-risk land uses, diversity of land uses, with regard to D-R values that are negative, have been identified as disabled or affected. Based on the values obtained for D + R, it can be stated that among the identified criteria, the building density criterion has the highest value of D + R, which indicates that this criterion is the most important one. It can be said that the building density factor increases the vulnerability due to the volume of mass in the space during crises and will disturb the peace, etc. Therefore, paying attention to this factor, especially in public spaces, is important. After that, the criterion of observing the access hierarchy is in the second place in terms of importance. This factor should also be considered in urban planning and planning for the time of crisis, especially in order to provide relief at the scene. Because ignoring this factor can increase the rate of accidents and risks.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> Conclusion</strong><br />This study was written to identify the spatial causal model of urban public spaces with a passive defense approach. Criteria such as access to main thoroughfares, access to relief and medical centers, observance of access hierarchy, access to open space, distance from high-risk land uses, diversity land uses, compatibility of land uses (observance of neighborhoods), population density, building density and physical characteristics of buildings were investigated using the FUZZY DEMATEL method. The results of the implementation of the FUZZY DEMATEL model showed that among the identified criteria, the criterion of access to the main thoroughfares is the most effective and important criterion for discussing location with a passive defense approach. Because access to the main thoroughfares is one of the most important factors in increasing or decreasing the vulnerability of a city in times of crisis. Also, how to access and the number of access routes by observing the hierarchy due to the facilitation of relief will have a significant impact on reducing the number of casualties. Therefore, this important principle should be considered when planning for location, as this criterion has been selected as the most important one in this research.<br />In the next step, the criteria of outdoor access, compatibility of land uses (observance of neighborhoods), population density, building density and physical characteristics of buildings are placed in the cause group due to the fact that the values obtained for these criteria are positive. Therefore, in a place where population density and construction are high, using access to main thoroughfares and open space and distance from high-risk cabins should also be a priority in planning. Therefore, citing these issues and results, the first step in passive defense planning is to identify critical arteries, sensitive and densely populated centers, and demographics and vulnerable textures. Therefore, in examining the location of urban passive defense planning, in addition to security considerations in camouflage, concealment and dispersion of fortifications, facilities and location, natural issues, topography and strategically sensitive location, other criteria such as access to passages and identification of dense areas should also be considered in planning.
Location,public spaces,Passive Defense,Tabriz City
https://www.jscity.ir/article_143480.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_143480_75c4a90b9a7c5e1edf519b203ac84415.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Explaining the patterns of collective behavior and its impact on the growth and prosperity of children in public spaces of the metropolis of Mashhad
99
115
FA
hojat
hataminejad
Postdoctoral Fellowship in Urban Behavior, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
hojathatami@ut.ac.ir
Hossain
hataminejad
0000-0002-6896-7141
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
hataminejad@ut.ac.ir
keramatolah
ziari
0000-0001-9135-4768
Professor Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
zayyari@ut.ac.ir
ahmad
pourahmad
0000-0003-0224-5995
Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran. Tehran Iran
apoura@ut.ac.ir
10.22034/jsc.2022.197104.1088
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Spatial planning and design of urban planners and designers in public areas of the city, which is a place for gathering and wide social interactions of people can play an effective role in directing behavioral patterns; On the other hand, human beings, as the most important actors in the social arena of the city, get the most influence from the environment. In environmental psychology, human behavior is influenced by factors such as physical factors of the environment, symbolic data, design data and the spirit of the environment. Urban spaces always provide a platform for the manifestation of behavioral patterns that are themselves the product of the identity factor and the interactions resulting from human and social activities; Therefore, in designing spaces, it is necessary to consider the human presence and how he perceives and behaves from space and the surrounding environment. The special place of Mashhad metropolis due to the annual arrival volume of 27 million pilgrims-tourists and the allocation of the second most populous city in Iran, has caused many people to spend their leisure time in public spaces of this city, especially parks, which makes it necessary to pay attention to citizens' behavior. It doubles the public spaces and if these places used as an important part of the public spaces of the city have the desired quality, proper spatial arrangement, beautiful furniture, lighting and special colors, etc., they can exist. Bring behavioral patterns, especially specific collective behaviors that have a significant impact on the growth and development of children. After reviewing previous research in this article, we seek to explain the patterns of collective behavior and its impact on the growth and prosperity of children in public spaces of cities. It can not affect the growth and development of children who are present in public spaces such as parks, in this article, the behavioral patterns expressed by children and their parents when exposed to other children can be found in spaces Generally influence the growth and development of viewer children.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The research method of this research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. Also, non-parametric statistical methods such as chi-square statistics have been used to measure and analyze 384 popular questionnaires using SPSS software. Factor analysis has been used for the validity of research questionnaires and Cronbach's alpha method has been used for the reliability of the questionnaires.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />In the discussion of research findings, it was concluded that the three items of open spaces, defenseless urban spaces and land use, which are part of the factors of urban space, have the greatest impact on the behavior of citizens. Elevated items, geometric shapes and safe urban spaces have no effect on behaviorism. Because the value of t-statistic for these three factors is less than 1.96. The three items of lighting, monitoring and music, which are part of the environment, have the greatest impact on the behavior of citizens. Airflow items do not affect behaviorism. Because the value of t-statistic for this factor is less than 1.96<br />Also, the results of the citizens' questionnaire regarding the analysis of effective factors in creating behavioral patterns of citizens show that the average effect of all physical-functional characteristics in the optimal design of parks is high and the average characteristics of "attention to diversity index" Activities in the design of parks "," Number of entrances entrances and 2 entrances "," Attention to the index of use of water (drains, flowers, etc.) "and" Attention to the index The use of Z and Z in the park is equal to 4.9 and more than other features. The average impact of all socio-cultural features on the optimal design of parks is more than 4 and is high. The average of the features of "Paying attention to the brightness index of all parts of the crack . together" is equal to 4.933 and is higher than other features. The average impact of all environmental features on the optimal design of parks is more than 4 and is high. The average characteristics of "Paying attention to the index of cars and cars in parks" and "Paying attention to the index of how to paint the signs of cars" is equal to 4.900 and more than other characteristics. Finally, the level of ownership of the four selected regions in the city of Mashhad was studied and analyzed based on the relevant indicators. According to the research findings, it can be stated that the behavioral patterns of people in the use of Mashhad metropolitan parks are directly affected by the desirability of environmental quality, type of design and arrangement of elements.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />As a result, today's cities, under the influence of uncoordinated urban systems and the inefficient system of regional and urban planning and the imbalance in regional and national spaces, have an inappropriate growth. Meanwhile, urban parks and green spaces are one of the most prominent public spaces that receive a large part of the urban population on a daily basis. The sum of the results of this study shows that the behavioral patterns of citizens in the studied parks in the four areas (one, nine, eleven and Samen) of Mashhad are influenced by the design quality and the desirability of the interior spaces of the parks. The growth and prosperity of children has a great impact so that the higher the quality of public spaces such as urban parks where social interactions are, the more purposeful collective behaviors are formed in such spaces and this issue affects the rate of learning, growth and The flourishing of children who come to the park with their parents has a great impact because children learn everything they see and repeat.
Behavioral Patterns,urban park,Urban Design,Growth and prosperity,Child,Mashhad Metropolis
https://www.jscity.ir/article_144055.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_144055_c0ffbb951790114e1cdcafec5907ab1f.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Recognition of the Principles of Sustainable Regeneration in the Quality of Urban Spaces, Case Study: Historical Texture of Tabriz
117
132
FA
Selda
Nazari
PhD Student in Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
s_nazari@iausalmas.ac.ir
Arash
Saghafi Asl
Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
a.saghafi@iaut.ac.ir
Akbar
Abdullahzadeh taraf
Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
taraf_1980@iaut.ac.ir
10.22034/jsc.2020.243409.1288
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The historical texture of cities, which forms its identity, is the primary centre and the beating heart of the city. The life and death of cities can be recognized by taking into account the characteristics of their urban spaces. Urban spaces are remembered as the centre in which the art of people's living together, crystallization of social life, the scene of people's everyday life, and place of simultaneity of activities are manifested. Urban regeneration as a recent approach in the field of urban restoration and protection, leads to the creation of a new urban space while the main spatial features (physical and functional) are maintained.
After reviewing the research background, it was found out that no research has been carried out on the quality of urban spaces using the principles of urban sustainable regeneration in Iran, and the existing research has all been in a large scale (city and urban contexts) with no micro-scale research (urban spaces), which also necessitates conducting this research. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to recognize the principles of urban sustainable regeneration in the quality of urban spaces from the viewpoints of the experts in Tabriz. Tabriz metropolis, with its rich historical background, and a great heritage of urban spaces such as squares, mini-squares, sidewalks and several passages in its historical texture, in recent years, has faced with the rapid growth of urbanization and immethodical constructions and destruction of historical urban spaces, and the lack of the necessary structural and managerial plan to rehabilitate and recreate urban spaces, and as a result, these spaces have suffered physical or functional deterioration, or both. Due to the nature of the research, this study seeks to find answers to four questions: 1- What are the principles and criteria for urban sustainable regeneration so as to improve the quality of urban spaces of Tabriz? 2- What is the impact of sustainable urban regeneration on the quality of Tabriz urban spaces? 3- What is the value of correlation coefficient of the dimensions of sustainable regeneration in the quality of urban spaces in Tabriz? 4- Is there a significant relationship between the indicators of urban sustainable regeneration and the quality of urban spaces of Tabriz?
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Considering the research methodology, philosophy, research purpose, and finally research technique, this is a "qualitative", "interpretive", "applied" and "field-library-documentary" research, respectively, which deals with developing a conceptual model associated with the principles of urban sustainable regeneration in the quality of urban spaces and explains the issue through two tools of interviews and documents. The statistical population of the study consisted of urban experts, and based on Cochran's sample size formula, its sample size was estimated 450 people. Accordingly, while studying the concepts and literature related to the purpose of research, some components and indicators were extracted and then the indicators were assessed using the questionnaire tool in the form of Delphi method. Finally, in order to test the hypotheses and the conceptual framework, the obtained data from the questionnaires were analysed by LISREL and SPSS software.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
According to the obtained data from the confirmation model and measurement of effective factors of sustainability component, the indicator of physical and visual proportions and the use of native local characters of the landscape design had the most effect with a path coefficient of (0.91), and the indicator of increasing the useful use of urban spaces had the least effect with a path coefficient of (0.73); in the conceptual-perceptual dimension, the indicator of sense of spatial identity has the most effect (0.87) and the indicator of pleasantness and attractiveness of place has the least effect (0.76); in the functional-activity dimension, the permeability and accessibility indicator had the most effect with a path coefficient of (0.96) and the sidewalk and pedestrian ease indicator had the least effect with a path coefficient of (0.70); in the social and cultural dimension, the indicator of strengthening architectural heritage (historical core) had the most effect (0.89) and activities to attract the crowd and promote social identity had the least effect with a path coefficient of (0.73); in the environmental dimension, the indicator of attention to environmental problems and limited resources of land and energy had the most effect with a path coefficient of (0.97) and the indicator of safe and clean environment and environmental health had the least effect with a path coefficient of (0.76); and in the economic dimension, the indicator of economic prosperity and increased tourism and cultural tourism had the most effect with a path coefficient (0.88), and the indicator of labour force diversity in terms of skills and social class had the least effect with a path coefficient of (0.73), which are regeneration indicators of quality of Tabriz's urban spaces from the viewpoints of the experts. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the correlation coefficient of socio-cultural dimensions with functional-activity dimension with a correlation coefficient (1.18) of sustainable regeneration in the quality of urban spaces is more than other dimensions. Based on the confirmatory factor analysis model and the coefficient and the impact level equal to (0.76) as well as the amount of RMSEA 0.072, the relationship of sustainable regeneration in the quality of urban spaces was confirmed in the study areas.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Based on the research findings, there is direct and causal relationship between sustainable regeneration and quality in urban spaces, such that an increase in the amount of sustainable regeneration and its indicators in the study areas will lead to an increase in the quality of these urban spaces. As it was mentioned in the framework of urban sustainable regeneration, paying attention to concepts such as placing importance on the role of all interacting groups, is considered as an important and basic principle in the regeneration of urban spaces. This is important since in most cases, the private sector, government and municipalities are taken into account more when intervening in the target areas, play a key role in this regard, something which often underestimates the role of people. Empowering residents, gaining their trust, increasing belonging to the target areas and in general the capacity building of the residents, are the main points in the realization of the urban regeneration, which the framework of urban sustainable regeneration takes into account, whereas the concept of capacity building has been formed and implemented in our country quite popularly and spontaneously.
recognition,Sustainability,urban space,Quality,Tabriz
https://www.jscity.ir/article_144880.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_144880_07335f8a7bca246c2b38d3b7f3949421.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
20
Measuring the Dimensions of Urban Development Strategy with Sustainable Development Approach, Case Study: Kashan City
133
147
FA
younes
gholami
1111-0000-2222-0000
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
yonesgholami@kashanu.ac.ir
kamran
dolatyarian
M.A. of Geography and Urban Planning, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
kamrandowllatyari@gmail.com
10.22034/jsc.2021.236609.1266
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Cities as living and dynamic systems are constantly undergoing physical, social, economic, cultural and environmental changes. Undoubtedly, these continuous changes require a comprehensive program. In Iran, for many years, the majority of urban projects and plans due to their physical perspective as well as their static and traditional and inflexibility and most importantly the lack of participation of urban stakeholders in practice have faced many problems such that city managers and policymakers are not able to respond to the current and future needs of cities. Therefore, due to the increasing population growth of cities and the consequent increase in problems and issues arising from urbanization in large economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions, the need to move from a comprehensive urban planning model to strategic planning for sustainable urban development is felt more than ever. The disintegration of the urban system and the specific problems of modern urban life, has highlighted the need for comprehensive attention to strategies and beneficial solutions to optimize the lives of urban residents. In the meantime, having a stable and ideal city is perhaps the most important human need. Urban development strategy is a new approach that was adopted by the World Bank and the Coalition of Cities to promote urban sustainable development, poverty reduction and the excellence of human societies. This view is based on the four indicators of good governance, banking, competitiveness and livability. The present article tries to evaluate the above indicators in Kashan city and measure its compliance with CDS principles.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in the aspect of method. The theoretical framework of the research has been done using the library method and reviewing the relevant literature. Preliminary information and data were collected for field analysis through a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population in this study included all citizens, managers and officials of Kashan urban area. The results of each test are presented separately in the tables. The indicators were classified and evaluated using a five-point Likert scale. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, face validity and experts' opinions were used and to evaluate the reliability of the research tool, the pre-test method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were exerted. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.898, which indicates the appropriate and acceptable reliability of the questionnaire tool. Sample power software was used to determine the sample size, which was estimated to be 160 people considering the alpha of 0.05, confidence level of 0.95 and one-way test. The collected data were analyzed through questionnaire using AMOS software and statistical analysis methods such as one-sample t-test in SPSS software.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
The present study has been written to evaluate and measure the dimensions of urban development strategy based on its four principles, in this regard, four hypotheses were examined. The first hypothesis analyzed the dimensions of good urban governance in Kashan, which due to the low average of the indicators (2.26) of the standard value of number (3) indicates the poor condition of Kashan in terms of governance dimensions and the first hypothesis of the study was confirmed. The second hypothesis evaluates the competitiveness index about the urban development strategy and according to the comparison with a significant level at the alpha level of 5%, the results indicate the undesirable situation of this index with an average (2.58) and the second hypothesis is confirmed. The third hypothesis of being a banking indicator in Kashan city, evaluated and analyzed by the contract, the results of the average T-test of a single sample of research showed that this indicator is not in an acceptable condition with an average (2.91) and is estimated poorly. That is, the undesirableness of Kashan city in terms of banking dimensions is confirmed. The fourth hypothesis of the research was the analysis of the livable or livable city index of the contract. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that according to the significance level (sig) and its comparison with the 95% confidence level and the possible error value of 5%, the viability item with an average (2.65) is in undesirable conditions and the fourth hypothesis of the research, i.e. the weakness of this dimension the urban development strategy was proved in Kashan. In general, the results of one-sample t-test of the average of the four mentioned indicators are equal to 2.6 and are less than the mean value (number 3), which indicates the poor condition of the four principles of urban development strategy in Kashan.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The results of the second-order factor model showed that the livability factor had the highest factor load with a value of 0.98 and then the competitive factor with a factor load of 0.91 is in the second place and two factors of banking and governance ones with regression weights of 0.76 and 0.72 are in the third and fourth positions, respectively. The present study is consistent with the article by Ali Akbari and Kamasi (2015) which have evaluated the indicators of urban development strategy in Kermanshah because the results showed that the city of Kermanshah in terms of indicators of urban development strategy (competitiveness, banking, good governance, livability) is in undesirable situation. Another study that has been conducted by Salimi et al. (2017), was found that the city of Kazerun is weak and unsuitable in terms of urban development strategy indicators (banking, competitiveness, livability) and only the governance index is relatively appropriate which is consistent with the present study. Also, another study that has been conducted by Seyahi et al. (2017) in the central part of Ahvaz, was found that the average of all indicators of urban development strategy in Ahvaz is undesirable, which is consistent with the present study. Finally, after a comparative comparison of this study with the results of Shokohi et al.'s (2015) research, it was found that the situation of urban development strategy indicators in Birjand, is in a relatively desirable situation that is not consistent with the present study.
Urban Development Strategy,Principles of CDS,sustainable development,structural modeling,Kashan
https://www.jscity.ir/article_150042.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_150042_759c6e73df0d6d2734d50b051de9e044.pdf
Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association
Sustainable city
2476-6631
2476-6151
5
1
2022
05
21
Assessing the physical vulnerability of Bojnourd city against earthquakes with the approach of sustainable urban development
149
163
FA
ali
gholamzadehdoab
PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
ali.gholamzadehdoab@yahoo.com
Saeed
Kamiabi
0000-0002-7307-9421
Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
s.aeidkamyabi@semnan.iau.ac.ir
Zeinab
Karkabadi
Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
z23084@yahoo.com
10.22034/jsc.2020.249936.1318
<strong>Extended Abstract</strong>
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The issue of urban safety against natural hazards is one of the main goals of urban planning and it is very important to raise awareness about the vulnerability of urban issues and to know their vulnerability to natural hazards. Paying attention to these risks and crises is an undeniable necessity of the crisis management system and structure. Natural hazards in many cases have devastating effects on human societies. The consequences of these phenomena are the occurrence of changes in environmental conditions, which in turn leads to the disruption of the normal life process of people and the occurrence of destructive effects on their habitats and imposes extensive economic and social damage on communities. Among natural disasters, earthquakes are more common. And in the absence of the power to prevent and prepare society, it turns into a human disaster that has direct, indirect and secondary destructive effects on both individuals and their habitat and society. Iran is one of the countries that are very vulnerable to natural disasters in terms of geographical and geological conditions. On the other hand, the city of Bojnourd due to its special geographical location and being located between the mountains of Koppeh-Dagh and Ala-Dagh and the existence of canals and rivers in it on the one hand and being located on faults on the other hand has great vulnerability to It is a natural hazard. Another case that causes the vulnerability of the worn-out structures of this city is the existence of spontaneous and old structures in the heart of this city, which are generally composed of one-story and two-story houses with low floor space which have been densely-built. These houses often do not have a technical standard and do not have the necessary resistance to natural hazards. Therefore, the general purpose of the present study is to determine the degree of physical vulnerability of Bojnourd city to earthquakes. According to the raised issues in the study area and also based on the importance and determined objectives, the question of this research is as follow:
- What is the situation of urban areas of Bojnourd in terms of earthquake vulnerability?
Due to the problems that have occurred in recent years in the field of natural disasters, much attention has been paid to studies in this field. For example, evaluating the resilience of worn-out textures against natural hazards in Semnan is the title of a study that Hassanzadeh Tavakoli et al. (2017), by using of the ANP model, have prioritized resilience criteria in this city. And they have come to the conclusion that the resilience of the worn-out texture of Semnan city is not in a desirable condition. Assessing the structural-natural resilience of urban land-use of region 4 of Tehran is the title of another study that has conducted by Jalalian in 2018 and by FANP method, it has been concluded that the average structural-natural resilience of land-use of region 4 of Tehran was 0.86 and resilient.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
The present research is based on the purpose of the applied type which has been done through descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection is based on library studies and questionnaires. The statistical population of the present study is experts related to the fields of urban planning and crisis management and water resources of Bojnourd.
In this regard, due to the specialization of the research topic, questionnaires were distributed and completed by 15 managers and senior experts of Bojnourd Municipality and specialists related to crisis management by purposeful sampling method. In order to measure the vulnerability of physical spaces in the city to earthquakes,12 indicators in two ranges of structural-physical indicators including (building quality, building structures, hazardous centers, population density, building density, granulation, city road network, relief centers and open and public space and natural including (distance from fault lines, soil resistance and land slope) have been used.
<strong>Results and discussion</strong>
After confirming the indicators by comparing the mean of the index and the component, the effectiveness of the existence of vulnerability assessment indicators of Bojnourd was examined through five-point Likert scale. According to the results of the pairwise comparison matrix of physical indicators, it was found that among the physical factors, the quality of the building with a normalized score (0.223), building structure (0.220), location of hazardous centers (0.140), population density (0.112), building density (0.110), granulation (0.074), city road network (0.049), location of relief centers (0.046), and open space with a score (0.026) are more preferable, respectively. Accordingly, the most vulnerable neighborhoods are mostly in the suburbs of Bojnourd. Considering that the mentioned neighborhoods in the past decades have been villages around the city and generally have a rural function and their physical growth towards the city has been spontaneous and unplanned, which have caused these neighborhoods in terms of indicators such as quality, buildings, antiquities, building structures and distance from relief centers, etc. do not have suitable conditions. And for these reasons, they are less vulnerable than other parts of the city, especially the newly built areas of the city, which are built and developed according to the plan.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The final obtained result from the study of the research criteria indicates that most of the suburbs are unsuitable. Therefore, prioritizing this area with the aim of earthquake resistance is of great necessity. Although the southern parts of Bojnourd city are less vulnerable than the east and north of the city, considering that in recent years the highest rate of development of Bojnourd city is towards the southern and western regions and according to the earthquake risk zoning map, this part of urban development has reduced its distance from faults in the south of the city day by day and in an unplanned process is moving to high-risk areas, so that it is necessary to control and pay attention to this part of the city.
vulnerability,Resilience,Natural hazards,Bojnourd City
https://www.jscity.ir/article_149416.html
https://www.jscity.ir/article_149416_36fe876fc5a9c4f91d68e887f2f2e923.pdf