@article { author = {Ziabakhsh, Neda}, title = {Comparative study Sense of place In Golshan neighborhoods and Ghanat Kowsar District 4 of Tehran Municipality}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {1-14}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2021.237546.1269}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction In urban environments, several factors cause urban decline and migration of residents. One of these factors is the diminishing identity and Sense of place. One of the most important characteristics that affect collective life and social relations is belonging to a certain place. People spend the most and most important hours of their lives in their place of residence and organize their major social relationships based on it. Man integrates with his living environment and place becomes one of the identifying components of his life. Citizens' sense of belonging to their place and living place is one of the important dimensions in improving the quality of urban environments. And it becomes an important factor in shaping the communication bases of citizens in the urban environment. The present study seeks to investigate and recognize the Sense of place among the citizens of Kowsar and Golshan aqueducts located in District 4 of Tehran Municipality and the factors influencing the design of programs and policies to strengthen the Sense of place.   Methodology The present research is descriptive-survey in terms of applied purpose and its method. To conduct this research, relevant and field resources were collected in two methods: library (documentary) using a questionnaire of relevant data. The statistical population of this study is all citizens over 18 years of age in Golshan and Kowsar aqueducts in Tehran's 4th metropolitan area. According to the 2016 census, the population is 58,819 people. The sample size was determined using the Cochran's formula of 382 people. The sampling method was simple random. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed in terms of content (content validity) through the views of experts. Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated by SPSS software was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaires were adjusted based on a range of 5 Likert options (very low, low, medium, high and very high) with an emotional attachment factor of 5 items, a conceptual belonging agent with 5 items, and a functional belonging agent with 6 items.   Results and discussion The analysis of the results shows that the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood feel more comfortable in their neighborhood than other neighborhoods than Golshan neighborhood. Also, the development and promotion of the neighborhood is of great importance for the residents of both neighborhoods. In Golshan neighborhood, the residents of this area are not proud of living in this neighborhood and it is not considered valuable for them, while the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood are proud to live in this neighborhood. Residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood are more inclined to spend time in their neighborhood. Also, the comparison of the two neighborhoods shows that for a large part of the residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood, being on the streets of this neighborhood is satisfactory, while this is less true for the residents of Golshan neighborhood.   Conclusions The analysis of the results shows that the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood feel more comfortable in their neighborhood than other neighborhoods than Golshan neighborhood. Also, the development and promotion of the neighborhood is of great importance for the residents of both neighborhoods. In Golshan neighborhood, the residents of this area are not proud of living in this neighborhood and it is not considered valuable for them, while the residents of Qanat Kosar neighborhood are proud to live in this neighborhood. Residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood are more inclined to spend time in their neighborhood. Also, the comparison of the two neighborhoods shows that for a large part of the residents of Qanat Kowsar neighborhood, being on the streets of this neighborhood is satisfactory, while this is less true for the residents of Golshan neighborhood.  }, keywords = {Sense of Place,Urban Neighborhoods,urban environment,District 4 of Tehran}, title_fa = {بررسی مقایسه‌ای حس تعلق به مکان در محلات گلشن و قنات کوثر منطقه 4 شهرداری تهران}, abstract_fa = {حس تعلق شهروندان به مکان و محل زندگی خود یکی از ابعاد مهم در ارتقای کیفیت محیط‌های شهری است. و عامل مهمی در شکل‌گیری پایه‌های ارتباطی شهروندان در محیط شهری می‌شود. تحقیق حاضر در پی بررسی و شناخت حس تعلق به مکان در میان شهروندان محلات قنات کوثر و گلشن واقع در منطقه 4 شهرداری تهران و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن‌که زمینه‌ساز طراحی برنامه‌ها و سیاست‌ها در جهت تقویت حس تعلق به مکان است. پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی-پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه شهروندان بالای 18 سال محلات گلشن و قنات کوثر منطقه 4 کلان‌شهر تهران است. که جمعیت برحسب سرشماری سال 1395 برابر 58819 نفر می‌باشد. حجم نمونه از طریق فرمول کوکران 382 نفر تعیین شد. نحوه نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت تصادفی ساده بوده است. تحلیل نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ساکنین محله قنات کوثر نسبت به ساکنین محله گلشن احساس راحتی بیشتری در محله خود نسبت به سایر محلات احساس می‌کنند. همچنین پیشرفت و ارتقا محله برای ساکنین هردو محله اهمیت بالایی دارد. در محله گلشن، ساکنین این منطقه به زندگی در این محله افتخار نمی‌کنند و برایشان ارزش محسوب نمی‌شود درصورتی‌که ساکنین محله قنات کوثر به سکونت در این محله افتخار می‌کنند. ساکنین محله قنات کوثر تمایل بیشتری برای گذراندن زمان در محله خودشان دارند. همچنین مقایسه دو محله نشان می‌دهد که برای بخش زیادی از ساکنین محله قنات کوثر حضور در خیابان‌های این محله رضایت‌بخش است درحالی‌که این موضوع برای ساکنین محله گلشن کمتر صدق می‌کند.}, keywords_fa = {حس تعلق مکان,محلات شهری,محیط شهری,منطقه 4 تهران}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_122920.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_122920_e0d6c9f6c60d3c0296fdc0b38bc1d12b.pdf} } @article { author = {Roosta, Maryam and Hasanshahi, Ghazal}, title = {"Biophilic Neighborhood" Model in order to Apply in Urban Planning and Design}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {15-27}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2020.228630.1238}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The "Biophilia Approach" as a maximization approach pursues a comprehensive integration of different dimensions of the natural environment in cities, but has been less addressed in internal research, especially from the origins of urban planning knowledge. It seems that a more detailed analysis of this concept and moving towards the development of strategies for its realization in the field of urban planning can be effective on improving the relationship between citizens and nature. The present study seeks to apply the indicators of this approach in a conceptual model to be applied in the design and planning of urban neighborhoods.   Methodology  In the first step, "library studies" and a review of scientific resources in the field of environmental design and planning by the biophilic approach have been considered. After reviewing the sources, by qualitative analysis method, the components, dimensions and characteristics of the biophilic neighborhood were classified, compiled and formed the initial research model. In the second step, "Delphi method" was used to develop and complete the model and determine the priority of the indicators. This method was performed by selecting a group of eleven members of the faculty of Shiraz University in the fields of architecture, urban planning and design and in three stages (interviews and two questionnaires). After inscription of in-depth interviews by qualitative content analysis method; dimensions, components and indicators considered by the members were added to the initial model and provided to them in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire. Then, after reviewing the interviews and questionnaires, and adding one dimension and about ten indicators to the initial model, in the "third stage", the final questionnaire was sent for the final approval of the members and the percentage of agreement or disagreement with the components of this model and the resulting data were collected and analyzed by using of Kendall coefficient.  These indicators constructed the research model in the form of 6 dimensions.   Results and discussion  The development of the biophilic neighborhood model has been done in six dimensions: "natural resources", "artificial environment", "neighborhood landscape", "activities", "local community" and "neighborhood people" and in the form of 26 indicators. The findings show that in terms of "natural resources"; conservation of natural resources, in terms of "artificial environment"; integration of physical environment with nature, in terms of "activities"; green transportation, in the "local community" dimension; people's participation in nature protection and in the "neighborhood people" dimension, people's emotional connection with nature have been the most agreed upon among members of the Delphi circle. In the "natural resources" dimension of resource conservation, the most important goal has been the sustainable development approach in the last two decades. In addition to environmental goals, the "Access to Resources" index is also an achievement of social justice in the neighborhood. In today's high-rise cities, access to optimal sources of airflow, uniform ventilation, adequate lighting, as well as fair access to green space and adequate vegetation in the city are very important. In the "dimension of the artificial environment" in small-scale approaches to the design of the environment, including in architecture, the emphasis is on combining the artificial environment with natural elements. Valuable examples of this indicator are available in the historical past of Iranian architecture and urban planning, the development of examples and inspiration in urban design and planning in order to realize the biophilic neighborhood is a way forward. In terms of "activities", active transportation, while reducing air pollution, will also increase the health and vitality of the residents of the neighborhood. Also, in the experience of green neighborhoods in recent years, there are successful examples of urban agriculture and communal gardens on a neighborhood scale that have very environmental, economic, social and cultural benefits, and their native patterns can be exploited in our country. In the "neighborhood people" dimension, in our historical past, indigenous knowledge and public information about the surrounding nature and its elements have been significant, especially in rural areas. Contemporary urbanization has distorted people's attention and general sensitivity to nature and reduced environmental sensitivity to the environment. This issue requires special attention of urban management and governmental and public institutions   decision-maker in the field of culture.   Conclusion It seems that the application of the obtained indicators from this research with a local approach in formulating design and planning strategies of urban neighborhoods can help the process of realizing the biophilic neighborhood in our country. The characteristics of this model, while in line with previous research, show the need for localization and attention to local examples of the history of traditional architecture and urban planning. In future research, more accurate prioritization of indicators, case studies and testing in the redesign and planning of urban neighborhoods, as well as measuring the status of urban neighborhoods based on this framework, can be tracked.  Keywords: Biophilic, Urban Design, Urban Planning, Neighborhood, Sustainable City.}, keywords = {Biophilic,Urban Design,Urban planning,Neighborhood,sustainable city}, title_fa = {تدوین مدل مفهومی «محله بیوفیلیک» به‌منظور کاربست در طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی شهری}, abstract_fa = {یکی از رویکردهایی که در سال‌های اخیر در راستای پیوند با طبیعت در حوزه طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی شهری موردتوجه بوده است، رویکرد «بایوفیلیا» است. این رویکرد حداکثری، تلفیق همه‌جانبه با ابعاد مختلف محیط طبیعی در شهرها را دنبال می‌کند اما در پژوهش‌های داخلی، به‌خصوص از خاستگاه دانش شهرسازی کمتر به آن پرداخته‌شده است. پژوهش حاضر به دنبال آن است که شاخص‌های این رویکرد را در قالب یک مدل مفهومی، به‌منظور کاربست در طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی در مقیاس محله‌های شهری، بومی و کاربردی نماید. به این منظور، ابتدا به بررسی منابع نظری موجود به روش «مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای» پرداخته شد. شاخص‌های حاصل از این مرحله، پس از تحلیل محتوا و دسته‌بندی، مدل اولیه پژوهش را شکل داد. پس‌ازآن به‌منظور تکمیل و تأیید مدل، به روش «دلفی» در سه مرحله، نظرات 11 تن از اساتید معماری و شهرسازی و صاحب‌نظر در این باب، به کمک پرسشنامه و مصاحبه جمع‌آوری گردید. شاخص‌های طراحی محله بایوفیلیک و سپس اولویت‌بندی آن‌ها به کمک مصاحبه و پرسشنامه جمع‌آوری شد. داده‌های حاصل از مرحله اول به کمک تحلیل محتوا و داده‌های حاصل از پرسشنامه با روش‌های توصیفی آماری مورد تحلیل قرارگرفته است. تدوین مدل محله بایوفیلیک در شش بعد «منابع طبیعی»، «محیط مصنوع»، «منظر محله»، «فعالیت‌ها»، «اجتماع محلی» و «مردم محله»، انجام پذیرفته است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد، در بعد «منابع طبیعی»؛ حفاظت از منابع طبیعی، در بعد «محیط مصنوع»؛ تلفیق کالبد با طبیعت، در بعد «فعالیت‌ها»؛ حمل‌ونقل سبز، در بعد «اجتماع محلی»؛ مشارکت مردم در حفاظت از طبیعت و در بعد «مردمی»؛ ارتباط عاطفی مردم با طبیعت، بیشترین توافق را در میان اعضای حلقه دلفی داشته‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {بایوفیلیک,طراحی شهری,برنامه‌ریزی شهری,محله,شهر پایدار}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123103.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123103_90067ccf01f66513417fe9af0ea6f06d.pdf} } @article { author = {Daviran, Esmaeil and Ahmadi, Hossein}, title = {Production of Sidewalks and Stability of Identity and Sense of Place of Citizens Case study: Imam Khomeini Street Sidewalk in Zanjan}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {29-42}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2020.226159.1226}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Urban sidewalks, which date back to about 70 years ago, especially in Germany and the Netherlands, serve as a linear space with maximum social role. According to Jacobber, urban streets and sidewalks are the main and most important part of urban public places and are the most sifnificant part of it. The stability and dynamism of the urban sidewalks space is so effective that leads to the creation of suitable nodes for pausing, sitting and watching. According to Leiden, pedestrianism, pedestrian movement, desirable design, and creating appropriate opportunities for pedestrian movement are effective on increasing social interactions and strengthening social capital. Safety and security, accessibility and permeability, vitality, identity, diversity and mixing,attractiveness, beauty and visual fit, readability,comfort and convenience, shortness and continuity are among the indicators that affect the urban sidewalk.   Methodology The research method in the present study is of explanatory-analytical type with applied nature. The method of data collection is library, documentary and field. In order to formulate theoretical foundations, research indicators, library studies were used in the form of books, articles, dissertations and researches.In order to obtain the information of the study area, the field method with the framework of observation and questionnaire has been used. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multivariate regression were used to analyze the data.   Results and discussion The findings show: •Indicators of cultural diversity, place attachment, safety and security, sense of remembrance and spatial vitality of Zanjan Imam sidewalk are higher than average and close to the desired level. So that the average of the total indicators is about 3.9, which is higher than the standard set (3) and close to the desired limit (4). •Evaluated indicators on the sidewalk of Zanjan city have a significant relationship and a positive correlation with each other and work continuously with each other. •According to the results of Pearson test, the indicators of measuring identity and sense of place in the sidewalk of Zanjan city affect each other at 99 and 95% confidence levels. Indicators in general have moderate and positive correlations with each other. •Based on the results of stepwise multivariate regression test, five indicators of the sidewalk of Imam Street of Zanjan affect each other and each of them has a different effect on the dependent variable of identity and sense of place. •The share and effect of each variable on the dependent variable (identity and sense of place) are similar based on the non-standardized coefficient (20%). But based on the standardized coefficient (direct and real) are different from each other and each of the five variables has a different effect on the dependent variable of identity and sense of place. •The effect of place attachment and cultural identity variables on the identity and sense of place of Zanjan sidewalk are greater. •The five indicators of identity and sense of belonging due to their high average coefficient, communication and impact have been able to have a stimulating effect on the sidewalk and increase the sense of being in space and belonging to it on the sidewalk of Zanjan. •The high average of the studied indicators shows that the sidewalk of Zanjan city with its increasing performance has been able to be effective on attracting citizens to itself and to mobilize the physical space of the city center. •According to the average number of visits of citizens (4.5 times a week) and the reasons for attending the sidewalk (58% of traffic and shopping) as well as the amount of pauses and stops on the sidewalk (average 46 minutes) texture and physical space of the center, it has strengthened the city and promoted the sense of identity and place belonging of Zanjan city center.   Conclusion The results of the study showed that the effect of the studied indicators of sidewalks on Zanjan is qualitatively and quantitatively increasing and has been able to improve the tensile capacity of the respiratory space in the central part of the city. Despite the different effects of the studied indicators of identity and sense of place of Zanjan sidewalk, all indicators have been effective on relation to the development of identity and sense of place of the sidewalk. So that the correlation of the indicators with each other was mainly positive and the indicators in general had a correlation of more than 50% in improving the level of identity and sense of place and the hypothesis of correlation of the indicators with each other was confirmed. In order to develop the level of stability of identity and sense of place, it is suggested: •The variety of sidewalk cultural and social events and activities should be such that do not have an adverse effect on the business situation of business owners and guilds of the sidewalk area due to congestion. •The perimeter and axes of the sidewalk should be visually and physically adapted. •For the welfare of the residents around the sidewalk, whose traffic route is from the sidewalk, an appropriate traffic pattern should be considered. •Appropriate scheduling methods that are in line with the working conditions of businesses and guilds. •In holding various ceremonies, the cultural, social and religious characteristics of the citizens and the elements in the context (such as the community mosque, the mosque of the Prophet and the bazaar, etc.) should be considered. •It is suggested that the ingredients, elements and furniture placed in the sidewalk originate from the cultural, social and historical features of the city and its citizens.}, keywords = {Sidewalk,identity,Sense of Place,Zanjan city}, title_fa = {تولید فضاهای پیاده راهی و پایداری هویت و حس مکانی شهروندان مطالعه موردی: پیاده راه خیابان امام شهر زنجان}, abstract_fa = {پیاده راه‌های شهری واقع در بافت مرکزی شهرها به‌عنوان مرکز تنفس کالبدی و اجتماعی شهرها محسوب شده و اثرات هویتی –مکانی متعددی در توسعه پایدار شهر دارند. پژوهش حاضر به شیوه تبیینی- تحلیلی با ماهیت کاربردی به بررسی اثرات ایجاد پیاده راه‌های شهری در ارتقاء و حفظ هویت و حس مکانی شهروندان در بافت مرکزی شهر با نمونه موردی پیاده راه امام شهر زنجان پرداخته است. گردآوری داده‌ها به‌صورت میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای بوده است که داده‌های گردآوری‌شده در نرم‌افزار SPSS پیاده شده و با استفاده از آزمون آماری تی تک نمونه‌ای، همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چند متغیره گام‌به‌گام تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها صورت پذیرفت. شاخص‌های سنجش هویت و حس تعلق مکانی رد غالب 5 شاخص اصلی تنوع فرهنگی، دل‌بستگی مکانی، ایمنی و امنیت، حس خاطره‌انگیزی و سرزندگی فضا می‌باشد. نتایج حاصل نشان می‌دهد سطح شاخص‌های ایجادکننده هویت و حس تعلق مکانی در پیاده راه شهر زنجان از حد استاندارد بالا بوده و نزدیک به حد مطلوب می‌باشد. همچنین شاخص‌های هویت و حس تعلق مکانی باهمدیگر همبستگی با جهت مثبت و متوسط داشته و به‌طور پیوسته باهمدیگر عملکرد یافته‌اند. میزان اثر هرکدام از شاخص‌ها در ضریب رگرسیونی استاندارد نشده مشابه ولی در ضریب تعیین استانداردشده (مستقیم و خالص) متفاوت از هم می‌باشند. اثر شاخص‌های موردبررسی بر هویت و حس تعلق مکانی منجر به تعدد میزان و زمان حضور در فضای پیاده راه شده و مراودات اجتماعی را توسعه داده است.}, keywords_fa = {پیاده راه,هویت,حس تعلق مکانی,شهر زنجان}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123102.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123102_8de0f3b24fd090b096119c6067dc16cf.pdf} } @article { author = {Talebi, Mohammad Ali and Rahnemaei, Mohammad Taghi and Ghorbaninezhad, Ribaz}, title = {Pathology of Barriers to Good Urban Governance in Middle Cities Case Study: Neyshabur City}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {43-57}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2021.251270.1326}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Although more than five decades have passed since the introduction of good urban governance as the superior method of managing urban affairs, this model has not been realized in Iranian cities, especially in middle cities. Existing studies indicate the role of political, institutional, structural, managerial and cultural factors in this inefficiency. However, a review of research related to the pathology of good urban governance reveals three gaps in studies in this area. First, the challenges of not achieving good urban governance are often overlooked or ignored at the level of small and medium-sized cities. Second, existing studies in the pathology of non-realization of urban governance have mentioned obstacles that are themselves the result of underlying conditions and other structural factors that these factors and conditions have not been carefully studied. Also, the existing studies have not looked at the issue of governance through the lens of urban development policy and have paid no attention to the context and context of urban policy in the pathology of good urban governance. Therefore, in the present study, the pathology of good urban governance from the perspective of its institutionalization in the management system and policy-making of middle cities has been studied with a case study of Neyshabur city.   Methodology The methodological approach of the research is of a qualitative type based on semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists familiar with the subject in the city of Neyshabor, which has been implemented through 30 interviews. The process was done in such a way that first the specialists who had the highest level of knowledge and experience in the field of good urban governance and were also familiar with the issues and problems of Neyshabor were identified. Then, by conducting a semi-structured interview with six open-ended questions, the contexts and factors affecting the inefficiency of good urban governance at both macro (country level) and local (Neyshabor city) levels were discussed. In terms of institutional status, the members of the experts consist of three groups, including academic experts, managers and specialists based in organizations related to Neyshabor urban management, and activists of non-governmental organizations and NGOs. The interview questions, based on the urban development policy-making system, study both macro and local factors affecting the lack of good urban governance. The data analysis method is based on qualitative content analysis techniques, including step-by-step coding, which was completed at the end through a documentary method and matching and referring to existing research. Step coding consists of three main ones, each of which is identified by a type of code. Descriptive codes include initial categories that are derived directly from the content analysis of interviews. Interpretive codes are the result of merging and categorizing the initial categories, and finally, explanatory codes include fundamental factors. In this study, the step-by-step coding process was performed in reverse over three rounds.   Results and discussion Based on the obtained results, the factors affecting the non-realization of good urban governance in Neyshabor include 87 initial categories, 11 interpretive codes and 4 explanatory codes. Interpretive codes include such as institutional weaknesses, politicization of the urban development process, inefficiency of legal and judicial mechanisms governing the country's urban planning system, inefficiency of mechanisms for monitoring the urban development process, lack of integrated urban management system, organizational management weaknesses, profiteering, awareness and education weakness, weak relationships between actors and stakeholders, economic and technological weaknesses. Explanatory codes were classified into four main areas: "structural barriers", "individual barriers", "communication action barriers" and "infrastructural barriers". A significant point in the pathology of the lack of good urban governance is that first, more attention should be paid to the fundamental and root factors and not only to obvious and superficial ones such as weak participation, weak citizenship culture, lack of integrated management and etc. are not enough and the role of macro-structures reproducing these factors should not be overlooked. Second, all factors and contexts lead to the strengthening of each other in a cohesive and integrated manner and turn the realization of urban governance into a confusing mess.   Conclusion The results of this study made it clear that the failure to achieve good urban governance is primarily rooted in structural barriers that include institutional, political, legal, regulatory and managerial structures. Each of these dimensions, in turn, indicates major weaknesses in urban development policy and management models. Therefore, overcoming the existing challenges in the urban management system of the country is possible only by making fundamental changes in these macro-structures. Besides structural barriers, three other areas, namely, individual barriers, communication action barriers and infrastructural barriers, were also considered in this study, and in general, an attempt was made to diagnose good urban governance with a newer and more up-to-date classification. The complexity of the factors of lack of good urban governance and their interaction with each other concerning political, social, economic and institutional contexts, makes the implementation of good urban governance in practice a major challenge for the country's cities and despite numerous studies, remains as an attractive slogan to justify the actions of city managers. Finally, based on the results of the present study, it should be acknowledged that the realization of good urban governance first requires requirements that these ones are in the structural field to affect other dimensions of urban management inefficiency, to be able to institutionalize model good urban governance in middle cities.}, keywords = {Good Urban Governance,Middle cities,urban management,Neyshabur city}, title_fa = {آسیب‌شناسی موانع تحقق حکمروایی خوب شهری در شهرهای میانی مطالعه موردی: شهر نیشابور}, abstract_fa = {علیرغم گذشت بیش از پنج دهه از زمان مطرح‌شدن حکمروایی خوب شهری به‌عنوان شیوه برتر اداره امور شهری، این الگو در شهرهای ایران به‌خصوص در شهرهای میانی و کوچک، تحقق‌نیافته است. از همین رو در پژوهش حاضر به آسیب‌شناسی حکمروایی خوب شهری از منظر نهادینه‌سازی آن در شهرهای میانی بامطالعه موردی شهر نیشابور پرداخته‌شده است. رویکرد روش‌شناختی پژوهش از نوع کیفی مبتنی بر مصاحبه نیمه ساخت‌یافته از خبرگان و متخصصان آشنا به موضوع در شهر نیشابور است که از طریق انجام 30 مصاحبه پیاده‌سازی شده است. روش تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها، بر مبنای تکنیک‌های تحلیل محتوای کیفی ازجمله کدگذاری مرحله‌ای است که در پایان از طریق روش اسنادی و مطابقت و ارجاع‌دهی به پژوهش‌های موجود، تکمیل‌شده است. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، عوامل مؤثر بر عدم تحقق حکمروایی خوب شهری در شهر نیشابور شامل 87 مقوله اولیه، 11 کد تفسیری و 4 کد تبیینی است. کدهای تبیینی، در چهار حوزه عمده یعنی «موانع ساختاری»، «موانع فردی»، «موانع کنش ارتباطی» و «موانع زیرساختی» طبقه‌بندی شدند. درنهایت این نتیجه به دست آمد که تحقق حکمروایی خوب شهری ابتدا نیازمند الزاماتی است که این الزامات بیشتر در حوزه ساختاری قرار دارند تا با تأثیرگذاری بر روی ابعاد دیگر از ناکارآمدی مدیریت شهری، بتوانند الگوی حکمروایی خوب شهری را در شهرهای میانی نهادینه کنند.}, keywords_fa = {حکمروایی خوب شهری,شهرهای میانی,مدیریت شهری,شهر نیشابور}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_125569.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_125569_4a3a19a22d658078db31e467e2231403.pdf} } @article { author = {Barmayehvar, Behnod and Kowkabi, Leila}, title = {Analysis of Technological Interactions of Users in the University Public Open Spaces in line with the Implementation of Urban Cyber Parks Case Study: Bagh-e Melli Campus of the University of Art}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {59-73}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2020.233026.1246}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The emergence of the virtual world has led to the creation of spaces and new patterns of behavior in the life of modern human being. In this regard, "Cyber Park" through the co-creation of public open spaces and the use of new information and communication technologies, provide many opportunities for stakeholders in the field of technological interactions (information exchange, transfer of experiences, knowledge sharing, etc.). In fact, "Cyber Park" is a smart social ecosystem that can meet the needs and desires of individuals, especially in the field of education and learning, by using of technological equipment and in the context of nature, in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. Given the characteristics of "Cyber Park", spaces such as parks, squares, historical areas, riversides, resorts and public open spaces are known to create suitable Cyber Parks. These spaces allow people to develop their social and cultural contributions, and in addition to taking advantage of the surrounding space, they will be able to improve the quality of various aspects of their lives. In these public open spaces, the proper implementation of information and communication technologies (as one of the main bases of Cyber Park formation) is essential and consist of the technological optimizations, improving the infrastructures and superstructures, developing the hardware and the software, as well as equipping of the facilities. As the main base of Cyber Parks through participation and social interactions, innovative actions and the development of discourse and relationships between spaces, stakeholders also play a key role in the process of its formation.   Methodology The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of implementing Cyber Parks through the technological interactions of stakeholders (students) in the university public open spaces. In order to achieve the goals of the research, main question is proposed as follow: “How does university public open spaces affect technological interactions (students' activities and relationships with each other) in terms of the quality of the spaces and facilities available?”. Thus, during the research process, how to adapt the basic concepts of Cyber Park with a public open educational space in the university environment has been analyzed in order to explain the requirements of implementing Cyber Park, especially in academic context. For this purpose, Bagh-e Melli campus of the University of Art in Tehran has been selected as the case study and data were collected in the field through an online questionnaire survey that explored students’ views and behaviors towards university public open spaces. Then, using quantitative analysis method and SPSS statistical software and also with the help of case study strategy, data analysis was performed. In order to improve the validity of the research, first a pilot study (30 questionnaires) is conducted and then the main questionnaire is prepared.   Results and discussion During the research, various dimensions such as the quality of the university public open spaces, the qualities and facilities available in the university public open spaces of the university, student social life and the social interactions taking place in relation to information and communication technologies, the degree of willingness to cooperate in the design and maintenance of public open spaces of the university, daily use of information and communication technologies and the kind of them in the public university spaces and the quality of information and communication technologies has been explored. In the statistical analysis, with the help of t-test and according to Pearson coefficient (correlation test), correlation levels, the forming dimensions of "Cyber Park" with each other and the indicators of each dimension have been tested separately. The findings emphasize the enthusiasm and high willingness of stakeholders (university student) to participate in matters related to the university public space. In addition, the quality of the public open space of Bagh-e Melli campus in the University of Art is strongly related to its facilities and has a strong correlation with the social life of students (related to the use of information and communication technologies). On the other hand, students' need for the development of information and communication technologies in the open space is positively assessed and reflects the preferences of stakeholders for the application of technologies, which is important in the formation of "Cyber Park" in the university public space.   Conclusion The research findings show that the success of "Cyber park" requires the development and strengthening of technological infrastructure in this place and the provision of appropriate space (especially natural environment) to allow people to use information and communication technologies and share experiences of them. This can be achieved through the optimization of technology cores, infrastructure and superstructures, hardware and software, as well as the development of facilities}, keywords = {Cyber park,University public open spaces,Information and Communication Technologies,Stakeholders,Technological interactions}, title_fa = {تحلیل برهمکنش‌های فناورانه کاربران در فضاهای باز عمومی دانشگاهی در راستای پیاده‌سازی سایبر پارک‌های شهری مطالعه موردی: پردیس باغ ملی دانشگاه هنر}, abstract_fa = {ظهور دنیای مجازی منجر به خلق فضاها و ایجاد الگوهای رفتاری نوینی در زندگی انسان مدرن امروزی شده است. در همین راستا، سایبر پارک، از طریق هم آفرینی فضاهای باز عمومی و بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌های جدید اطلاعاتی و ارتباطاتی، فرصت‌های فراوانی را برای ذی‌اثران در حوزه تعاملات دیجیتالی (تبادل اطلاعات، انتقال تجارب، به اشتراک‌گذاری دانش و...) فراهم کرده است. درواقع، سایبر پارک زیست‌بوم اجتماعی هوشمندی است که در جهت دستیابی به اهداف توسعه پایدار، می‌تواند با استفاده از افزارهای فناورانه و در بستر طبیعت، نیازها و خواسته‌های افراد را به‌ویژه در زمینه آموزش و یادگیری برآورده کند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، امکان‌سنجی پیاده‌سازی سایبر پارک‌ها از طریق برهمکنش‌های فناورانه کاربران در فضاهای باز عمومی دانشگاهی است و پردیس باغ ملی دانشگاه هنر به‌عنوان نمونه موردمطالعه انتخاب‌شده است. بدین منظور، داده‌ها به‌صورت میدانی و از طریق پرسشنامه جمع‌آوری‌شده و سپس با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل کمی و به‌کارگیری نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS و نیز به کمک راهبرد پژوهشی مطالعه موردی، تحلیل داده‌ها انجام‌شده است. برای ارتقای اعتبار این پژوهش، مطالعه آزمایشی (30 عدد پرسشنامه) اجرا شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که موفقیت در استقرار سایبر پارک درون فضاهای باز عمومی دانشگاهی نیازمند توسعه و تقویت زیرساخت‌های فناورانه در این مکان و تأمین فضای مناسب (به‌خصوص محیط طبیعی) برای فراهم شدن امکان حضور افراد برای استفاده از فناوری‌های اطلاعاتی و ارتباطاتی و به اشتراک‌گذاری تجارب حاصل از آن‌ها است. یافته‌ها به اشتیاق و تمایل بالای ذی‌اثران (دانشجویان یا کاربران اصلی) به مشارکت در امور مربوط به فضای باز عمومی آموزشی نیز اشاره دارند. همچنین، کیفیت فضای باز عمومی پردیس باغ ملی دانشگاه هنر به‌شدت مرتبط با امکانات موجود در آن بوده و با زندگی اجتماعی دانشجویان (مرتبط با کاربرد فناوری‌های اطلاعات و ارتباطات) همبستگی قوی دارد.}, keywords_fa = {سایبر پارک,فضاهای باز عمومی دانشگاهی,فناوری‌های اطلاعات و ارتباطات,ذی‌اثران,برهمکنش‌های فناورانه}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123104.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123104_df3e663e15a68c8e8bd97a1e25b08952.pdf} } @article { author = {azizi danaloo, samaneh and Mojtabazadeh Kangahi, Hossein}, title = {Equitable Distribution Model of Urban Services Based on Social Justice Case Study: District 11, Tehran}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {75-90}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2020.234262.1253}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction City is a social and physical phenomenon that is under the pressure of constant development and many quantitative and qualitative changes take place in it. In the late 1960s, urban planning shifted toward social justice due to increasing urban conflicts in Western societies so that it was extremely successful in creating balance in them. Justice is not only a general principle but also a comparative concept related to the relationships between individuals and the relative socio-economic conditions and their living environment. Geographically, the city's social justice is synonymous with a fair distribution of space and facilities between different urban areas and equal access to citizens, and their unfair distribution will lead to social crises and diverse spatial problems. In the discussions of eliminating discrimination, equality, paying attention to the weak sections, development and stability of any urban society, social justice and its realization in the city by strengthening its indicators play a key role. In fact, with the manifestation of social justice in the distribution of urban services in the form of distributive justice, it can be ensured that equal opportunities will be available in society and the balance that development seeks to achieve with emphasis on sustainability for any urban community is realized. Unequal distribution of services in the 11th district of Tehran due to the lack of attention to social justice is currently one of the challenges of urban management in responding to citizens. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to provide an appropriate model for the distribution of urban services taking into account all its dimensions and based on the realization of social justice by focusing on its standard indicators. So, the main research question is as follows: -What is the model of fair distribution of social justice-based urban services?   Methodology The present research is applied-developmental and descriptive-analytical one. The required information was collected through library and field methods by using of a questionnaire. At first, theoretical concepts were explained in order to clarify the issue, and next the criteria of urban services (7 ones) and social justice (6 ones) were determined according to the views of experts. Then, a questionnaire consisting of 41 items was designed, which was provided to 7 experts to assess its validity and was approved. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, which was obtained above 0.8 for all items and was therefore acceptable. The statistical population of the present study includes the residents of district 11 of Tehran, which according to the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016 is 308176 people and the statistical sample size was calculated through Cochran's formula and 384 people were obtained. The sampling method is simple random. Finally, SPSS and Smart PLS software programs have been used to review descriptive statistics and analyze the collected data and provide a model of equitable distribution of urban services based on social justice.   Results and discussion In order to analyze the final criteria, after entering the latent variables (main variables and criteria related to each) and obvious (indicators or questions) and drawing the model in Smart PLS software; the final model was analyzed in two ways of estimating the standard and significance of coefficients. Also, for a more detailed study, the model was implemented in the second time, which examines the impact of each of the social justice indicators on the fair distribution of urban services. The Cronbach's alpha value, the combined reliability, correlation of Spearman and the common reliability value must be above 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. Also, if the CR> AVE condition is firmed, the validity of the model is confirmed. Therefore, according to the obtained results, all the coefficients have the mentioned conditions and the model has reliability and validity. Based on the results of significance test and path analysis in the first and second order of the model, the path of social justice (first order) and all 6 indicators (second order) on the fair distribution of municipal services, according to the amount of t-value outside the range of 1.96 And -1.96 and the values of Sig   Conclusion One of the most important and fundamental factors in the equitable distribution of urban services is the realization of social justice. In fact, it can be said that the fair distribution of services in metropolitan areas depends directly on the realization of social justice, and in the light of the implementation of its criteria, it is properly implemented. Important point that can be seen in the findings is that the three factors of difference, freedom and equal opportunity that have the greatest impact, both directly and indirectly on the equitable distribution of urban services, which in addition to showing the importance of them in the realization of social justice in the equitable distribution of urban services, indicates that the main emphasis and focus should be on the view of John Rawls and observance of the three mentioned principles by him.}, keywords = {Urban services,Social Justice,Fair Distribution,District 11 Tehran,Smart PLS}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل توزیع عادلانه خدمات شهری مبتنی بر عدالت اجتماعی مطالعه موردی: منطقه 11 شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {یکی از چالش‌های عمده شهرها، توزیع ناعادلانه خدمات شهری است و عدالت اجتماعی به‌عنوان یکی از معیارهای اصلی توسعه در شهرها بر توزیع عادلانه خدمات تأکید دارد. در منطقه 11 تهران علی‌رغم وجود مراکز حیاتی کشور، توزیع خدمات شهری به‌صورت عادلانه صورت نگرفته، که موجب ناهمگونی‌هایی در قسمت‌های مختلف منطقه شده است. توزیع نابرابر خدمات در منطقه 11 شهر تهران به علت بی‌توجهی به عدالت اجتماعی، در حال حاضر یکی از چالش‌های مدیریت شهری در پاسخگویی به نیاز شهروندان اسـت. بنابراین به‌منظور کاهش بحران‌های ناشی از بی‌عدالتی و حرکت در راستای توسعه؛ تحقق عدالت اجتماعی شهری به‌منظور توزیع هر چه عادلانه‌تر خدمات امری ضروری است. در این پژوهش سعی شده است تا از طریق روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به گردآوری معیارهای استاندارد در دو حوزه عدالت اجتماعی و خدمات شهری پرداخته شود و به‌وسیله مدل‌سازی در نرم‌افزار Smart PLS، مدل توزیع عادلانه خدمات شهری مبتنی بر عدالت اجتماعی ارائه شود. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در حالت اجرای مدل در مرتبه اول، سه معیار تفاوت، آزادی و فرصت برابر به ترتیب با ضریب مسیر 886/0، 868/0 و 828/0 بیشترین تأثیر را در تحقق عدالت اجتماعی و به‌طور غیرمستقیم تأثیر در توزیع عادلانه خدمات شهری دارا می‌باشند و به‌طورکلی متغیر مستقل عدالت اجتماعی با ضریب مسیر 788/0 تأثیر مستقیم قابل‌ملاحظه‌ای در عملی شدن توزیع عادلانه خدمات شهری دارد. همچنین در حالت اجرای مدل در مرتبه دوم، معیارهای فرصت برابر، آزادی و تفاوت به ترتیب با ضرایب 516/0، 471/0 و 393/0 بیشترین تأثیر مستقیم را در توزیع عادلانه خدمات شهری دارند. بنابراین ضروری است در راستای تمرکز بر محرومان جامعه در بهره‌گیری از منفعت، رعایت حقوق و آزادی‌های فردی و دسترسی برابر و یکسان به فرصت‌ها و امکانات گام اساسی برداشته شود.}, keywords_fa = {خدمات شهری,عدالت اجتماعی,توزیع عادلانه,منطقه 11 تهران,Smart PLS}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123106.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123106_a87208713ad12c703d66d32a51f67e25.pdf} } @article { author = {Hamedani, Parisa and Rostami, Ruhollah}, title = {The Role of Social Participation in Improving the Performance of Urban Space Crisis Management Case Study: Robat Karim City}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {95-105}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2020.244709.1297}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The importance of crises, natural and unnatural disasters in human settlements due to the unpredictable nature of disasters and hazards and the need for quick and correct adoption to prevent and reduce the consequences of crises, a knowledge called crisis management has been created. Also, given that most events happen suddenly, it is necessary to make the accurate decision at the appropriate time. These decisions should include pre-, during- and post-crisis measures in the form of knowledge and principles of crisis management. Before pursuing any long-term goals, the role of social participation is essential to ensure the stability and continued success of crisis management. Effective crisis management requires a systematic approach based on social participation, managerial sensitivity, and a proper understanding of the importance of crisis management by residents. In this regard, the present study tries to examine the role of citizen participation in improving the performance of urban space crisis management because local communities with their extensive participation have always been the first to help those affected by the crisis. Therefore, they should be empowered as much as possible. The location of the present study is the city of Robat Karim. This is doubly important in the city of Robat Karim, given that it is a city that has the potential for many dangers and crises. Therefore, the main question is as follow: what is the role of social participation in improving the performance of crisis management in the city of Robat Karim?   Methodology This research is applied and descriptive-analytical one in terms of purpose and research method, respectively.  Data collection has been done by two predominant documentary and field methods. Thus, in the theoretical foundations section, articles, dissertations and library documents have been used, and in the field section, questionnaire tools have been exerted. The statistical population of the study is 105393 people of Robat Karim in 2016. Using Cochran's formula, 383 people were randomly selected as the statistical sample size. Research indicators were extracted from sources and studies as research background and then these indicators were provided to experts in the form of a questionnaire to confirm their validity according to the conditions of the region. We used Cronbach's alpha test to ensure the reliability or reliability of the research. After performing the test, the statistical value was calculated with 0.798 more than 0.75, which indicates the acceptable reliability of the research. In order to analyze the data, a questionnaire was developed and completed to receive residents' opinions and then using SPSS software and statistical methods such as correlation coefficient and simple linear regression test to analyze the data.   Results and discussion In the present study, social participation with three indicators (participation in decision-making and management, participation in financing, participation in human resources) and 14 sub-indicators as independent variables and crisis management with three indicators (social, physical, management and rescue) and 14 sub-indices have been measured as dependent variables. According to the test results, it was found that Pearson correlation coefficient of two variables is equal to 0.783 and the value of the adjusted coefficient of determination is equal to 0.579, which indicates the ability of the independent variable to explain the variance of the dependent one. That is, the independent variable explains 57% of the dependent changes, and the rest of these changes, known as the error quantity squares, are influenced by variables outside the model. Also, the value of Watson's camera is equal to 1.23, which indicates that the remains are independent of each other. The value of regression for this model is equal to 28.27 and the residual value is equal to 21.80 and because the amount of residual squares is less than the sum of regression squares, it shows that the high explanatory power of the model in explaining the changes of the dependent variable.   Conclusion It can be summarized that with the expansion of citizen participation, the ability and performance of crisis management in this city will improve. And in the crisis management system of Robat Karim city, the most basic component is the increase of social participation, and this increase of participation is possible with a community-based and people-centered strategy. Therefore, in the first step, the capacities of the society should be identified and used while covering the existing gaps and needs of the people and regions / neighborhoods. Therefore, the development of this capacity and the use of other social and civic capacities with high social mobility and the use of these potentials should be put on the agenda.}, keywords = {Social participation,crisis management,Robat Karim City}, title_fa = {نقش مشارکت اجتماعی در بهبود عملکرد مدیریت بحران فضای شهری مطالعه موردی: شهر رباط‌کریم}, abstract_fa = {امروزه مدیریت بحران یک بخش اساسی از مسائل شهری است. قبل از تعقیب هرگونه اهداف بلند، نقش مشارکت اجتماعی برای تضمین ثبات و موفقیت مستمر مدیریت بحران ضروری است. مدیریت بحران مؤثر نیازمند یک رویکرد منظم و نظام‌مند مبتنی بر مشارکت اجتماعی،‌ حساسیت مدیریتی و یک درک خوب از اهمیت مدیریت بحران از سوی ساکنین است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش مشارکت اجتماعی در بهبود عملکرد مدیریت بحران شهری در شهر رباط‌کریم است. در این راستا پس از بررسی مباحث نظری در حوزه مشارکت اجتماعی و با تکیه‌بر مباحث مدیریت بحران شاخص‌های تأثیرگذار بر مشارکت اجتماعی شناسایی شدند. روش تحقیق، پیمایشی و جامعه آماری شهروندان شهر رباط‌کریم می‌باشند که به شیوه نمونه‌گیری تصادفی 383 نفر با روش کوکران به‌عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد که ضریب همبستگی مشارکت اجتماعی و مدیریت بحران با ضریب 783/0 معنادار می‌باشد و با استفاده از آزمون رگرسیون خطی نقش مشارکت اجتماعی با 765/0 درصد در بهبود عملکرد مدیریت بحران مثبت ارزیابی‌شده است. در واقع می‌توان گفت با ارتقاء یک واحد از هر متغیر مستقل (مشارکت اجتماعی) به میزان ضریب نوشته‌شده متغیر وابسته ارتقاء پیدا خواهد کرد. بنابراین در نظام مدیریت بحران شهر رباط‌کریم، اساسی‌ترین مؤلفه، افزایش مشارکت اجتماعی است.}, keywords_fa = {مشارکت اجتماعی,مدیریت بحران,شهر رباط‌کریم}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123101.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123101_4a777985961d6c491637909bc8c614cf.pdf} } @article { author = {Sattari, Mohammad Hossein and Sarvar, Rahim and Mahdavi, Masoode}, title = {Assessment of the Urban Sprawl Effects on the Land Use Change Case Study: Tehran Metropolis}, journal = {Sustainable city}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {107-121}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association}, issn = {2476-6631}, eissn = {2476-6151}, doi = {10.22034/jsc.2020.236729.1267}, abstract = {Extended abstract Introduction The rapid increase of population has changed the spatial patterns of urban areas in a complex way and has led to the spread of rural and urban sprawl in the surrounding areas. In the meantime, knowing how this growth and physical development of cities is of great value, to be used in planning future or even intra-contextual expansion, Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban sprawl and land use changes of Tehran metropolitan areas in different periods and land use change relative to each other. The research method is descriptive and analytical and the data collection tool is documentary and library studies and referring to relevant organizations and research centers on the subject under study.   Methodology The research method in this research is applied in terms of purpose. For analysis, Landsat satellite of Tehran metropolitan area was prepared for the period of 1352, 1364, 1379 and 1397. It should be noted that the prepared images are related to Landsat satellite (8.5.4) and TM and OLI / TIRS sensors, which are in the form of false color images related to the selected band 7, 4, 2. Then, the status of the intended uses for doing the specific work, which includes four classified classes, which are: constructed lands, vegetation lands, barren lands and water areas. Then, to measure and evaluate the status of land uses and classify satellite images, the Fuzzy ARTMAP model, which is a supervised algorithm, was used. Then, through the Lcm model, the made changes between land uses are displayed, and in the final stage of the model. CA-Markov has been used to predict changes of the land uses of Tehran metropolis until 1410.   Results and discussion The highest increase in land use is in built lands. These lands have increased from 3000 hectares (9% of the total area) to 17569 hectares in 1397 (53% of the total area) in 1353, and in other uses, vegetation lands, barren lands and water areas have the highest decrease, respectively. In the following, it has been pointed out that each change of land use has changed the use of vegetation lands, barren lands and irrigated areas in favor of lands built in 1397. It can also be said that the barren lands and water areas were reduced in 1353 and increased to vegetation lands, and the vegetation lands and water areas were reduced and turned into barren lands, and the lands that were barren and vegetated. In favor of irrigated areas have changed land use. According to the analysis, it should be noted that the largest decrease in vegetation land from 64 to 97 was 5300 hectares In the following, we can refer to the transfers between land uses, such as vegetation, barren and irrigated lands changes in favor of built lands, and some of the barren lands have been turned into vegetation lands, then from cover lands. Vegetation and irrigated areas have decreased and the area of ​​barren lands has increased and finally barren lands have rarely changed their use to irrigated areas. As a result, it can be said that the urban sprawl expansion in the coming years has caused an imbalance in the lands of the region, which will have destructive effects. The results of land use prediction by using of Markov chains and automated cells show that the constructed lands will increase to about 63% of the total area. Also, barren lands will decrease to 13%, vegetation lands to 24% and finally, water areas to less than 0.1%. As a result, the trend of possible changes in vegetation lands on the horizon of 1410 has led to formal and informal construction in and around the city.   Conclusion The results of data analysis indicate that the change of natural land-use to constructed land uses has a growing trend, so that these lands in 1353 increased from 9% to 54% in 1397 and according to the forecast in the year in 1410, built-up land accounted for 62% of the total area, which indicates the severity of the environmental crisis. Also, barren land use with 71% and vegetation with 28% had the largest decrease in land use and the highest percentage change in useful lands of Tehran (irrigated lands and vegetation lands), and other lands with slower negative growth than these two land uses are changing, which indicates the severity of future environmental crises.}, keywords = {Physical Expansion,Urban Sprawl,Land cover,land use,Tehran Metropolis}, title_fa = {ارزیابی اثرات پراکنده رویی در تغییر کاربری اراضی شهری مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {افزایش شتابان جمعیت، الگوهای مکانی نواحی شهری را به شیوه‌ای پیچیده تغییر داده و منجر به گسترش در نواحی روستایی و پراکنده رویی شهری در مناطق اطراف و به‌خصوص این مناطق شده است، در این میان شناخت چگونگی این رشد و توسعه کالبدی شهرها از ارزش بسیار فراوانی برخوردار است، تا در برنامه‌ریزی گسترش‌های آتی یا حتی درون بافتی استفاده مطلوب شود،. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش ارزیابی پراکنده رویی و تغییرات کاربری اراضی کلان‌شهر تهران در دوره‌های مختلف و تغییر کاربری نسبت به همدیگر می‌باشد. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی و تحلیلی و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق مطالعات اسنادی، کتابخانه‌ای و مراجعه به سازمان‌های مربوطه و مراکز پژوهشی پیرامون موضوع موردمطالعه می‌باشد. برای به دست آوردن نقشه میزان تخریب اراضی پوشش گیاهی از مدل‌های Fuzzy Artmap،Lcm، جدول متناوب و نرم‌افزارهای Idrisi Selva، ARC GIS 10.4 و Google Earth استفاده‌شده و جهت سنجش پیش‌بینی گسترش آتی شهر مدل CA- Markov بکار رفته است. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات نشان می‌دهد تغییر کاربری طبیعی به کاربری‌های ساخته‌شده روند رو به گسترشی داشته، به‌طوری‌که این اراضی در سال 1353 از 9 درصد به 54 درصد در سال 1397 افزایش‌یافته است و با توجه پیش‌بینی در سال 1410، اراضی ساخته‌شده به 62 درصد از کل مساحت می‌رسد، که شدت بحران زیست‌محیطی نشان را می‌دهد همچنین کاربری بایر با 71 درصد و پوشش گیاهی با 28 درصد بیشترین کاهش را به سمت کاربری ساخته‌شده داشتند و بیشترین درصد تغییرات را در زمین‌های مفید شهر تهران (اراضی آبی و اراضی پوشش گیاهی) می‌باشد، و اراضی دیگر با رشد منفی کندتری نسبت به این دو کاربری شاهد تغییر هستند که نشان از شدت بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی در آینده دارد.}, keywords_fa = {گسترش کالبدی,پراکنده رویی,پوشش زمین,کاربری اراضی,کلان‌شهر تهران}, url = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123105.html}, eprint = {https://www.jscity.ir/article_123105_ee214f88ceba28c96a6267ccf2e3cb28.pdf} }